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5.1 Although a number of different methods have been used to assess backdrafting and spillage (see NFPA 54, CAN/CGSB-51.71, and 1-4)6 a single well-accepted method is not yet available. At this point, different methods can yield different results. In addition, advantages and drawbacks of different methods have not been evaluated or described.5.2 To provide a consistent basis for selection of methods, this guide summarizes different methods available to assess backdrafting and spillage. Advantages and limitations of each method are addressed.5.3 One or more of the methods described in this guide should be performed when backdrafting or spillage from vented combustion appliances is suspected to be the cause of a potential problem such as elevated carbon monoxide (CO) levels or excessive moisture.5.4 The following are examples of specific conditions under which such methods could be performed:5.4.1 When debris or soot is evident at the draft hood, indicating that backdrafting may have occurred in the past,5.4.2 When a new or replacement combustion appliance is added to a residence,5.4.3 When a new or replacement exhaust device or system, such as a downdraft range exhaust fan, a fireplace, or a fan-powered radon mitigation system, is added,5.4.4 When a residence is being remodeled or otherwise altered to increase energy efficiency, as with various types of weatherization programs, and5.4.5 When a CO alarm device has alarmed and a combustion appliance is one of the suspected causes of the alarm.5.5 Depending on the nature of the test(s) conducted and the test results, certain preventive or remedial actions may need to be taken. The following are examples:5.5.1 If any of the short-term tests indicates a potential for backdrafting, and particularly if more than one test indicates such potential, then the appliance and venting system should be further tested by a qualified technician, or remedial actions could be taken in accordance with 5.5.3.5.5.2 If continuous monitoring indicates that backdrafting is occurring, and particularly if it indicates that spillage is occurring that impacts indoor air quality (for example, elevated CO concentrations or excessive moisture in the house), then remedial action is indicated.5.5.3 Possible remedial actions include the following:5.5.3.1 At a minimum, a CO alarm device could be installed in the house.5.5.3.2 Limiting the use of devices or systems that increase house depressurization, such as fireplaces and high-volume exhaust fans. Proper sealing of any air leakage sites, especially at the top floor ceiling level, can also reduce house depressurization at the lower levels of the house.5.5.3.3 Partially opening a window in the furnace or appliance room, if available. Keeping the door nearest the appliance room open at all times or putting louvers in the door.5.5.3.4 Providing increased makeup air for the appliance (for example, by providing a small duct or opening to the outdoors near the appliance).5.5.4 If remedial actions are not successful, then consideration can be given to correcting or replacing the venting system or, if necessary, replacing the spilling appliance with one that can better tolerate house depressurization.5.6 The understanding related to backdrafting and spillage phenomena is evolving. Comprehensive research using a single, reliable method is needed to better understand the frequency, duration, and severity of depressurization-induced spillage in a broad cross section of homes (5). In the absence of a single well-accepted method for assessing the potential for or occurrence of backdrafting or spillage, alternative methods are presented in this guide. The guide is intended to foster consistent application of these methods in future field work or research. The resultant data will enable informed decisions on relative strengths and weaknesses of the different methods and provides a basis for any refinements that may be appropriate. Continued efforts along these lines will enable the development of specifications for a single method that is acceptable to all concerned.1.1 This guide describes and compares different methods for assessing the potential for, or existence of, depressurization-induced backdrafting and spillage from vented residential combustion appliances.1.2 Assessment of depressurization-induced backdrafting and spillage is conducted under either induced depressurization or natural conditions.1.3 Residential vented combustion appliances addressed in this guide include hot water heaters and furnace. The guide also is applicable to boilers.1.4 The methods given in this guide are applicable to Category I (draft-hood- and induced-fan-equipped) furnaces. The guide does not apply to Category III (power-vent-equipped) or Category IV (direct-vent) furnaces.1.5 The methods in this guide are not intended to identify backdrafting or spillage due to vent blockage or heat-exchanger leakage.1.6 This guide is not intended to provide a basis for determining compliance with code requirements on appliance and venting installation, but does include a visual assessment of the installation. This assessment may indicate the need for a thorough inspection by a qualified technician.1.7 Users of the methods in this guide should be familiar with combustion appliance operation and with making house-tightness measurements using a blower door. Some methods described in this guide require familiarity with differential-pressure measurements and use of computer-based data-logging equipment.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This guide does not purport to address all safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Carbon monoxide (CO) exposure or flame roll-out may occur when performing certain procedures given in this guide. See Section 7, for precautions that must be taken in conducting such procedures.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide provides criteria for evaluating the capability of a laboratory to properly perform commercial cooking appliance energy consumption and cooking-energy efficiency evaluations, and to establish essential characteristics pertaining to the organization, personnel, facilities, and quality systems of the laboratory.1.1 The scope of this guide includes the laboratory and organizational requirements to test commercial cooking and warming appliances (for example, griddles, fryers, ovens, steam cookers, and hot food holding cabinets) for preheat energy consumption and time, idle energy rate, cooking-energy efficiency, and production capacity, in accordance with the appropriate ASTM test methods under the jurisdiction of Committee F26, including the following:Test Method F1275Test Method F1361Test Methods F1484Test Method F1496Test Methods F1521Test Method F1605Test Method F1639Test Method F1695Test Method F1784Test Method F1785Test Method F1786Test Method F1787Test Method F1817Test Method F1964Test Method F1965Test Method F1991Test Method F2093Test Method F2140Test Method F2142Test Method F2144Test Method F2237Test Method F2238Test Method F2239Test Method F2380Test Method F24731.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission rates is an important test method widely used in the practice of air pollution control.5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by federal or state agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining compliance with regulations and statutes.5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an important tool in manufacturer’s research and development programs.5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis for comparison of product performance that is useful to the consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the useful heat production.5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users of hand-fired wood burning equipment have a great deal of influence over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable and repeatable test method.1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired or automatically fed biomass burning hydronic heating appliances. These appliances transfer heat to the indoor environment through circulation of a liquid heat exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze mixture.1.2 The test method simulates hand loading of seasoned cordwood or fueling with a specified biomass fuel and measures particulate emissions and delivered heating efficiency at specified heat output rates based on the appliance’s rated heating capacity.1.3 Particulate emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel method as specified in Test Method E2515. Delivered efficiency is determined by measurement of the usable heat output (determined through measurement of the flow rate and temperature change of water circulated through a heat exchanger external to the appliance) and the heat input (determined from the mass of dry fuel burned and its higher heating value). Delivered efficiency does not attempt to account for pipeline loss.1.4 Products covered by this test method include both pressurized and non-pressurized heating appliances intended to be fired with wood or automatically fed biomass fuels. These products are hydronic heating appliances which the manufacturer specifies for outdoor or indoor installation. They are often connected to a heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally include a pump to circulate heated liquid. They are used to heat structures such as homes, barns, and greenhouses and can heat domestic hot water, spas, or swimming pools.1.4.1 Hydronic heating systems that incorporate a high mass heat storage system that is capable of storing the entire heat output of a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A1. Systems that incorporate high mass heat storage capable of storing a portion of the output from a standard fuel load are tested by the procedure specified in Annex A2.1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard include:1.5.1 Manufacturers specify indoor or outdoor installation.1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel or a hopper and automated feed system for delivery of particulate fuel such as wood pellets or solid biomass fuel to a burn pot or combustion chamber.1.5.3 Typically a thermostatic control device that controls combustion air supply or fuel delivery, or both, to maintain the liquid in the appliance within a predetermined temperature range provided sufficient fuel is available in the firebox or hopper.1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from the appliance.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6.1 Exception—Metric units are used in 13.1, 13.4.3, Tables 4-6, and A1.11.6.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F787-82(1991) Specification for Metallic Nail-Plate Appliances (Withdrawn 1998) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

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This specification covers the requirements of recirculating systems rated 600 volts or less and intended for indoor use with integral and non-integral recirculating systems and for installation in commercial establishments using electric commercial cooking appliances for the preparation of food. This specification also identifies the physical and performance requirements of the filters and recirculating hoods, which include filter interlocks, hood airflow, grease emissions, and filtration efficiency.1.1 This specification covers the requirements of recirculating systems rated 600 volts or less and intended for indoor use with integral and non-integral recirculating systems and for installation in commercial establishments using electric commercial cooking appliances for the preparation of food.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F1299-90 Specification for Food Service Equipment Hoods for Cooking Appliances (Withdrawn 1997) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

1.1 This specification covers the basic design and use of exhaust hoods including safety, performance, construction, grease removal devices, and related components for use in food service centers, commercial, industrial, institutional, and public places of assembly.1.2 Nothing in this specification is intended to prevent the use of other methods or devices, provided that sufficient technical data is submitted to the authority having jurisdiction to demonstrate that the proposed method or device is equivalent in quality, strength, fire endurance, effectiveness, durability, and safety to that prescribed by this specification.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.

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