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5.1 Accurate measurement of organic carbon in water at low and very low levels is of particular interest to the electronic, life sciences, and steam power generation industries.5.2 Elevated levels of organics in raw water tend to degrade ion exchange resin capacity. Elevated levels of organics in high purity water tend to support biological growth and, in some cases, are directly detrimental to the processes that require high purity water.5.3 In power generation, naturally occurring organics can become degraded to CO2 and low molecular weight organic acids that, in turn, are corrosive to the process equipment. Their effect on conductivity may also cause water chemistry operating parameters to be exceeded, calling for plant shutdown. Halogenated and sulfonated organics may not be detectable by conductivity but at boiler temperatures will release highly corrosive chlorides, sulfates, etc.5.4 In process water in other industries, organic carbon can signify in-leakage of substances through damaged piping and components, or an unacceptable level of product loss.5.5 In wastewater treatment, organic carbon measurement of influent and process water can help optimize treatment schemes. Measurement of organic carbon at discharge may contribute to regulatory compliance.5.6 In life sciences, control of organic carbon is necessary to demonstrate compliance with regulatory limits for some types of waters.1.1 This guide covers the selection, establishment, and application of monitoring systems for carbon and carbon compounds by on-line, automatic analysis, and recording or otherwise signaling of output data. The system chosen will depend on the purpose for which it is intended (for example, regulatory compliance, process monitoring, or to alert the user to adverse trends) and on the type of water to be monitored (low purity or high purity, with or without suspended particulates, purgeable organics, or inorganic carbon). If it is to be used for regulatory compliance, the test method published or referenced in the regulations should be used in conjunction with this guide and other ASTM test methods. This guide covers carbon concentrations of 0.05 µg/L to 50 000 mg/L. Low end sensitivity and quantitative results may vary among instruments. This guide covers the on-line measurement techniques listed in Table 1. Additional laboratory test methods are available: Test Methods D4129, D4839, D5904, D6317, and D7573.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is intended for use in quality control laboratories where a quantitative analysis of adsorbed moisture on a PuO2 sample is desired.5.2 The parameters described should be considered as guidelines. They may be altered to suit a particular analysis or type of analyzer, provided the changes are validated by the laboratory and noted in the report.5.3 The quantity of an adsorbed gas on a given PuO2 sample may indicate specific quality or end use performance characteristics. Specific limits on moisture content, for example, are required in cases where PuO2 will be packaged and stored for extended periods of time.1.1 This test method provides necessary information to determine the total amount of moisture (physisorbed and chemisorbed water molecules) in a plutonium dioxide (PuO2) sample using a combination of thermogravimetric and mass spectrometric analyses. This test method is useful when performing analysis in cases where a maximum amount of moisture content in PuO2 samples has been agreed upon by interested parties. For example this method can be used to determine the moisture content of some types of PuO2 packaged to meet the requirements of DOE-STD-3013 (1),2 “Stabilization, Packaging, and Storage of Plutonium-Bearing Materials,” when such PuO2 meets the specifications given in this test method (2).1.2 This test method is applicable to PuO2 samples having the following characteristics: Plutonium mass fraction ≥ 83 % (the plutonium in the sample should be close to stoichiometric PuO2 which is approximately 88 wt% plutonium depending on the isotopic composition of the plutonium, but can have several weight percent impurities), moisture ≤1 %.1.3 The temperature range of test is typically room temperature to greater than 1000 °C. Typically the PuO2 is heated to 1100 °C.1.4 This test method utilizes an inert gas environment (argon, nitrogen, or helium).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) applications. This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities. These contaminants are those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment. Also, this guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC CO2 products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques.1.1 This guide defines purity standards for carbon dioxide to ensure the suitability of liquefied carbon dioxide gas for use in SFE and SFC applications (see Guide E1449 for definitions of terms). This guide defines quantitation, labeling, and statistical standards for impurities in carbon dioxide that are necessary for successful SFE or SFC laboratory work, and it suggests methods of analysis for quantifying these impurities.1.2 This guide is provided for use by specialty gas suppliers who manufacture carbon dioxide specifically for SFE or SFC applications. SFE or SFC carbon dioxide (CO2) products offered with a claim of adherence to this guide will meet certain absolute purity and contaminant detectability requirements matched to the needs of current SFE or SFC techniques. The use of this guide allows different SFE or SFC CO2 product offerings to be compared on an equal purity basis.1.3 This guide considers contaminants to be those components that either cause detector signals that interfere with those of the target analytes or physically impede the SFE or SFC experiment.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Indoor CO2 concentrations have been described and used by some people as an indicator of indoor air quality. These uses have included both appropriate and inappropriate interpretations of indoor CO2 concentrations. Appropriate uses include estimating expected levels of occupant comfort in terms of human body odor, studying occupancy patterns, investigating the levels of contaminants that are related to occupant activity, and screening for the sufficiency of ventilation rates relative to occupancy. Inappropriate uses include the application of simple relationships to determine outdoor air ventilation rates per person from indoor CO2 concentrations without verifying the assumptions upon which these relationships are based, and the interpretation of indoor CO2 concentrations as a comprehensive indicator of indoor air quality.5.2 Outdoor air ventilation rates affect contaminant levels in buildings and building occupants' perception of the acceptability of the indoor environment. Minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation are specified in building codes and indoor air quality standards, for example, ASHRAE Standard 62. The compliance of outdoor air ventilation rates with relevant codes and standards are often assessed as part of indoor air quality investigations in buildings. The outdoor air ventilation rate of a building depends on the size and distribution of air leakage sites, pressure differences induced by wind and temperature, mechanical system operation, and occupant behavior. Given all of this information, ventilation rates are predictable; however, many of these parameters are difficult to determine in practice. Therefore, measurement is required to determine outdoor air change rates reliably.5.3 The measurement of CO2 concentrations has been promoted as a means of determining outdoor air ventilation rates per person. This approach, referred to in this guide as equilibrium analysis, is based on a steady-state, single-zone mass balance of CO2 in the building and is sometimes presented with little or no discussion of its limitations and the assumptions on which it is based. As a result, in some cases, the technique has been misused and indoor CO2 concentration measurements have been misinterpreted.5.4 When the assumptions upon which equilibrium analysis is based are valid, the technique can yield reliable measurements of outdoor air ventilation rates. In addition, indoor CO2 concentrations can be used to determine other aspects of building ventilation when used properly. By applying a mass balance at an air handler, the percent outdoor air intake in the supply airstream can be determined based on the CO2 concentrations in the supply, return, and outdoor air. This percentage can be multiplied by the supply airflow rate of the air handler to yield the outdoor air intake rate of the air handler. In addition, the decay of indoor CO2 concentrations can be monitored in a building after the occupants have left to determine the outdoor air change rate of the building.5.5 Continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations can be used to study some aspects of ventilation system performance, the quality of outdoor air, and building occupancy patterns.1.1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation.1.2 This guide describes the determination of CO2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity.1.3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor.1.4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation–mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates.1.5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality.1.6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO2 concentrations.1.7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO2 to control outdoor air intake rates.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Titanium dioxide is used in rubber compounding as a colorant to impart whiteness to any desired end product. It is used in sidewalls of automobile tires.3.2 It is chemically inert and slightly basic with a pH of 7.0 to 8.0. The free-chalking, weathering properties of anatase titanium-dioxide provide a (self-cleaning) white appearance in outdoor applications.1.1 This classification covers the compounding material known as titanium dioxide. It is generally used in rubber compounds to impart whiteness to selected products. Typical chemical and physical properties are included.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers finished pellets composed of sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide of any concentration for use in light-water reactors. Materials shall adhere to specified chemical (impurity content, stoichiometry, moisture content, and gadolinium oxide concentration), nuclear (isotopic content), and physical (dimensions, density, homogeneity, integrity, axial and circumferential surface cracks, cylindrical surface chips, pellets ends, cleanliness and workmanship, identification, and irradiation stability) requirements.1.1 This specification is for finished sintered (U,Gd)O2 pellets. It applies to (U,Gd)O2 pellets containing uranium (U) of any 235U concentration and any concentration of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) for use in nuclear reactors.1.2 This specification recognizes the presence of reprocessed U in the fuel cycle and consequently defines isotopic limits for (U,Gd)O2 pellets made from commercial grade UO2. Such commercial grade UO2 is defined so that, regarding fuel design and manufacture, the product is essentially equivalent to that made from unirradiated U. UO2 falling outside these limits cannot necessarily be regarded as equivalent and may thus need special provisions at the fuel fabrication plant or in the fuel design.1.3 This specification does not include (a) provisions for preventing criticality accidents, (b) requirements for health and safety, (c) avoidance of hazards, or (d) shipping precautions and controls. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using source or special nuclear material. Examples of U.S. Governmental documents are Code of Federal Regulations (Latest Edition), Title 10, Part 50, Title 10, Part 70, Title 10, Part 71, and Title 49, Part 173.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the technical requirements portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method is suitable for setting specifications on industrial aromatic hydrocarbons and related materials and for use as an internal quality control tool.This test method is a qualitative one for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). It should not be considered quantitative. It gives an indication of the presence of H2S or SO2, or both, which may cause objectionable odors or be corrosive to certain materials of construction.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide content (qualitative) of industrial aromatic hydrocarbons.1.2This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements see Section 6.

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5.1 Sulfur dioxide is a major air pollutant, commonly formed by the combustion of sulfur-bearing fuels. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has set primary and secondary air quality standards (7) that are designed to protect the public health and welfare.5.2 The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has promulgated exposure limits for sulfur dioxide in workplace atmospheres (8).5.3 These methods have been found satisfactory for measuring sulfur dioxide in ambient and workplace atmospheres over the ranges pertinent in 5.1 and 5.2.5.4 Method A has been designed to correspond to the EPA-Designated Reference Method (7) for the determination of sulfur dioxide.1.1 These test methods cover the bubbler collection and colorimetric determination of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the ambient or workplace atmosphere.1.2 These test methods are applicable for determining SO2 over the range from approximately 25 μg/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) to 1000 μg/m3 (0.4 ppm(v)), corresponding to a solution concentration of 0.03 μg SO2/mL to 1.3 μg SO2/mL. Beer's law is followed through the working analytical range from 0.02 μg SO2/mL to 1.4 μg SO2/mL.1.3 The lower limit of detection is 0.075 μg SO2/mL (1),2 representing an air concentration of 25 μg SO2/m3 (0.01 ppm(v)) in a 30-min sample, or 13 μg SO2/m3 (0.005 ppm(v)) in a 24-h sample.1.4 These test methods incorporate sampling for periods between 30 min and 24 h.1.5 These test methods describe the determination of the collected (impinged) samples. A Method A and a Method B are described.1.6 Method A is preferred over Method B, as it gives the higher sensitivity, but it has a higher blank. Manual Method B is pH-dependent, but is more suitable with spectrometers having a spectral band width greater than 20 nm.NOTE 1: These test methods are applicable at concentrations below 25 μg/m3 by sampling larger volumes of air if the absorption efficiency of the particular system is first determined, as described in Annex A4.NOTE 2: Concentrations higher than 1000 μg/m3 can be determined by using smaller gas volumes, larger collection volumes, or by suitable dilution of the collected sample with absorbing solution prior to analysis.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 8.3.1, Section 9, and A3.1.3.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Small amounts of mineral carbonates occur in many coals and comparatively large amounts in some coals. The determination of these carbonates is the purpose of this test method. The value found for carbon dioxide is used to estimate the mineral matter content, particularly CaCO3 and MgCO3, of high-carbonate coals.FIG. 1 Apparatus for the Determination of Carbon Dioxide1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon dioxide in coal in any form, such as mineral carbonate, from which carbon dioxide is released by action of mineral acids. It applies to high-carbonate and low-carbonate coals.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. This test method is designed to determine whether the percent uranium and O/U or O/M content meet Specifications C776 and C922.1.1 This test method applies to the determination of uranium, the oxygen to uranium (O/U) ratio in sintered uranium dioxide pellets, and the oxygen to metal (O/M) ratio in sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets with a Gd2O3 concentration of up to 12 weight %. The O/M calculations assume that the gadolinium and uranium oxides are present in a metal dioxide solid solution.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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