5.1 This guide provides a protocol for detecting, characterizing, and quantifying nucleic acids (that is, DNA) of living and recently dead microorganisms in fuels and fuel-associated waters by means of a culture independent qPCR procedure. Microbial contamination is inferred when elevated DNA levels are detected in comparison to the expected background DNA level of a clean fuel and fuel system.5.2 A sequence of protocol steps is required for successful qPCR testing.5.2.1 Quantitative detection of microorganisms depends on the DNA-extraction protocol and selection of appropriate oligonucleotide primers.5.2.2 The preferred DNA extraction protocol depends on the type of microorganism present in the sample and potential impurities that could interfere with the subsequent qPCR reaction.5.2.3 Primers vary in their specificity. Some 16S and 18S RNA gene regions present in the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms appear to have been conserved throughout evolution and thus provide a reliable and repeatable target for gene amplification and detection. Amplicons targeting these conserved nucleotide sequences are useful for quantifying total population densities. Other target DNA regions are specific to a metabolic class (for example, sulfate reducing bacteria) or individual taxon (for example, the bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Primers targeting these unique nucleotide sequences are useful for detecting and quantifying specific microbes or groups of microbes known to be associated with biodeterioration.5.3 Just as the quantification of microorganisms using microbial growth media employs standardized formulations of growth conditions enabling the meaningful comparison of data from different laboratories (Practice D6974), this guide seeks to provide standardization to detect, characterize, and quantify nucleic acids associated with living and recently dead microorganisms in fuel-associated samples using qPCR.NOTE 3: Many primers, and primer and probe combinations that are not covered in this guide may be used to perform qPCR. This guide does not attempt to cover all of the possible qPCR assays and does not suggest nor imply that the qPCR assays (that is, combinations of primers and probes, and reaction conditions) discussed here are better suited for qPCR than other qPCR assays not presented here. Additional, primers, primers and probes combination, and qPCR assay conditions may be added in the future to this guide as they become available to the ASTM scientific community. Guide D6469 reviews the types of damage that uncontrolled microbial growth in fuels and fuel systems can cause.5.4 Culture-based microbiological tests depend on the ability of microbes to proliferate in liquid, solid or semisolid nutrient media, in order for microbes in a sample to be detected.5.5 There is general consensus among microbiologists that only a fraction of the microbes believed to be present in the environment have been cultured successfully.5.6 Since the mid-1990s, genetic test methods that do not rely on cultivation have been increasingly favored for the detection and quantification of microorganisms in environmental samples.5.7 qPCR is a quantitative, culture-independent method that is currently used in the medical, food, and cosmetic industries for the detection and quantification of microorganisms.5.8 Since the early 2000s, qPCR methodology has evolved and is now frequently used to quantify microorganisms in fuel-associated samples, but there is currently no standardized methodology for employing qPCR for this application (1-6).3 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance and standardization for genetic testing of samples using qPCR to quantify total microbial populations present in fuel-associated samples.5.9 Although this guide focuses on describing recommended protocols for the quantification of total microorganisms present in fuel-associated samples using qPCR, the procedures described here can also be applied to the standardization of qPCR assays for other genetic targets and environmental matrices.5.10 Genetic techniques have great flexibility so that it is possible to design a nearly infinite number of methods to detect and quantify each and every gene. Because of this flexibility of genetic techniques, it is important to provide a standard protocol for qPCR so that data generated by different laboratories can be compared.5.11 This guide provides recommendations for primers sequences and experimental methodology for qPCR assays for the quantification of total microorganisms present in fuel-associated samples.1.1 This guide covers procedures for using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a genomic tool, to detect, characterize and quantify nucleic acids associated with microbial DNA present in liquid fuels and fuel-associated water samples.1.1.1 Water samples that may be used in testing include, but are not limited to, water associated with crude oil or liquid fuels in storage tanks, fuel tanks, or pipelines.1.1.2 While the intent of this guide is to focus on the analysis of fuel-associated samples, the procedures described here are also relevant to the analysis of water used in hydrotesting of pipes and equipment, water injected into geological formations to maintain pressure and/or facilitate the recovery of hydrocarbons in oil and gas recovery, water co-produced during the production of oil and gas, water in fire protection sprinkler systems, potable water, industrial process water, and wastewater.1.1.3 To test a fuel sample, the live and recently dead microorganisms must be separated from the fuel phase which can include any DNA fragments by using one of various methods such as filtration or any other microbial capturing methods.1.1.4 Some of the protocol steps are universally required and are indicated by the use of the word must. Other protocol steps are testing-objective dependent. At those process steps, options are offered and the basis for choosing among them are explained.1.2 The guide describes the application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology to determine total bioburden or total microbial population present in fuel-associated samples using universal primers that allow for the quantification of 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes that are present in all prokaryotes (that is, bacteria and archaea) and eucaryotes (that is, mold and yeast collectively termed fungi), respectively.1.3 This guide describes laboratory protocols. As described in Practice D7464, the qualitative and quantitative relationship between the laboratory results and actual microbial communities in the systems from which samples are collected is affected by the time delay and handling conditions between the time of sampling and time that testing is initiated.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard with the exception of the concept unit of gene copies/mL (that is, 16S or 18S gene copies/mL) to indicate the starting concentration of microbial DNA for the intended microbial targets (that is, bacteria, archaea, fungi).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This procedure describes a rapid and sensitive method for estimating the stability reserve of an oil. The stability reserve is estimated in terms of a separability number, where a low value of the separability number indicates that there is a stability reserve within the oil. When the separability number is between 0 to 5, the oil can be considered to have a high stability reserve and asphaltenes are not likely to flocculate. If the separability number is between 5 to 10, the stability reserve in the oil will be much lower. However, asphaltenes are, in this case, not likely to flocculate as long as the oil is not exposed to any worse conditions, such as storing, aging, and heating. If the separability number is above 10, the stability reserve of the oil is very low and asphaltenes will easily flocculate, or have already started to flocculate.5.2 This test method can be used by refiners and users of heavy oils, for which this test method is applicable, to estimate the stability reserves of their oils. Hence, this test method can be used by refineries to control and optimize their refinery processes. Consumers of oils can use this test method to estimate the stability reserve of their oils before, during, and after storage.5.3 This test method is not intended for predicting whether oils are compatible before mixing, but can be used for determining the separability number of already blended oils. However, experience shows that oils exhibiting a low separability number are more likely to be compatible with other oils than are oils with high separability numbers.1.1 This test method covers the quantitative measurement, either in the laboratory or in the field, of how easily asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils diluted in toluene phase separate upon addition of heptane. The result is a separability number (%). See also Test Method D7061.1.2 The test method is limited to asphaltene-containing heavy fuel oils. ASTM specification fuels that generally fall within the scope of this test method are Specification D396, Grade Nos. 4, 5, and 6, Specification D975, Grade No. 4-D, and Specification D2880, Grade Nos. 3-GT and 4-GT. Refinery fractions from which such blended fuels are made also fall within the scope of this test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This specification provides designers of general aviation aeroplanes a process for evaluating and testing a fuel system under hot weather conditions to ensure safety during flight. The specification is applicable to kerosene-type turbine engine fuels and fuel systems for traditional general aviation aeroplanes.1.1 This standard practice provides requirements for performing hot weather testing as a means of compliance to Subsection 7.7 of Specification F3063/F3063M for kerosene-type turbine fuels such as Jet A and Jet A-1 (Specification D1655). The appendix provides supplemental information and considerations for turbine fuel system hot weather operation. The material was developed through open consensus of international experts in general aviation.1.2 An applicant intending to propose this information as Means of Compliance for a design approval must seek guidance from their respective oversight authority (for example, published guidance from applicable civil aviation authorities (CAAs)) concerning the acceptable use and application thereof. For information on which oversight authorities have accepted this standard (in whole or in part) as an acceptable Means of Compliance to their regulatory requirements hereinafter (“the Rules”), refer to the ASTM Committee F44 web page (www.astm.org/COMMITTEE/F44.htm).1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning is given in Section 6 on Test Setup.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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18.1 For purpose of determining compliance with the specified limits for requirements of the properties listed in Table 5, an observed value or calculated value shall be rounded as indicated in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for Type GAS seamless Copper UNS No. C12200 tube for use in above ground natural gas and liquified petroleum (LP) gas fuel distribution systems, commonly assembled with flared fittings or brazed joints.NOTE 1: Tube temper, size, and joining method are determined by installation code requirements.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method(s) portion, Section 17, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Residual fuel oils can contain H2S in the liquid phase and this can result in hazardous vapor phase levels of H2S in storage tank headspaces. The vapor phase levels can vary significantly according to the headspace volume, fuel temperature and agitation. Measurement of H2S levels in the liquid phase provides a useful indication of the residual fuel oil’s propensity to form high vapor phase levels, and lower levels in the residual fuel oil will directly reduce risk of H2S exposure. It is critical, however, that anyone involved in handling fuel oil, such as vessel owners and operators, continue to maintain appropriate safety practices designed to protect the crew, tank farm operators and others who can be exposed to H2S.5.1.1 The measurement of H2S in the liquid phase is appropriate for product quality control, while the measurement of H2S in the vapor phase is appropriate for health and safety purposes.5.2 This test method was developed to provide refineries, fuel terminals and independent testing laboratories, which do not have access to analytical instruments such as a gas chromatograph, with a simple and consistent field test method for the rapid determination of H2S in the vapor phase above residual fuel oils.NOTE 1: D5705 is one of three test methods for quantitatively measuring H2S in residual fuels:1) Test Method D6021 is an analytical test method to determine H2S levels in the liquid phase.2) Test Method D7621 is a rapid test method to determine H2S levels in the liquid phase.NOTE 2: Because of the reactivity, absorptivity and volatility of H2S, any measurement method only provides an H2S concentration at a given moment in time.5.3 This test method does not necessarily simulate the vapor phase H2S concentration in a fuel storage tank. It does, however, provide a level of consistency so that the test result is only a function of the residual fuel oil sample and not the test method, operator, or location. No general correlation can be established between this field test and actual vapor phase concentrations of H2S in residual fuel oil storage or transports. However, a facility that produces fuel oil from the same crude source under essentially constant conditions might be able to develop a correlation for its individual case.1.1 This test method covers the field determination of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the vapor phase (equilibrium headspace) of a residual fuel oil sample.1.2 The test method is applicable to liquids with a viscosity range of 5.5 mm2/s at 40 °C to 50 mm2/s at 100 °C. The test method is applicable to fuels conforming to Specification D396 Grade Nos. 4, 5 (Heavy), and 6.1.3 The applicable range is from 5 μmol/mol to 4000 μmol/mol (micromoles per mole) (5 ppm v/v to 4000 ppm v/v (parts per million by volume)).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes recognized requirements for determining the child resistance of portable gasoline containers intended for use by consumers. The following tests shall be performed: senior adult test; child-resistant test (test subject/selection criteria); child-resistant tests (test failures); sequential test; and senior adult use effectiveness to conform with the specified requirements.1.1 This specification establishes recognized requirements for determining the child resistance of portable fuel containers (PFCs) and other types of portable containers intended for use by consumers to hold, store, and transport liquid fuels such as gasoline, kerosene, and diesel.1.1.1 “Portable Fuel Container” is defined in Specification F852 and includes the receptacle for gasoline, kerosene, or diesel fuel as well as spouts, caps, and other closure mechanisms and components for use with or on portable gasoline, kerosene, or diesel receptacles.1.1.2 This specification is also applicable to spouts, caps, or other closure mechanisms sold separately for use with or on a fuel container.1.1.3 This specification does not cover one-time use portable emergency fuel containers conforming to Specification F2874.1.2 This standard addresses the effectiveness of the child resistance (CR) device only after closure cycling, but does not address closure effectiveness:1.2.1 When at high or low temperatures,1.2.2 After thermal aging of polymers,1.2.3 After exposure to sunlight,1.2.4 After exposure to intended fuels, and1.2.5 After physical abuses, such as drops or impacts.NOTE 1: Please see Appendix X2 for additional information on these exemptions.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 During engine operation, engine oil can become contaminated by water and fuel. In the case of Ed85 fuels, this contamination can result in a non-emulsified aqueous bottom layer in the oil that can affect the lubrication and detergency of the engine oil. To avoid field problems, engine oil should be capable of emulsifying water contamination to the extent that no aqueous presence appears.5.2 The test described in this method is designed to evaluate the ability of an engine oil, contaminated with a specified amount of water (volume fraction of 10 % of the original oil sample) and simulated Ed85 fuel (also a volume fraction of 10 % of the original oil sample), to emulsify the water after agitation in a blender and to maintain this emulsion at temperatures of 20 °C to 25 °C and –5 °C to 0 °C for at least 24 h.5.3 This test method has potential use in specifications of engine lubricating oils, such as Specification D4485.1.1 This test method describes a qualitative procedure to measure the ability of a specific volume of engine oil to emulsify a specific added volume of combined water and simulated Ed85 fuel upon agitation in a high-speed blender and to retain this emulsified state for at least 24 h at temperatures of both 20 °C to 25 °C and –5 °C to 0 °C.1.2 Information Letters are published periodically by the ASTM Test Monitoring Center (TMC) to update this and other test methods under the jurisdiction of Subcommittee D02.B0. Copies of these letters can be obtained by writing the Center.21.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. It defines a specific type of lead-free aviation gasoline; however, this specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. It is possible that certain equipment or conditions of use can bring about a wider or require a narrower range of characteristics than what is shown in this specification.1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.1.2 This specification defines a specific type of aviation gasoline that contains no lead. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.1.4 The current purpose for the fuel specified herein is for certification and testing of an engine and engine components.1.5 The UL94 standard is to be used for engine calibration and FAA certification.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

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5.1 Some fuel dilution of in-service engine oil is normal under typical operating conditions. However, excessive fuel dilution can lead to decreased performance, premature wear, or sudden engine failure. This test method provides a means of quantifying the level of fuel dilution, allowing the user to take necessary action. This test method does not purport to accurately quantify the specific fuel present in the in-service lubricant samples due to limitations associated with the aging and degradation of the fuel in the crankcase. Rather, quantification of diesel fuel is normalized using a simulated aged fuel.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fuel dilution for in-service engine oil by gas chromatography.1.2 Analysis can be performed directly by this test method without pretreatment or dilution of the sample.1.3 There is no limitation for the determination of the dilution range, provided the amount of sample is within the linear range of the gas chromatograph detector. However, sample dilution can add potential error to the result and may affect the precision obtained as compared to the values presented in Section 14, which were obtained with no dilution.1.4 This test method covers a quantitation range up to 10 % (m/m) for diesel and biodiesel, and up to 5 % (m/m) for gasoline.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Where non-SI units are provided, they are shown in parentheses.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification establishes nationally recognized performance requirements for portable gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fueling systems intended for reuse by the consumer in filling, transport, dispensing, and storage. This specification defines performance requirements for systems that can effectively reduce fuel spillage and emissions when used in accordance with the manufacturer's (marked) warnings, operating instructions, and limitations of use. Permeability, flow rate, and fill level shall conform to the requirements specified. Spout samples shall be subjected to the following tests in order to determine their overall performance: leakage test, operation test, elevated temperature test, bending moment test, cyclic endurance test, pull test, closure test, drop test, immersion test, aging test, xenon arc type light exposure test, and water exposure test.1.1 This specification establishes nationally recognized performance requirements for portable gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fueling systems intended for reuse by the consumer in filling, transport, dispensing, and storage. This specification does not cover single-trip prepackaged containers.1.2 This specification defines performance requirements for systems that can effectively reduce fuel spillage and emissions when used in accordance with the manufacturer's (marked) warnings, operating instructions, and limitations of use. This specification does not provide assurance that systems meeting the requirements are suited to all fueling applications and conditions.1.3 This specification is not a fire hazard standard. It concerns portable gasoline and kerosene containers for consumer use.1.4 Containers used with these systems shall meet all applicable requirements of either Specification F 852 or F 976 and additional requirements as specified in this standard.1.5 The following precautionary caveat applies only to the test method portion, Section 5, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Sulfates and chlorides can be found in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. The acceptability for use of the fuel components and the finished fuels depends on the sulfate and chloride content.5.2 Existent and potential inorganic sulfate and total chloride content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of the acceptability of gasoline components for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.1.1 This test method covers a direct injection ion chromatographic procedure for determining existent and potential inorganic sulfate and total inorganic chloride content in hydrous and anhydrous denatured ethanol and butanol to be used in motor fuel applications. It is intended for the analysis of ethanol and butanol samples containing between 1.0 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg of existent or potential inorganic sulfate and 1.0 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg of inorganic chloride.NOTE 1: Tertiary butanol is not included in this test method. 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and isobutanol are included in the testing and research report for this test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The concentration of nitrogen is a measure of the presence of nitrogen-containing additives. Knowledge of its concentration can be used to predict performance.1.1 This test method covers the determination of nitrogen in lubricating oils when present in the concentration from 0.03 % to 0.10 % by mass, and for the determination of nitrogen in fuel oils when present in the concentration from 0.015 % to 2.0 % by mass. This test method is also applicable to the analysis of additive concentrates and additive packages.NOTE 1: This test method may not be applicable to certain materials containing N–O or N–N linkage. However, the samples used in the cooperative program to establish the precision of the test method were compounded with currently available ashless additives containing nitrogen. Complete recovery of the nitrogen present in these additives was obtained.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.6, 7.9, and 9.8.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the selection of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. The specification sets forth the properties of fuels at the time and place of custody transfer to the user. The fuels shall be homogeneous mixtures of hydrocarbon oils free of inorganic acid, and free of excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter likely to make frequent cleaning of suitable strainers necessary. All grades containing residual components shall remain homogeneous in normal storage and not separated by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The following test methods shall be performed to determine certain properties: flash point test, pour point test, water and sediment test, carbon residue test, ash test, distillation test, viscosity test, density test, and sulfur test.1.1 This specification covers the grades of fuels for gas turbines, excepting gas turbines used in aircraft, for the guidance of interested parties such as turbine manufacturers and the suppliers and purchasers of fuel oils. These grades are described as follows:1.1.1 Grades No. 0-GT S5000, No. 0-GT S500, and No. 0-GT S15 includes naphtha, Jet B, and other light hydrocarbon liquids that characteristically have low flash point and low viscosity as compared with kerosine and fuel oils.1.1.2 Grades No. 1-GT S5000, No. 1-GT S500, and No. 1-GT S15 are a light distillate fuel oil suitable for use in nearly all gas turbines.1.1.3 Grades No. 2-GT S5000, No. 2-GT S500, and No. 2-GT S15, which is a heavier distillate than Grade No. 1-GT, can be used by gas turbines not requiring the clean burning characteristics of Grade No. 1-GT. Fuel heating equipment may be required by the gas turbine depending on the fuel system design or ambient temperature conditions, or both.1.1.4 Grade No. 3-GT may be a heavier distillate than Grade No. 2-GT, a residual fuel oil that meets the low ash requirements, or a blend of distillate with a residual fuel oil. Fuel heating will be required by the gas turbine in almost every installation.1.1.5 Grade No. 4-GT includes most residuals and some topped crudes. Because of the wide variation and lack of control of properties, the gas turbine manufacturer should be consulted with regard to acceptable limits on properties.1.2 Three appendixes are provided for informational purposes only and do not constitute a requirement of this specification unless mutually agreed upon between the interested parties.1.2.1 Appendix X1 describes the five grades of gas turbine fuels covered by this specification. Further, it states the significance of various test methods used in inspecting the fuels.1.2.2 Appendix X2 discusses the sources of fuel contaminants and notes the significance of such contaminants in the operation of gas turbines and gas turbine fuel systems. The particular significance of trace metals in gas turbine fuels is noted. Upper limits of trace metals are recommended for the various grades of gas turbine fuels, but these recommended limits do not constitute a requirement of the specification unless mutually agreed upon by the interested parties. Limitations due to the use of used or recycled oil are also noted.NOTE 1: The gas turbine operator should consult Practice D4418 for methods of ensuring fuels of adequate cleanliness and for guidance on long-term storage of distillate fuels and on liquids from non-petroleum sources as gas turbine.NOTE 2: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate gas turbine fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.1.3 This specification, unless otherwise provided by agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, prescribes the required properties of gas turbine fuel oils at the time and place of delivery.1.4 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which may be more restrictive.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in commerce, terminal blending, or downstream blending with fuels for spark-ignition engines. The following test methods shall be conducted to meet the specified requirements: appearance; sulfur; solvent-washed gum content; MTBE mass percentage; methanol mass percentage; API gravity; density; copper strip corrosion; water content; vapor pressure; and color.1.1 This specification covers requirements for fuel grade methyl tertiary-butyl ether utilized in blending with gasolines at 1 % to 15 % by volume (equivalent to 2.7 % by weight oxygen) for use as automotive spark-ignition engine fuel covered by Specification D4814 as well as other automotive fuel applications involving MTBE. Other MTBE grades may be available for blending that are not covered by this specification.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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