5.1 As part of the VE/VA study, perform function analysis after the collection of relevant information and prior to the identification of alternatives.5.2 This practice provides a specific understanding of what must be accomplished and provides the basis for stimulating the creative phase of the value methodology. This is accomplished by naming and analyzing the functions and using the functions of the VE/VA study to generate ideas and alternative solutions.5.3 This practice establishes a communication format through which all stakeholders can understand the project, product, or process.5.4 This practice presents a method by which stakeholders’ needs and desires are compared to the cost to satisfy those needs and desires.5.4.1 Function cost data help the user identify the alternatives and their functions that are highly valued with respect to their cost, thereby targeting opportunities for increasing value.5.4.2 Targeting is done by identifying the low preference/high cost functions and high preference/low cost functions. These data will be used in the VE/VA study as a basis to create alternative solutions.5.5 This practice helps stakeholders to formulate a strategy to maximize values.5.6 Functions are also used to define criteria to compare alternatives.1.1 This practice covers a logical structure for the function analysis of a project, product, or process.1.2 This practice provides a system to identify, define, and clearly communicate the purpose of a project, product, or process and the associated elements of the project, product, or process.1.3 This practice covers the relationship between the functions that must be satisfied and the resources for a project, product, or process to accomplish those functions.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide covers assisting wetland managers by prescribing a sequence of steps for defining the assessing wetland functions. This guide also identifies properties that must be considered in the selection of a wetland assessment procedure to determine whether it will assist in satisfying the requirements of wetland regulatory programs or produce valid design criteria for planned wetlands, or both. This guide can help wetland managers use existing assessment procedures more effectively during the decision-making process. The outcome of the assessment is dependent on many factors including the selected procedure, the sampling design, and assumptions; therefore, decisions and assumptions made should be documented throughout the process. While this guide is developed to assist in satisfying the requirements of wetland regulatory programs, it can also be used in a variety of planning, management, and educational situations.1.2 The guide is not intended for use in assigning values to wetland functions in terms of economic (for example, dollars) or other value units. However, the information that is gathered while assessing wetland functions may be useful in meeting this objective when used in conjunction with other information (for example, see Refs (1) and (2)).1.3 This guide applies to assessment procedures designed for application at the ecosystem scale. It does not address the less commonly used landscape level models or the use of wetland assessment procedures for cumulative impacts analysis (3-5).1.4 Limitations-This guide does not include a standard wetland assessment procedure or models for assessing function. This guide has been written primarily to complement and to aid in the selection of current procedures. There are several procedures for quantifying wetland functions and each has been developed for specific purposes. The suitability of a procedure depends on assessment objectives, wetland type, availability of applicable models given the wetland type and objectives, and policy of local decision makers. There are continuous efforts to develp new and improved methods that could override any one recommended standard practice.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 RADT Object Model as a Basis for Communication—The RADT object model is the first model used to create a common library of consistent entities (objects) and their attributes in the terminology of object analytical models as applied to the healthcare domain. These object models can be used to construct and refine standards relating to healt care information and its management. Since the RADT object model underpins the design and implementation of specific systems, it provides the framework for establishing the systematics of managing observations made during health care. The observations recorded during health care not only become the basis for managing an individual's health care by practitioners but are also used for research and resource management. They define the common language for abstracting and codifying observations. The inconsistency and incompleteness of the data recorded in paper records is well known and has been noted by the Institute of Medicine's study (4). The ability to build the recommended EHR begins with RADT, as noted in Practice E1239. A more detailed specification of the RADT process and its specific functional domain shall begin with a formal model. Furthermore, following agreement on the initial model, that model shall evolve as knowledge accumulates and the initial view of the healthcare domain extends to other social and psychologic processes that link healthcare with other functional domains of society. The management of lifelong cases of care, such as those of birth defects in newborns, will involve interactions with social work and educational functional domains of experience. It has been recognized for some time (5) that a “healthcare team,” in the broader sense, is involved in dealing with these complex cases. The RADT model is the core to linking these functional domains together in a transparent way. For that reason, the object terminology is used to enable the most global view and vernacular that will facilitate communication among technical specialties that participate in managing some aspect of health care or that build systems to manage the required information.5.2 Common Terminology as a Basis for Education—The use of models and their associated terminology implies that education of the healthcare practitioners shall incorporate this view to a significant extent. While a detailed specification of systems requires extensive lexicons of carefully defined terms, a more understandable terminology shall evolve for the process of educating practitioners during their formal education as well as continuing to educate current practioners concerning how this new technology can be integrated with their existing practices. This challenge has yet to be met, but the objects and modeling concepts presented here are intended to be named with the most intuitive titles in order to promote clear understanding during their use in instruction. Nevertheless, relating these objects and their properties to everyday practice remains a significant challenge, for both the implementors of systems and educators. The perspectives cataloged here can be used in the creation of system documentation and curricula represented in a variety of media.1.1 This practice is intended to amplify Practice E1239 and to complement Practice E1384 by detailing the objects that make up the reservation, registration, admitting, discharge, and transfer (RADT) functional domain of the computer-based record of care (CPR). As identified in Practice E1239, this domain is seminal to all patient record and ancillary system functions, including messaging functions used in telecommunications. For example, it is applicable to clinical laboratory information management systems, pharmacy information management systems, and radiology, or other image management, information management systems. The object model terminology is used to be compatible with other national and international standards for healthcare data and information systems engineering or telecommunications standards applied to healthcare data or systems. This practice is intended for those familiar with modeling concepts, system design, and implementation. It is not intended for the general computer user or as an initial introduction to the concepts.

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This practice covers procedures for evaluating the performance characteristics of air quality measurement methods with linear calibration functions. The steps involved in the measurement method used shall be described, and the performance characteristics to be evaluated shall be specified and tested under explicitly specified conditions. The performance characteristics for evaluation include bias, calibration function and linearity, instability, lower detection limit, period of unattended operation, selectivity, sensitivity, and upper limit of measurement.1.1 This practice2 covers procedures for evaluating the following performance characteristics of air quality measurement methods: bias (in part only), calibration function and linearity, instability, lower detection limit, period of unattended operation, selectivity, sensitivity, and upper limit of measurement.1.2 The procedures presented in this practice are applicable only to air quality measurement methods with linear continuous calibration functions, and the output variable of which is a defined time average. The linearity may be due to postprocessing of the primary output variable. Additionally, replicate values belonging to the same input state are assumed to be normally distributed. Components required to transform the primary measurement method output into the time averages desired are regarded as an integral part of this measurement method.1.3 For surveillance of measurement method stability under routine measurement conditions, it may suffice to check the essential performance characteristics using simplified tests, the degree of simplification acceptable being dependent on the knowledge on the invariance properties of the performance characteristics previously gained by the procedures presented here.1.4 There is no fundamental difference between the instrumental (automatic) and the manual (for example, wet-chemical) procedures, as long as the measured value is an average representative for a predefined time interval. Therefore, the procedures presented are applicable to both. Furthermore, they are applicable to measurement methods for ambient, workplace, and indoor atmospheres, as well as emissions.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice provides an architectural framework for developing an RTA system, which provides run-time assurance as an alternative to design-time assurance to fulfill safety requirements for an unassured or complex function. The standard provides best practices and guidelines to assist in the RTA system’s development. Further, it describes the architectural components and requirements for designing the RTA system. Compliance to this practice is achieved by deriving RTA System requirements from the standard and capturing them in the Larger System Specification. The system design requirements can then be validated and verified using acceptable engineering practices. It is anticipated that this practice will provide a means to accept complex automation/autonomy aircraft functions that have been difficult to certify using traditional methods.4.2 The following three-step process is used to derive verifiable design requirements using this architecture standard:4.2.1 Create RTA System requirements using the guidance provided by this architecture standard.4.2.2 Capture RTA System requirements in the Larger System Specification.4.2.3 Perform verification and validation on the RTA System requirements in the Larger System Specification.4.3 The RTA architecture can be applied to all sizes, levels, and classes of UAS. Using run-time assurance can provide systems with the following benefits:4.3.1 The ability to mitigate hazards related to nondeterministic or unexpected behavior from unassured functions that employ advanced software methods or algorithmic complexity that cannot be certified using traditional certification practices.4.3.2 The ability to use functions for which it may not be possible to obtain artifacts of conventional DO-178 or DO-254 assurance processes.4.3.3 The ability to use COTS hardware or software, or both, for the unassured function.4.3.3.1 For example, automotive components, thereby leveraging mature software with extensive service history that was developed for other safety-critical industries, but cannot be shown to comply with aviation development assurance practices.4.3.3.2 For example, industry components where source code or other associated engineering artifacts are unavailable.4.3.4 A reduction in cost and schedule burdens by allowing rapid design iterations of the unassured or complex function during and after initial certification. This update of the standard allows unassured or complex function upgrades after initial certification to minimize subsequent modifications to the certification or approval.1.1 The scope of this practice includes the following:1.1.1 A set of components that comprise an RTA system.1.1.2 Requirements and best practices to determine safe boundaries and RTA system coverage.1.1.3 Requirements and best practices for an RTA system and RTA components, as applicable.1.1.4 Appendixes with examples that demonstrate key RTA system concepts.1.2 RTA components are required to meet the design assurance level dictated by a safety assessment process. Guidance for the safety assessment process may be found in references appropriate for the intended operations (ARP4754A, ARP4761, Practice F3178, etc.).1.3 This practice was developed with UAS in mind. It may be applicable for aspects of manned aircraft certification/approval, as well as aviation ground systems. The scope of this practice is also envisioned to allow a variety of aircraft implementations where a human may perform the role of either the Complex Function or a Recovery Function.1.4 The scope of this practice does not cover aspects of hardware/software integration. These should be considered separately during the development process.NOTE 1: This practice does not suggest a one-size-fits-all strategy knowing that not all use cases may fit well into this architecture. There may exist additional components required to satisfy specific applications to the practice.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 Table of Contents: Title SectionIntroduction  Background   1Referenced Documents 2  ASTM Standards 2.1  FAA Advisory Circular 2.2  RTCA Standards 2.3  SAE Standards 2.4Terminology 3  Unique and Common Terminology 3.3  Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard 3.4  Abbreviations 3.5 4RTA Functional Architecture 5  Overall Architecture 5.4    Components and Interfaces 5.4.1    RTA System Coverage 5.4.2    RTA Scenarios 5.4.3      Event Sequencing and Timing 5.4.3.8    Best Practices 5.4.4    Requirements 5.4.5  RTA Interfaces 5.5  Input Manager 5.6    Description 5.6.1    Requirements 5.6.2  Safety Monitor 5.7    Requirements 5.7.2  RTA Switch 5.8    Description 5.8.1    Requirements 5.8.2  Recovery Function 5.9    Description 5.9.1    Best Practices 5.9.2    Requirements 5.9.3Keywords 6Ground Collision Avoidance System (GCAS) as an Example  RTA Appendix X1  Introduction    Unassured Function X1.1  RTA Required Inputs X1.2  RTA Input Manager X1.3  Safety Monitor X1.4  Recovery Function X1.5  RTA Switch X1.6  Vehicle Management System X1.7Machine Learning AI Autopilot (MLAA) Appendix X2  Introduction    Assured and Unassured Data X2.1  Input Manager X2.2  Complex Function X2.3  Safety Monitors X2.4  Recovery Control Function X2.5  RTA Switch X2.6  Summary X2.7Run-Time Assurance for a Neural Network-Based Adaptive  Flight Control of an Unmanned Aircraft Appendix X3  Visual Line-of-Sight Operations X3.1  Beyond Visual Line-of-Sight Operation X3.2Run-Time Assurance for Risk-Based Operation Appendix X4Example Implementation of Timing and Latency Requirement Appendix X5References  1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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