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This specification covers grades of zinc alloys, commonly known as continuous galvanizing grade (CGG) alloys that contain aluminum, or aluminum and lead and that are used in continuous hot-dip galvanizing of steel sheet. CGG alloy shall be tested and conform to the chemical composition requirements as determined by chemical analysis on samples taken. CGG alloy castings shall be free of undue surface oxide, adhering foreign matter, and any flash that would interfere with handling and use. Samples obtained during casting, drilling or sawing shall be analyzed individually and the average of the individual determinations for the samples from the lot shall be reported as the analysis of the lot.1.1 This specification covers grades of zinc alloys, commonly known as Continuous Galvanizing Grade (CGG) alloys that contain aluminum, or aluminum and lead, that are used in continuous hot-dip galvanizing of steel sheet. The compositions for CGG grades made from primary zinc are shown in Table 1. Exceptions for grades made from secondary zinc are found in footnote C.1.2 CGG alloys specified in Specification B852 are used in continuous hot-dip galvanizing of steel sheet to produce product, as specified in Specification A653/A653M.1.3 Other alloy compositions not included in Specification B852, and as may be agreed upon between the producer and the user, may be used for continuous galvanizing.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to become familiar with all hazards including those identified in the appropriate Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for this product/material as provided by the manufacturer, to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Most oxides of nitrogen are formed during high-temperature combustion. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards for NO2 that are designed to protect the public health and the public welfare (40 CFR, Part 50).5.2 Oxides of nitrogen are generated by many industrial processes that can result in employee exposures. These are regulated by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which has promulgated exposure limits for the industrial working environment (29 CFR, Part 1910).5.3 These test methods have been found to be satisfactory for measuring oxides of nitrogen in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges shown in 1.1.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the continuous determination of total nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO) as NOx, or nitric oxide (NO) alone or nitrogen dioxide (NO2) alone, in the ranges shown in the following table:  Approximate Range of Concentration(25°C and 101.3 kPa (1 atm))     Gas Ambient Atmosphere Workplace Atmosphere  μg/m3 (ppm) mg/m3 (ppm)     NO 10 to 600 (0.01 to 0.5) 0.6 to 30 (0.5 to 25)(NO + NO2) = NOx 20 to 1000 (0.01 to 0.05) 1 to 50 (0.5 to 25) NO2 20 to 1000 (0.01 to 0.5) 1 to 50 (0.5 to 25) 1.2 The test methods are based on the chemiluminescent reaction between nitric oxide and ozone.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 9.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Interlaminar delamination growth can be a critical failure mode in laminated CMC structures. Knowledge of the resistance to interlaminar delamination growth of a laminated CMC is essential for material development and selection, and for CMC component design. (See (1-8)3 which give GIc values of 20 J/m2 to 800 J/m2 for different CMC and carbon-carbon composite systems at ambient temperatures.)5.2 Conducting this test produces multiple values of GIc which are traditionally plotted against the delamination length at which that value was measured (see Fig. 2). The specific data of value to the test requestor will depend on the end use that motivated testing.5.2.1 The first increment of growth, initiated from a pre-implanted insert or machined notch, is sometimes described as the non-precracked (NPC) toughness. NPC toughness may be of interest, as it can represent manufacturing or processing defects, such as foreign object debris in a laminate or an error during machining.5.2.2 The next increment of growth, initiated from the sharp crack tip assumed to be present after the first increment, is sometimes defined as the precracked (PC) toughness. PC toughness may be of interest, as it is more representative of the resistance to delamination growth from a naturally occurring or damage-induced delamination.5.2.3 The remaining increments of growth, collectively forming an R-curve, provide information on how GIc evolves as the delamination advances. In unidirectional tape laminates, the R-curve is often increasing due to bridging of nested fibers across the delamination plane, artificially increasing GIc. For 2-D woven laminates for which there is little interply nesting, the R-curve may be flat.5.2.4 The increments of growth in which the R-curve is flat, and GIc has reached a steady state value defined as GIR, may be of interest and may also useful in design and analysis.5.3 This test method for measurement of GIc of CMC materials can serve the following purposes:5.3.1 To establish quantitatively the effect of CMC material variables (fiber interface coatings, matrix structure and porosity, fiber architecture, processing and environmental variables, conditioning/exposure treatments, etc.) on GIc and the interlaminar crack growth and damage mechanisms of a particular CMC material;5.3.2 To determine if a CMC material shows R-curve behavior where GIc changes with crack extension or reaches a stable value at a given amount of delamination growth. Fig. 2 shows R-curve behavior for a SiC-SiC composite (1);5.3.3 To develop delamination failure criteria and design allowables for CMC damage tolerance, durability or reliability analyses, and life prediction;NOTE 3: Test data can only reliably be used for this purpose if there is confidence that the test is yielding a material property and not a structural, geometry-dependent, property.5.3.4 To compare quantitatively the relative values of GIc for different CMC materials with different constituents and material properties, reinforcement architectures, processing parameters, or environmental exposure conditions; and5.3.5 To compare quantitatively the values of GIc obtained from different batches of a specific CMC material, to perform lot acceptance quality control, to use as a material screening criterion, or to assess batch variability.1.1 This test method describes the experimental methods and procedures for the determination of the critical mode I interlaminar strain energy release rate of continuous fiber- reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials in terms of GIc. This property is also sometimes described as the mode I fracture toughness or the mode I fracture resistance.1.2 This test method applies primarily to ceramic matrix composite materials with a 2-D laminate structure, consisting of lay-ups of continuous ceramic fibers, in unidirectional tape or 2-D woven fabric architectures, within a brittle ceramic matrix.1.3 This test method determines the elastic strain energy released per unit of new surface area created as a delamination grows at the interlaminar interface between two lamina or plies. The term delamination is used in this test method to specifically refer to this type of growth, while the term crack is a more general term that can also refer to matrix cracking, intralaminar delamination growth, or fiber fracture.1.4 This test method uses a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen to determine the critical mode I interlaminar strain energy release rate (GIc). A DCB test method has been standardized for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) under Test Method D5528. This test method addresses a similar procedure, but with modifications to account for the different physical properties, reinforcement architectures, stress-strain response, and failure mechanisms of CMCs compared to PMCs.1.5 This test is written for ambient temperature and atmospheric test conditions, but the test method can also be used for elevated temperature or environmental exposure testing with the use of an appropriate environmental test chamber, measurement equipment for controlling and measuring the chamber temperature, humidity, and atmosphere, high temperature gripping fixtures, and modified equipment for measuring delamination growth.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6.1 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Bacteria that exist in biofilms are phenotypically different from suspended cells of the same genotype. Research has shown that biofilm bacteria are more difficult to kill than suspended bacteria (5, 7). Laboratory biofilms are engineered in growth reactors designed to produce a specific biofilm type. Altering system parameters will correspondingly result in a change in the biofilm. For example, research has shown that biofilm grown under high shear is more difficult to kill than biofilm grown under low shear (5, 8). The purpose of this test method is to direct a user in the laboratory study of a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm by clearly defining each system parameter. This test method will enable an investigator to grow, sample, and analyze a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm grown under high shear. The biofilm generated in the CDC Biofilm Reactor is also suitable for efficacy testing. After the 48 h growth phase is complete, the user may add the treatment in situ or remove the coupons and treat them individually.1.1 This test method specifies the operational parameters required to grow a reproducible (1)2 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 700888 biofilm under high shear. The resulting biofilm is representative of generalized situations where biofilm exists under high shear rather than being representative of one particular environment.1.2 This test method uses the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Biofilm Reactor. The CDC Biofilm Reactor is a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) with high wall shear. Although it was originally designed to model a potable water system for the evaluation of Legionella pneumophila (2), the reactor is versatile and may also be used for growing and/or characterizing biofilm of varying species (3-5).1.3 This test method describes how to sample and analyze biofilm for viable cells. Biofilm population density is recorded as log10 colony forming units per surface area.1.4 Basic microbiology training is required to perform this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended for the determination of the radiant heat resistance value of a material, a combination of materials, or a comparison of different materials used in flame-resistant clothing for workers exposed to radiant thermal hazards.5.2 This test method evaluates a material's heat transfer properties when exposed to a continuous and constant radiant heat source. Air movement at the face of the specimen and around the calorimeter can affect the measured heat transferred due to forced convective heat losses. Minimizing the air movement around the specimen and test apparatus will aid in the repeatability of the results.5.3 This test method maintains the specimen in a static, vertical position and does not involve movement, except that resulting from the exposure.5.4 This test method specifies two standard sets of exposure conditions: 21 kW/m2 (0.5 cal/cm2s) and 84 kW/m2 (2.0 cal/cm2s). Either can be used.5.4.1 If a different set of exposure conditions is used, it is likely that different results will be obtained.5.4.2 The optional use of other conditions representative of the expected hazard, in addition to the standard set of exposure conditions, is permitted. However, the exposure conditions used must be reported with the results along with a determination of the exposure energy level stability.5.5 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the standardized radiant heat exposure.NOTE 4: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.1.1 This test method rates the non-steady state thermal resistance or insulating characteristics of flame resistant clothing materials subjected to a continuous, standardized radiant heat exposure.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to clothing materials that are not flame resistant.NOTE 1: The determination of a clothing material's flame resistance shall be made prior to testing and done in accordance with the applicable performance standard, specification standard, or both, for the clothing material's end use.1.1.2 This test method does not predict skin burn injury from the standardized radiant heat exposure, as it does not account for the thermal energy contained in the test specimen after the exposure has ceased.NOTE 2: See Appendix X4 for additional information regarding this test method and predicted skin burn injury.1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound or other units that are commonly used for thermal testing.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method allows for the measurement of the torque retention properties of container/continuous thread closure systems of various designs, materials, and manufacture, and is suitable for package development and engineering evaluation.5.2 Each test method can be used for the evaluation of non child resistant container/continuous thread closure systems under controlled conditions such as when the application torque is known and the applied downward force to the closure is zero or for Type I, style “A” push down and turn child resistant container/continuous thread closure systems under controlled conditions such as when the application torque and the applied downward force to the closure is known.5.3 This test method measures torque retention properties of container/continuous thread closure systems with the use of an automated transducer based torque meter operating at a known rotational velocity (rpm) or known torque ramp.5.4 This test method is intended for measurement of dry torque only.1.1 These test methods evaluate the torque retention of continuous thread closures on containers with matching finishes, for predetermined environmental conditions over time. Methods are defined for both Type I, style “A” push down and turn Type II2 child resistant and non child resistant type closures.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.NOTE 1: The SI unit system is the recommended system.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Acoustic emission examination of a structure requires application of a mechanical or thermal stimulus. In this case, the system operating conditions provide the stimulation. During operation of the pressurized system, AE from active discontinuities such as cracks or from other acoustic sources such as leakage of high-pressure, high-temperature fluids can be detected by an instrumentation system using sensors mounted on the structure. The sensors are acoustically coupled to the surface of the structure by means of a couplant material or pressure on the interface between the sensing device and the structure. This facilitates the transmission of acoustic energy to the sensor. When the sensors are excited by acoustic emission energy, they transform the mechanical excitations into electrical signals. The signals from a detected AE source are electronically conditioned and processed to produce information relative to source location and other parameters needed for AE source characterization and evaluation.5.2 AE monitoring on a continuous basis is a currently available method for continuous surveillance of a structure to assess its continued integrity. The use of AE monitoring in this context is to identify the existence and location of AE sources. Also, information is provided to facilitate estimating the significance of the detected AE source relative to continued pressure system operation.5.3 Source location accuracy is influenced by factors that affect elastic wave propagation, by sensor coupling, and by signal processor settings.5.4 It is possible to measure AE and identify AE source locations of indications that cannot be detected by other NDT methods, due to factors related to methodological, material, or structural characteristics.5.5 In addition to immediate evaluation of the AE sources, a permanent record of the total data collected (AE plus pressure system parameters measured) provides an archival record which can be re-evaluated.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for continuous monitoring of acoustic emission (AE) from metal pressure boundaries in industrial systems during operation. Examples are pressure vessels, piping, and other system components which serve to contain system pressure. Pressure boundaries other than metal, such as composites, are specifically not covered by this document.1.2 The functions of AE monitoring are to detect, locate, and characterize AE sources to provide data to evaluate their significance relative to pressure boundary integrity. These sources are those activated during system operation, that is, no special stimulus is applied to produce AE. Other methods of nondestructive testing (NDT) may be used, when the pressure boundary is accessible, to further evaluate or substantiate the significance of detected AE sources.1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standards.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 6.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Detection and location of AE sources in weldments during fabrication may provide information related to the integrity of the weld. Such information may be used to direct repair procedures on the weld or as a guide for application of other nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods. A major attribute of applying AE for in-process monitoring of welds is the ability of the method to provide immediate real-time information on weld integrity. This feature makes the method useful to lower weld costs by repairing defects at the most convenient point in the production process. The AE activity from discontinuities in the weldment is stimulated by the thermal stresses from the welding process. The AE activity resulting from this stimulation is detected by AE sensors in the vicinity of the weldment, which convert the acoustic waves into electronic signals. The AE instrumentation processes signals and provides means for immediate display or indication of AE activity and for permanent recordings of the data.4.2 Items to be considered in preparation and planning for monitoring should include but not be limited to the following:4.2.1 Description of the system or object to be monitored or examined,4.2.2 Extent of monitoring, that is, entire weld, cover passes only, and so forth,4.2.3 Limitations or restrictions on the sensor mounting procedures, if applicable,4.2.4 Performance parameters to be established and maintained during the AE system verification procedure (sensitivity, location accuracy, and so forth),4.2.5 Maximum time interval between AE system verification checks,4.2.6 Performance criteria for purchased equipment,4.2.7 Requirements for permanent records of the AE response, if applicable,4.2.8 Content and format of test report, if required, and4.2.9 Operator qualification and certification, if required.1.1 This practice provides recommendations for acoustic emission (AE) monitoring of weldments during and immediately following their fabrication by continuous welding processes.1.2 The procedure described in this practice is applicable to the detection and location of AE sources in weldments and in their heat-affected zone during fabrication, particularly in those cases where the time duration of welding is such that fusion and solidification take place while welding is still in progress.1.3 The effectiveness of acoustic emission to detect discontinuities in the weldment and the heat-affected zone is dependent on the design of the AE system, the AE system verification procedure, the weld process, and the material type. Materials that have been monitored include low-carbon steels, low-alloy steels, stainless steels, and some aluminum alloys. The system performance must be verified for each application by demonstrating that the defects of concern can be detected with the desired reliability.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The CEDI devices can be used to produce deionized water from feeds of pretreated water. This test method permits the relatively rapid measurement of key performance capabilities of CEDI devices using standard sets of conditions. The data obtained can be analyzed to provide information on whether changes may have occurred in operating characteristics of the device independently of any variability in feed water characteristics or operating conditions. Under specific circumstances, this test method may also provide sufficient information for plant design.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the operating characteristics of continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) devices using synthetic feed solutions and is not necessarily applicable to natural waters. This test method is a procedure applicable to solutions with a conductivity range from approximately 50 μS/cm to 1000 μS/cm.1.2 This test method covers the determination of operating characteristics under standard test conditions of CEDI devices where the electrically active transfer media therein is predominantly unregenerated. This results in more rapid achievement of steady state and shorter test time than when performing a test which requires the active media be predominantly regenerated.1.3 This test method is not necessarily indicative of the following:1.3.1 Long-term performance on feed waters containing foulants or sparingly soluble solutes, or both,1.3.2 Performance on feeds of brackish water, sea water, or other high-salinity feeds,1.3.3 Performance on synthetic industrial feed solutions, pharmaceuticals, or process solutions of foods and beverages, or,1.3.4 Performance on feed waters less than 50 μS/cm, particularly performance relating to organic solutes, colloidal or particulate matter, or biological or microbial matter.1.4 This test method, subject to the limitations previously described, can be applied as either an aid to predict expected deionization performance for a given feed water quality, or as a test method to determine whether performance of a given device has changed over some period of time. It is ultimately, however, the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for their specific applications.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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