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5.1 The existence of overlength fiber in manufactured staple can cause serious problems in the spinning of these fibers into yarn. Overlength fibers may create problems in carding, but more especially high-strength multiple cut fibers may cause cockling in spinning.5.2 Since the overlength fibers are caused by dull or damaged cutting knives or by uneven flow of tow to the staple cutter, their existence within the fiber population is not uniform and their occurrence in the population follows a highly skewed distribution.5.3 Manual methods of determining overlength fiber require much more operator time, and the standard deviations of the test between laboratories and operators are high. Use of the Fibrosampler method greatly reduces both operator time and standard deviation of testing.5.4 In manufacturing it is important to know if fibers are overlength due to looping of the tow or multiple length due to damaged cutters.5.5 This method for testing staple fiber for overlength fiber is not recommended for acceptance testing (see 13.1).5.5.1 In some cases the purchaser and the supplier may have to test a commercial shipment of one or more specific materials by the best available method, even though the method has not been recommended for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent by number of overlength or multiple length fibers in a sample of manufactured cut staple. The method is applicable to fiber taken immediately after manufacturing, from the bale, or from partially processed stock.NOTE 1: For measurement of length and length distribution of manufactured staple fibers, refer to Test Method D5103.1.2 This test method covers procedures using the Fibrosampler Model 335A (inch-pound units), the Fibrosampler Model 335B (SI units), and Fibrosampler combs Model 336.1.2.1 The Fibrosampler Model 335A is equipped with a sample plate that has 15.8-mm (5/8-in.) diameter sample holes and is recommended for use on blended staple taken from the fiber blender or from a carding machine.1.2.2 The Fibrosampler Model 335B is equipped with a sample plate that has 10-mm (0.4-in.) diameter sample holes and is recommended for use on unblended staple as may be taken from the fiber cutter or from a bale of staple fiber.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each unit are not exact equivalents; therefore, each unit must be used independently of the other.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn or manufactured staple fibers.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative test that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its casuse must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Option I is in common use in other countries, particularly in Europe.45.3 Option II is used to calculate the commercial mass of as-produced manufactured filament yarns (except some producer-textured yarns), manufactured staple fibers, and tows. This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remaining after fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.5.4 Option III is used to calculate the commercial mass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When materials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the fiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.5.5 Option IV is in common use with impregnated aramids.5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that method may be used for routine testing of known production but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown material. For the determination of extractable matter, refer to Test Method D2257.5.6.1 When the finish is not removable by a water scour, a solvent extraction may be substituted on agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.5.7 Under certain circumstances, samples taken from yarns and manufactured staple fibers and tows can change moisture content rapidly. For this reason, very careful planning and handling of samples are required to prevent major biases in commercial mass results.1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the commercial mass of a shipment of yarn or manufactured staple fiber or tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber types except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers of all fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; and (3) manufactured fibers or tow, except glass and other fibers used for special purposes such as flock (Note 1).NOTE 1: For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous materials, refer to Practice D2720.1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in acceptance testing rather than production control. manufactured fiber producers usually sample for the commercial “mass” of product on an on-going basis rather than each shipment to a customer.1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one of three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried, unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a defined allowance in the calculations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D1234-13 Standard Test Method of Sampling and Testing Staple Length of Grease Wool (Withdrawn 2022) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

5.1 The testing procedure in this test method for the determination of staple length is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of grease wool since the test method has been used in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using Student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in the light of the known bias.5.2 The test method is used for the determination of the average unstretched staple length and the staple length distribution of a lot of wool in order to assign length classes when determining the conformance of lots and shipments to length specifications.5.3 In this test method, the size of a lot covered by the test procedure is limited to not more than 200 packages per test. Any shipment exceeding the above limits is divided into lots within the prescribed limits.5.4 The nature of the sampling procedure is such that grease wool staples as originally drawn from the wool of the lot require only a slight amount of preparation before measurement. The bulk and laboratory samples are synonymous in this test method.5.5 Compression of wool in the bale makes it difficult to penetrate the interior of the bale with the sampling tool. However, staples can be drawn from the surface of the bale with the sampling tool or by hand.5.6 Practice D4271 contains information on how to write a section on sampling in test methods.Note 2—An extensive discussion of grease wool staple sampling can be found in the literature.51.1 This test method2 covers procedures for sampling and measuring the unstretched staple length, and variability in length, of grease or pulled wool staples. The test method is also applicable to mohair and other animal fibers in staple form. The procedure is not recommended for individual fibers or groups of straightened fibers.Note 1—The determination of fiber length in wool top is covered in Test Method D519, the determination of fiber length of wool is covered in Test Method D1575.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method for the determination of crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers may be used for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments but caution is advised since between-laboratory precision is known to be poor. Comparative tests conducted as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 This test method is used for quality control. It is an unsophisticated procedure which is particularly useful in detecting major differences in crimp frequency. This test method is not considered to be useful in research and development where minor differences or more complete crimp characterization, including amplitude and index, may be necessary.5.3 Crimp in fiber affects the carding and subsequent processing of the fiber into either a yarn or a nonwoven fabric.5.4 Staple crimp in fiber will also affect the bulk or openness of a yarn and therefore the hand and visual appearance of the finished textile product.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the crimp frequency of manufactured staple fibers. This test method is applicable to all crimped staple fibers provided the crimp can be viewed two-dimensionally as a sine-wave configuration.1.1.1 It should be recognized that yarn manufacturing processes or treatments to manufactured yarns can influence or modify crimp in fiber. Hence, the value for crimp of fibers taken from spun yarns may be different than that of the same fiber prior to the manufacturing or treatment processes.1.2 Three options are provided for preparation of the specimens. Option One (preferred) uses single fibers for the specimens with a low magnification available, Option Two (optional for staple or tow samples) uses fiber chips as the specimens, and Option Three uses projected images of single fibers.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.5.2 This practice may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but it does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling and one which does not require elaborate statistical computation based on previous knowledge of the amount of variation between lot samples, between laboratory samples, and between test specimens.5.3 The smallest number of specimens required for a given variability in the average result will usually be obtained by (1) minimizing the number of shipping units in the lot sample, (2) taking one of the shipping units in the laboratory sample, and (3) taking the prescribed specimen(s) from the selected laboratory sample shipping unit. (See 7.3 and 7.4.)5.4 To minimize the cost of sampling a lot of material, it is necessary to agree on the required variance for the reported average for a lot of material:5.4.1 Estimate the variance due to lot samples, the variance due to laboratory samples, and the variance due to test specimens.5.4.2 Calculate the total variance for the average test results for several combinations of the number of lot samples, the number of laboratory samples per lot sample, and the number of test specimens per laboratory sample.5.4.3 Calculate the cost of performing each of the sampling schemes considered in 5.4.2.5.4.4 Select the sampling scheme that (1) has the required precision, and (2) is most economical to perform.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the division of shipments of manufactured staple fiber, sliver (or top) or tow into lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.NOTE 1: For sampling yarns, refer to Practice D2258.NOTE 2: This practice differs from BISFA2 rules for staple fibers in the lot sampling, by the elimination of separate sampling of outer versus inner container areas, in the reduction of number of strata from 6 to 5, and by the elimination of compositing to obtain a single laboratory sample for the lot when testing properties which do not depend on as-received moisture content.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification provides the design and dimensional requirements for the construction of steel staples, handgrabs, and handles that are for use on steel structures including all parts of a ships' structure as necessary, as well as individual stirrup rungs that are for use on bulkheads or structures as deemed necessary.1.1 This specification covers design, construction for steel staples, handgrabs, handles, and individual stirrup rungs.1.2 The staples, handgrabs, and handles depicted in this specification are for use on steel structures including all parts of ships' structure as necessary. The individual stirrup rungs are for use on bulkheads or structure as deemed necessary.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used for research, development, quality control, product specifications, and may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of textile fibers. However, caution is advised since information on between-laboratory precision is lacking. Comparative tests as directed in 5.1.1 may be advisable.5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, test samples that are as homogenous as possible, drawn from the material from which the disparate test results were obtained, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for upaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 This test method provides objective measurements for determining the average fiber length and length distribution in a sample of fiber.5.3 The staple length diagram of a fiber sample can be used to determine the relative number of fibers above and below a specified length. If a fiber is too long, it will not process well in spinning, and if there is a preponderance of short fibers, the yarn might have lower than normal breaking strength.1.1 This test method covers the determination of average staple length and staple length distribution of both manufactured and natural fibers by manually measuring single fiber lengths. This test method is also used to measure the length of fibers removed from a staple yarn, but such a measurement may not represent the fiber's staple length, as manufactured.1.2 Because this test method requires measuring the length of only 50 fibers, it is not suitable for use in determining the number of long fibers that occur infrequently in a sample.NOTE 1: For determination for overlength fibers, refer to Test Method D3513.NOTE 2: For methods covering the determination of the average length and length distribution of natural fibers, refer to the following methods: for cotton, Test Method D1440, and Test Method D1447, for wool, Test Method D519, Test Method D1234, and Test Method D1575.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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