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3.1 Asphalt-based, solvent-type, fibered or nonfibered, aluminum-pigmented roof coatings are used as a protective coating for solar reflection to prolong the life of roofing materials or where decorative qualities are desired.3.2 Suitable application of aluminum-pigmented asphalt roof coatings is an important factor in achieving a successful long-term coating. Suitable application is, in part, dependent upon appropriate specifications to guide the work. This guide can be useful in facilitating development of an appropriate specification for surface preparation and application of the roof coating.3.3 Designers/specifiers of coatings may use this guide in preparing the application portion of their specification. Contractors working directly for the building owner may also use this guide.3.4 This guide is not all-inclusive. Manufacturer's application instructions should be consulted and geographical “area practices” considered. Consult membrane manufacturer and coating manufacturer for acceptability of procedures and products.1.1 This guide covers the application methods for Specification D2824/D2824M Aluminum-Pigmented Asphalt Roof Coatings, Nonfibered, and Fibered without Asbestos, for application on asphalt built-up roof membranes, modified bitumen roof membranes, bituminous base flashings, concrete surfaces, metal surfaces, emulsion coatings, and solvent-based coatings. This guide does not apply to the selection of a specific aluminum-pigmented asphalt roof coating type for use on specific projects. The fibered version of these coatings excludes the use of asbestos fibers.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 4.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to establish uniformity in terms used in the field of agricultural chemical application. Terms are adopted from related fields and where applicable from Terminology E609.1.2 The terms are appropriate to any agricultural chemical application. Units in parenthesis following a definition are meant as typical and are not exhaustive of all units available for the term.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The long-term material strength of geosynthetic reinforcement material is a critical design parameter for many civil engineering projects including, but not limited to, reinforced wall structures and reinforced slopes. Geosynthetic reinforcement products are produced using a variety of polymeric materials and using a variety of manufacturing procedures. Accordingly, product-specific testing using representative produced products is recommended for establishment of long-term material strength for products used as reinforcement in structures.4.2 The primary use of the test results obtained from a reinforcement testing program is to determine the available long-term (that is, end of design life, typically 75 years) material strength, Tal, of the reinforcement. The available long-term strength, Tal, is calculated as follows:4.3 This long-term geosynthetic reinforcement strength concept is illustrated in Fig. 1. As shown in the figure, some strength losses occur immediately upon installation, and others occur throughout the design life of the reinforcement. Much of the long-term strength loss does not begin to occur until near the end of the reinforcement design life.FIG. 1 Long-Term Geosynthetic Strength Concepts4.4 The value selected for Tult, for design purposes, is the minimum average roll value (MARV) for the product. This minimum average roll value, denoted as TMARV, accounts for statistical variance in the material strength. Other sources of uncertainty and variability in the long-term strength result from installation damage, creep extrapolation, and the chemical degradation process. It is assumed that the observed variability in the creep rupture envelope is 100 % correlated with the short-term tensile strength, as the creep strength is typically directly proportional to the short-term tensile strength within a product line. Therefore, the MARV of Tult adequately takes into account variability in the creep strength.4.5 In accordance with AASHTO R 69-15, the test program results provided in geosynthetic reinforcement design reduction factor test reports are focused on characterization of the product line, specifically testing representative products within the product line to accomplish that characterization.4.6 The guidelines provided in this document explain how to use the test data to characterize the entire product line with regard to long-term strength and durability properties.1.1 This guide presents a description of how to use test results from reduction factor test reports for reinforcement geosynthetics. It is based solely on testing and reporting requirements as established in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard AASHTO R 69-15, Standard Practice for Determination of Long-Term Strength for Geosynthetic Reinforcement. AASHTO R 69-15 is used to determine the long-term allowable material strength, Tal, that is solely product property performance dependant.1.2 This guide is intended to assist designers and users of reinforcement geosynthetics when reviewing reports of reduction factor testing efforts. This guide is not intended to replace education or experience, or other alternative design procedures. This guide is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is for user selection, specification, and application of stretch film materials. It may be used between the buyer and seller to arrive at purchase specifications.1.1 This guide covers recommended guidelines for the selection, specification, and use of stretch films for unitizing, reinforcing, and palletizing for indoor environments. This can include storage or transport, or both, in warehouses, closed containers such as truck trailers or rail boxcars, and associated transfer terminals. This guide does not cover the performance issues associated with outdoor exposure.1.1.1 Performance characteristics of stretch film may be negatively affected by extreme temperatures.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Most site-specific groundwater flow models must be calibrated prior to use in predictions. In these cases, calibration is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition which must be obtained to have confidence in the model's predictions.5.2 Often, during calibration, it becomes apparent that there are no realistic values of the hydraulic properties of the soil or rock which will allow the model to reproduce the calibration targets. In these cases the conceptual model of the site may need to be revisited or the construction of the model may need to be revised. In addition, the source and quality of the data used to establish the calibration targets may need to be reexamined. For example, the modeling process can sometimes identify a previously undetected surveying error, which would results in inaccurate hydraulic head targets.5.3 This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques for calibrating a groundwater flow model; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.NOTE 1: Users of the inverse method should be aware that the method may have several solutions, all equally well calibrated. (1)41.1 This guide covers techniques that can be used to calibrate a groundwater flow model. The calibration of a model is the process of matching historical data, and is usually a prerequisite for making predictions with the model.1.2 Calibration is one of the stages of applying a groundwater modeling code to a site-specific problem (see Guide D5447). Calibration is the process of refining the model representation of the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic properties, and boundary conditions to achieve a desired degree of correspondence between the model simulations and observations of the groundwater flow system.1.3 Flow models are usually calibrated using either the manual (trial-and-error) method or an automated (inverse) method. This guide presents some techniques for calibrating a flow model using either method.1.4 This guide is written for calibrating saturated porous medium (continuum) groundwater flow models. However, these techniques, suitably modified, could be applied to other types of related groundwater models, such as multi-phase models, non-continuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models.1.5 Guide D5447 presents the steps to be taken in applying a groundwater modeling code to a site-specific problem. Calibration is one of those steps. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Guides D5490, D5609, D5610, D5611, D5718, and Practice E978.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units (given in brackets) are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5981-96(2008) Standard Guide for Calibrating a Groundwater Flow Model Application (Withdrawn 2017) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

Most site-specific groundwater flow models must be calibrated prior to use in predictions. In these cases, calibration is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition which must be obtained to have confidence in the model's predictions.Often, during calibration, it becomes apparent that there are no realistic values of the hydraulic properties of the soil or rock which will allow the model to reproduce the calibration targets. In these cases the conceptual model of the site may need to be revisited or the construction of the model may need to be revised. In addition, the source and quality of the data used to establish the calibration targets may need to be reexamined. For example, the modeling process can sometimes identify a previously undetected surveying error, which would results in inaccurate hydraulic head targets.This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques for calibrating a groundwater flow model; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that can be used to calibrate a groundwater flow model. The calibration of a model is the process of matching historical data, and is usually a prerequisite for making predictions with the model.1.2 Calibration is one of the stages of applying a groundwater modeling code to a site-specific problem (see Guide D5447). Calibration is the process of refining the model representation of the hydrogeologic framework, hydraulic properties, and boundary conditions to achieve a desired degree of correspondence between the model simulations and observations of the groundwater flow system.1.3 Flow models are usually calibrated using either the manual (trial-and-error) method or an automated (inverse) method. This guide presents some techniques for calibrating a flow model using either method.1.4 This guide is written for calibrating saturated porous medium (continuum) groundwater flow models. However, these techniques, suitably modified, could be applied to other types of related groundwater models, such as multi-phase models, non-continuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models.1.5 Guide D5447 presents the steps to be taken in applying a groundwater modeling code to a site-specific problem. Calibration is one of those steps. Other standards have been prepared on environmental modeling, such as Guides D5490, D5609, D5610, D5611, D5718, and Practice E978.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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This specification covers standards for iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloy castings of general purpose grades (Grades HF, HH, HI, HK, HE, HT, HU, HW, HX, HC, HD, HL, HN, and HN) applicable in heat-resistant services. Alloys shall be produced through electric arc, electric-induction, or other approved processes. Heat-treatment shall be conducted when agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The material shall conform to carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum contents. Tensile requirements including tensile strength, yield point, and elongation shall apply when specified in the purchase order. Guidelines for repair by welding are also given.1.1 This specification covers iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloy castings for heat-resistant service. The grades covered by this specification are general purpose alloys and no attempt has been made to include heat-resisting alloys used for special production application.NOTE 1: For heat-resisting alloys used for special product application, reference should be made to Specifications A351/A351M, A217/A217M, and A447/A447M.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 Multilayer composite tile or flooring may consist of a decorative pattern layer and a transparent wear layer. Some floors may also include a stress absorbing foam layer or a backing layer of other type.2.2 Included in the composition are vinyl resins, suitably plasticized and stabilized, with or without fortifying fibers, mineral fillers and prime pigments. Metallic accents (chips, pigments, etc.) are frequently used to form the overall design. The transparent wear coating is usually polyurethane, acrylic or vinyl. Although the transparent wear layer provides an extra measure of protection, the surface is subject to the same wear and tear as other types of floors.1.1 This practice covers the application of floor polishes to maintain multilayer composite tile or flooring.2 Floor polishes are applied to multilayer composite floors for protection and beautification of the floor surface. Cleaning, polish application, removal, and maintenance procedures are important functions in this process.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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SNM monitors are an efficient and sensitive means of unobtrusively (without a body search) meeting the requirements of 10 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 73 or DOE Order 5632.4 (May 1986) that individuals exiting nuclear material access areas (MAAs) be searched for concealed SNM. The monitors sense radiation emitted by SNM, which is an excellent but otherwise imperceptible clue to the presence of the material. Because the monitors operate in a natural radiation environment and must detect small intensity increases as clues, the monitors must be well designed and maintained to operate without unnecessary nuisance alarms. This guide provides information on different types of monitors for searching pedestrians and vehicles. Each monitor has an inherent sensitivity at a particular nuisance alarm rate that must be low enough to maintain the monitor’credibility. Sensitivity and nuisance alarm rates are both governed by the alarm threshold so it is very important that corresponding values for both be known when measured, estimated, or specified values are discussed. Fitting SNM monitors into a facility physical protection plan must not only consider adequate sensitivity but also a sufficiently low nuisance alarm rate.1.1 This guide briefly describes the state-of-the-art of radiation monitors for detecting special nuclear material (SNM) (see 3.1.11) in order to establish the context in which to write performance standards for the monitors. This guide extracts information from technical documentation to provide information for selecting, calibrating, testing, and operating such radiation monitors when they are used for the control and protection of SNM. This guide offers an unobtrusive means of searching pedestrians, packages, and motor vehicles for concealed SNM as one part of a nuclear material control or security plan for nuclear materials. The radiation monitors can provide an efficient, sensitive, and reliable means of detecting the theft of small quantities of SNM while maintaining a low likelihood of nuisance alarms. 1.2 Dependable operation of SNM radiation monitors rests on selecting appropriate monitors for the task, operating them in a hospitable environment, and conducting an effective program to test, calibrate, and maintain them. Effective operation also requires training in the use of monitors for the security inspectors who attend them. Training is particularly important for hand-held monitoring where the inspector plays an important role in the search by scanning the instrument over pedestrians and packages or throughout a motor vehicle. 1.3 SNM radiation monitors are commercially available in three forms: 1.3.1 Small Hand-Held Monitors—These monitors may be used by an inspector to manually search pedestrians and vehicles that stop for inspection. 1.3.2 Automatic Pedestrian Monitors—These monitors are doorway or portal monitors that search pedestrians in motion as they pass between radiation detectors, or wait-in monitoring booths that make extended measurements to search pedestrians while they stop to obtain exit clearance. 1.3.3 Automatic Vehicle Monitors—These monitors are portals that monitor vehicles as they pass between radiation detectors, or vehicle monitoring stations that make extended measurements to search vehicles while they stop to obtain exit clearance. 1.4 Guidance for applying SNM monitors is available as Atomic Energy Commission/Nuclear Regulatory Commission (AEC/NRC) regulatory guides, AEC/ERDA/DOE performance standards, and more recently as handbooks and applications guides published by national laboratories under DOE sponsorship. This broad information base covering the pertinent physics, engineering practice, and equipment available for monitoring has had no automatic mechanism for periodic review and revision. This ASTM series of guides and standards will consolidate the information in a form that is reexamined and updated on a fixed schedule. 1.5 Up-to-date information on monitoring allows both nuclear facilities and regulatory agencies to be aware of the current range of monitoring alternatives. Up-to-date information also allows manufacturers to be aware of the current goals of facilities and regulators, for example, to obtain particular sensitivities at a low nuisance alarm rate with instrumentation that is dependable and easy to maintain. 1.6 This guide updates and expands the scope of NRC regulatory guides and AEC/ERDA/DOE SNM monitor performance standards using the listed publications as a technical basis. 1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.8 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Model applications (1),4 are useful tools to:5.1.1 Assist in problem evaluation,5.1.2 Design remedial measures,5.1.3 Conceptualize and study groundwater flow processes,5.1.4 Provide additional information for decision making, and5.1.5 Recognize limitations in data and guide collection of new data.5.2 Groundwater models are routinely employed in making environmental resource management decisions. The model supporting these decisions should be scientifically defensible and decision-makers informed of the degree of uncertainty in the model predictions. This has prompted some state agencies to develop standards for groundwater modeling (2). This guide provides a consistent framework within which to develop, apply, and document a groundwater flow model.5.3 This guide presents steps ideally followed whenever a groundwater flow model is applied. The groundwater flow model will be based upon a mathematical model that may use numerical, analytical, or other appropriate technique.5.4 This guide should be used by practicing groundwater modelers and by those wishing to provide consistency in modeling efforts performed under their direction.5.5 Use of this guide to develop and document a groundwater flow model does not guarantee that the model is valid. This guide simply outlines the necessary steps to follow in the modeling process. For example, development of an equivalent porous media model in karst terrain may not be valid if significant groundwater flow takes place in fractures and solution channels. In this case, the modeler could follow the steps in this guide and not end up with a defensible model.1.1 This guide covers the application and subsequent documentation of a groundwater flow model to a particular site or problem. In this context, “groundwater flow model” refers to the application of a mathematical model to the solution of a site-specific groundwater flow problem.1.2 This guide illustrates the major steps to take in developing a groundwater flow model that reproduces or simulates an aquifer system that has been studied in the field. This guide does not identify particular computer codes, software, or algorithms used in the modeling investigation.1.3 This guide is specifically written for saturated, isothermal, groundwater flow models. The concepts are applicable to a wide range of models designed to simulate subsurface processes, such as variably saturated flow, flow in fractured media, density-dependent flow, solute transport, and multiphase transport phenomena; however, the details of these other processes are not described in this guide.1.4 This guide is not intended to be all inclusive. Each groundwater model is unique and may require additional procedures in its development and application. All such additional analyses should be documented, however, in the model report.1.5 This guide is one of a series of standards on groundwater model applications. Other standards include D5981, D5490, D5609, D5610, D5611, and D6033.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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