1.1 The Emergency Medical Services Management Information System (EMS-MIS) serves as a framework for the management and linkage of data documenting the complete emergency episode from onset through the pre-hospital, emergency department, and hospital phases to final discharge. This document establishes a standard guideline for the planning, development, and maintenance of an EMS-MIS framework, including linkage among pre-hospital, hospital, and other public safety or government agencies. The resultant EMS-MIS should be capable of monitoring the compliance of an EMS system with its established system standards, and provide an objective basis upon which different EMS systems can be comparatively evaluated.1.2 EMS-MIS Goals1.2.1 To manage data regarding response to a medical emergency.1.2.2 To provide a process for obtaining and documenting objective, reliable data.1.2.3 To provide information that can be used to affect operational changes in an EMS system leading to the delivery of better quality emergency medical care.1.2.4 To provide information to guide the rational investment of local, state, and national resources to improve and maintain EMS.1.3 This guide will standardize data needed for decision making at various levels of the EMS system, and offer suggestions as to the appropriate use of this information.1.4 This guide comments on several possible configurations for information flow and data processing, recognizing that no one configuration is best suited to all circumstances.1.5 This guide focuses on pre-hospital medical activities, including emergency responses, scheduled transports, and all interinstitutional transfers.1.6 This guide addresses EMS-MIS techniques applicable to the internal operations of outpatient and inpatient facilities as well as pre-hospital care providers.1.7 This guide will not address specialized data systems and applications such as trauma registries, but will allow for interfacing with such applications.1.8 This guide will not address computer-aided dispatch (CAD) systems, nor system status management (SSM) applications, but will allow for interfacing with such applications.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

Health information networks (HINs) have arisen in recent years as a way to share common information within organizational arrangements among those healthcare facilities that have been formed into large, more comprehensive integrated delivery systems (IDS) and managed care organizations (MCO) offering a full range of healthcare services, both inpatient and ambulatory.The specific organizational structures to which the MCO term was originally applied most probably have evolved into something quite different. Furthermore, IDS organizations are contracting with other organizations that have a market larger than a single IDS itself and are buying such services for themselves rather than offering them internally.These organizations will need a frame of reference for the global information needed to provide all of the services required during patient care. For a global Concept Model consult ADA Specification 1000.0–1000.18 and TR 1039.Pharmacotherapy will require a number of these services, including those of the clinical laboratory for therapeutic drug monitoring as well as pharmacy services of both resident and nonresident care organizations and stand-alone pharmacies to ensure freedom from medication errors and conduct ongoing investigations of both the outcomes of care and the management of resources related to pharmacotherapy.Pharmacotherapy functions include prescribing (clinical orders), dispensing, administering, and monitoring, which support “pharmaceutical care” defined as “provision of drug therapy to achieve desired therapeutic outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life.” These functions address patients’ needs that require information support as noted in Table 1.Another aspect of the monitoring function is the development of instrumentation for testing at point of care (POCT) for high-value immediate-benefit services that support pharmacotherapy. POCT, however, needs supervision and training from skilled laboratorians for the actual performers, whether that supervision comes from within the IDS or outside of it. This range of operation is only achievable by distributed HIN structures that shall have the same quality of clinical and data services as offered by laboratories close at hand. Data management of POCT is documented separately (see CLSI POCT1, ASTP2), but such data management for support of pharmacotherapy shall be placed into the broader context of this practice and linked to CLSI LIS-9A. Thus, this practice should be used to first organize the global domain and then the interconnected subdomains.1.1 This practice applies to the process of defining and documenting the capabilities, logical data sources, and pathways of data exchange regarding pharmacotherapy information services within a given network architecture serving a set of healthcare constituents.1.2 This practice is not a technical implementation standard but, rather, describes how the implementation methods and techniques can be used to coordinate pharmacotherapy services logically within an electronic health record (EHR) systems environment involving participating organizations and sites connected by a networked communication system.1.3 This practice covers the content of the nodes and arcs of the resulting logical network involving EHR, pharmacy, and clinical laboratory-capable sites. This practice also considers the various purposes and organizational arrangements for coordinating pharmacotherapy services within the network boundaries and the considerations for connections among external networks.1.4 This practice refers to other standards for conventions within various data domains, such as pharmacy systems, clinical laboratory information management systems (CLIMS), and EHR systems, and for messaging conventions.1.5 This practice is intended to outline how integration of pharmacy, CLIMS, and EHR information systems can be undertaken to result in a transparent pharmacotherapy clinical decision support environment, regardless of the underlying implementation architecture, by describing the logical interoperability of information domains as facilitated by information and communications technology (ICT).1.6 This practice is directed at pharmacists, clinical pharmacologists, clinical laboratorians, information system managers, and information systems vendors for use in planning and implementing coordinated pharmacotherapy services through effective dialog.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

2.1 The purpose of this specification is to provide to the new owner of an amusement ride or device, available information for the identification, placement, erection, operation, and maintenance of the amusement ride or device.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for information that shall supplement the sale or transfer of ownership of an amusement ride or device.1.2 This specification applies only to amusement rides and devices, which have previously been in operation, and which are beign sold or transferred as a used amusment ride or device.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

The purpose of this guide is to assure comparability between paper-based and computer-based amendments. Paper-based and computer-based amendments must have comparable methods, practices and policies, in order to assure an unambiguous representation of the sequence and timing of documented events. Original and amended health information entries and documents must both be displayed and must be consistent across both domains. Comparability does not rule out, however, the use of capabilities specific to the electronic world, which do not have paper-based counterparts, for example, displaying the amended text with a pop-up window, which can show the text prior to its amendment.Traditional paper-based health records and policies support the need of authorized authors of health information to amend entries and documents in the health record under appropriate circumstances. In a paper-based health record, amending entries is accomplished by drawing a line through the erroneous entry, writing in the correct information, and authenticating the amendment by signing and dating the change. Such corrections always display the original documentation along with the amendment. This procedure is used to assure an unambiguous representation of the sequence and timing of documented events and any appropriate amendments.Current and emerging technologies for health records, including, but not limited to, computer-based health records, employ different input and display methodologies than the traditional paper-based record and, therefore, different amendment alternatives for health record or health information entries, or both. Health information may be entered directly into an automated, electronic, or computer-based health record system, for example, by voice, keyboard (either by the care practitioner, transcriptionist, or other intermediary), mouse, pen, tablet, a personal digital assistant, or through the use of structured data entry. Unlike a written record, which essentially is always viewed in its original handwritten or typewritten form, the presentation and display of electronic and computer-based health information often is transformed. This transformation occurs when information is transferred from one computerized system to another system or filtered by different display characteristics or views of the data. In addition, in contrast to the paper-based record, computers and computer systems can modify display of the data directly, for example, in nonchronological order or filtering through queries. Amended electronic records should display a distinct and obvious notation of their amended state. Access to the original health information should be immediately available, that is, prior amendments back to and including the original record.1.1 This guide addresses the criteria for amending individually-identifiable health information. Certain criteria for amending health information is found in federal and state laws, rules and regulations, and in ethical statements of professional conduct. Although there are several sources for guidance, there is no current national standard on this topic.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 The information contained in this guide is general in nature because of: the great number of commercially available firestop systems globally; the quantity and variety of internationally published firestop system’s listings; worldwide variations in building and fire code requirements; and the many conditions and applications associated with a firestop system’s use.4.2 This guide provides general information and guidance that is primarily used by firestop contractors and firestop industry inspectors of a firestop system. However, this guide should also be used by others, such as architects, engineers, specifiers, etc. Some of the information referenced in this guide provides resources for additional information not contained in the manufacturer’s installations, the firestop system’s test report, and listing. Information contained in this guide also allows a single source for a general comparison of firestop materials used during the installation of firestop systems.4.3 This guide discusses general procedures, such as substrate cleaning and priming, as well as installation of the components of a firestop system.NOTE 2: The term “substrate” has a particular meaning in engineering. A substrate is defined as the “basic surface on which a material adheres, for example, paint or laminate.”214.4 This guide explains the general properties and functions of various penetrating items and firestop materials.4.5 This guide presents general guidelines for the application of the various materials used in the installation of a firestop system for a specific application, and environmental conditions and effects that are known to potentially affect a firestop system’s installation.4.6 This guide is intended to be read completely at least once, and each of the Sections 1 through 19 should be read in their entirety to avoid misunderstanding and misapplication.4.7 This guide may22 also provide some value to users of IMO Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and other International Maritime Organization (IMO) documents, including the IMO FTP Code, on fire testing firestop systems, also known as “penetration systems.”4.8 This guide is not an all-inclusive document. It is intended to address common sources for planning, preparation, and installation of firestop systems. References to other documents made herein contain important information and details that provide more in-depth knowledge of firestop systems and their installation.4.9 This guide does not provide all of the specific information that is typically described in test reports, listings or judgments with justifiable technical rationale for specific applications of firestop systems.4.10 This guide is not a firestop system’s installation manual.NOTE 3: The firestop system’s manufacturer should be consulted about applications for their firestop materials, including their proper storage, use, and installation.4.11 This guide does not provide detailed information about the firestop system’s inspection process or provide specific information about firestop industry inspector’s qualifications and competence.NOTE 4: Practice E2174 provides a method for on-site inspection of firestop systems. The ICC International Building Code13 references Practice E2174 under requirements for special inspections. Practice E3038 provides information for assessing and qualifying candidates as firestop industry inspectors of firestop systems based on the candidate’s competence.4.12 Except as discussed in 6.8, this guide does not provide information about “blank openings,” which involve an opening that is sealed with firestop materials but does not have any penetrating items.4.13 Test reports, listings, and judgments with justifiable technical rationale do not normally contain all the information needed related to the aging, environmental, mechanical, and physical properties of the firestop system; or the longevity, durability, and performance of the firestop system. This guide offers some resources to ascertain this supplemental information because these characteristics can affect the firestop system’s installation and performance.NOTE 5: Some information related to these performance characteristics of firestop systems or firestop materials is also found in: Test Method E2785, which tests for exposure of firestop materials to environmental conditions; Test Methods E2786, which measures expansion of intumescent materials used in firestop systems; and Practice E2923, which measures the relative movement capabilities of through-penetration firestop systems. Still, other performance characteristics of the firestop system can be specified that are not contained in firestop system’s test report or listing may also be required, such as surface flammability and smoke attributes determined by Test Method E84 or other similar standards (for example, CAN/ULC-S102, EN 13501-1, NFPA 255, UL 723, etc).1.1 This guide is a compendium of information related to installing firestop systems in fire-separating elements. This guide is intended to be used to increase industry knowledge of national and international testing requirements, code prerequisites, and other supplemental tests that may be specified, which can affect the installation and performance of firestop systems.1.2 This guide relates to the use of firestop systems tested, or evaluated, to Test Method E814 and other test methods addressing the same specific subject matter, such as CAN/ULC-S115; EN 1366-3; IMO Resolution MSC.307(88), FTP Code; IEEE 634; ISO 10295-1; UL 1479; etc.1.3 This guide also addresses the use of firestop systems tested or evaluated to Test Methods E119 or other test methods that use a firestop system as a component of a typically larger test assembly, such as AS 1530.4; BS 476-21; BS 476;3 CAN/ULC-S101; ISO 834;4 NFPA 251; UL 263; etc.1.4 This guide discusses the installation of firestop systems in membrane penetrations and through penetrations. The installation is typically performed by a firestop contractor (also known as a firestop installer or an installer). However, the quality of the installation is based on the information provided to the firestop contractor as well as the expertise and competence of the firestop contractor. A lack of information in the test report, listing, manufacturer’s instructions, or project documents can be the cause of a deficient installation.1.5 The term “firestop system” refers to and includes both a membrane-penetration firestop system and through-penetration firestop system.1.6 Information in this guide is applicable to firestop systems that accommodate single or multiple penetrating items.1.7 This guide does not address the design aspects of locating and defining the dimensions of an opening; or the method to create the opening; or the inspection of the penetrating item prior to firestop material installation. However, locating and defining the dimensions of an opening and the method to create the opening are critical to a firestop system’s installation.1.8 This guide does not address all the test methods needed to address proper performance of all firestop systems or firestop materials.NOTE 1: For example, IEEE 848 provides information on the ampacity derating of cables that are protected by firestop systems using IEEE 835 as baseline information.1.9 This guide does not address all the test methods needed to address proper performance of firestop systems in all installations. For a specific application of a firestop system one or more of the following are consulted when available:1.9.1 The firestop system’s test report or listing;1.9.2 The manufacturer’s instructions when they are not in conflict with the firestop system’s test report or listing; or1.9.3 A judgment with justifiable technical rationale prepared based on a firestop system’s test report or listing.1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.11 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.12 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.13 Fire standards, other than ASTM standards, are referenced in this document. The following caveat applies to all fire standards referenced in this guide. Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.15 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

4.1 The maintenance of confidentiality in paper-based, electronic, or computer-based health information requires that policies and procedures be in place to protect confidentiality. Confidentiality of information depends on structural and explicit mechanisms to allow persons or systems to define who has access to what, and in what situation that access is granted. For guidelines on the development and implementation of privilege management infrastructures supporting these mechanisms, see Guide E2595.4.2 Confidential protection of data elements is a specific requirement. The classification of data elements into restrictive and specifically controlled categories is set by policies, professional practice, and laws, legislation, and regulations.4.3 There are three explicit concepts upon which the use of and access to health information confidentiality are defined. Each of these concepts is an explicit and unique characteristic relevant to confidentiality, but only through the combination (convergence) of all three concepts can appropriate access to an explicit data element at a specific point in time be provided, and unauthorized access denied. The three concepts are:4.3.1 The categorization and breakdown of data into logical and reasonable elements or entities.4.3.2 The identification of individual roles or job functions.4.3.3 The establishment of context and conditions of data use at a specific point in time, and within a specific setting.4.4 The overriding principle in preserving the confidentiality of information is to provide access to that information only under circumstances and to individuals when there is an absolute, established, and recognized need to access that data, and the information accessed should itself be constrained only to that information essential to accomplish a defined and recognized task or process. Information nonessential to that task or process should ideally not be accessible, even though an individual accessing that information may have some general right of access to that information.1.1 This guide covers the process of granting and maintaining access privileges to health information. It directly addresses the maintenance of confidentiality of personal, provider, and organizational data in the healthcare domain. It addresses a wide range of data and data elements not all traditionally defined as healthcare data, but all elemental in the provision of data management, data services, and administrative and clinical healthcare services. In addition, this guide addresses specific requirements for granting access privileges to patient-specific health information during health emergencies.1.2 This guide is based on long-term existing and established professional practices in the management of healthcare administrative and clinical data. Healthcare data, and specifically healthcare records (also referred to as medical records or patient records), are generally managed under similar professional practices throughout the United States, essentially regardless of specific variations in local, regional, state, and federal laws regarding rules and requirements for data and record management.1.3 This guide applies to all individuals, groups, organizations, data-users, data-managers, and public and private firms, companies, agencies, departments, bureaus, service-providers, and similar entities that collect individual, group, and organizational data related to health care.1.4 This guide applies to all collection, use, management, maintenance, disclosure, and access of all individual, group, and organizational data related to health care.1.5 This guide does not attempt to address specific legislative and regulatory issues regarding individual, group, and organizational rights to protection of privacy.1.6 This guide covers all methods of collection and use of data whether paper-based, written, printed, typed, dictated, transcribed, forms-based, photocopied, scanned, facsimile, telefax, magnetic media, image, video, motion picture, still picture, film, microfilm, animation, 3D, audio, digital media, optical media, synthetic media, or computer-based.1.7 This guide does not directly define explicit disease-specific and evaluation/treatment-specific data control or access, or both. As defined under this guide, the confidential protection of elemental data elements in relation to which data elements fall into restrictive or specifically controlled categories, or both, is set by policies, professional practice, and laws, legislation and regulations.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This guide outlines the rights of individuals, both patients and providers, regarding health information and recommends procedures for the exercise of those rights.1.2 This guide is intended to amplify Guide E1869.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This guide addresses the privacy, confidentiality, and security training of employees, agents and contractors who have access to health information. This access shall be authorized and required to meet job responsibilities. Training is essential to developing and understanding about, and sensitivity for, individually identifiable health infoamtion. Anyone in a setting that collects, maintains, transmits, stores or uses health information, or provides health services, or a combination thereof, shall provide privacy, confidentiality, and security awareness training to all staff and business partners. Training shall be based on job responsibilities.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Determining the potentiometric surface of an area is essential for the preliminary planning of any type of construction, land use, environmental investigations, or remediation projects that may influence an aquifer.5.1.1 The potentiometric surface in the proposed impacted aquifer must be known to properly plan for the construction of a water withdrawal or recharge facility, for example, a well. The method of construction of structures, such as buildings, can be controlled by the depth of the groundwater near the project. Other projects built below land surface, such as mines and tunnels, are influenced by the hydraulic head.5.2 Monitoring the trend of the groundwater table in an aquifer over a period of time, whether for days or decades, is essential for any permanently constructed facility that directly influences the aquifer, for example, a waste disposal site or a production well.5.2.1 Long-term monitoring helps interpret the direction and rate of movement of water and other fluids from recharge wells and pits or waste disposal sites. Monitoring also assists in determining the effects of withdrawals on the stored quantity of water in the aquifer, the trend of the water table throughout the aquifer, and the amount of natural recharge to the aquifer.5.3 This guide describes the basic tabular and graphic methods of presenting groundwater levels for a single groundwater site and several sites over the area of a project. These methods were developed by hydrologists to assist in the interpretation of hydraulic-head data.5.3.1 The tabular methods help in the comparison of raw data and modified numbers.5.3.2 The graphical methods visually display seasonal trends controlled by precipitation, trends related to artificial withdrawals from or recharge to the aquifer, interrelationship of withdrawal and recharge sites, rate and direction of water movement in the aquifer, and other events influencing the aquifer.5.4 Presentation techniques resulting from extensive computational methods, specifically the mathematical models and the determination of aquifer characteristics, are contained in the ASTM standards listed in Section 2.1.1 This guide covers and summarizes methods for the presentation of water-level data from groundwater sites.1.2 The study of the water table in aquifers helps in the interpretation of the amount of water available for withdrawal, aquifer tests, movement of water through the aquifers, and the effects of natural and human-induced forces on the aquifers.1.3 A single water level measured at a groundwater site gives the height of water at one vertical position in a well or borehole at a finite instant in time. This is information that can be used for preliminary planning in the construction of a well or other facilities, such as disposal pits. Hydraulic head can also be measured within a short time from a series of points, depths, or elevation at a common (single) horizontal location, for example, a specially constructed multi-level test well, indicates whether the vertical hydraulic gradient may be upward or downward within or between the aquifer.NOTE 1: The phrases “short time period” and “finite instant in time” are used throughout this guide to describe the interval for measuring several project-related groundwater levels. Often the water levels of groundwater sites in an area of study do not change significantly in a short time, for example, a day or even a week. Unless continuous recorders are used to document water levels at every groundwater site of the project, the measurement at each site, for example, use of a steel tape, will be at a slightly different time (unless a large staff is available for a coordinated measurement). The judgment of what is a critical time period must be made by a project investigator who is familiar with the hydrology of the area.1.4 Where hydraulic heads are measured in a short period of time, for example, a day, from each of several horizontal locations within a specified depth range, or hydrogeologic unit, or identified aquifer, a potentiometric surface can be drawn for that depth range, or unit, or aquifer. Water levels from different vertical sites at a single horizontal location may be averaged to a single value for the potentiometric surface when the vertical gradients are small compared to the horizontal gradients. The potentiometric surface assists in interpreting the gradient and horizontal direction of movement of water through the aquifer. Phenomena such as depressions or sinks caused by withdrawal of water from production areas and mounds caused by natural or artificial recharge are illustrated by these potentiometric maps.1.5 Essentially all water levels, whether in confined or unconfined aquifers, fluctuate over time in response to natural- and human-induced forces. The fluctuation of the water table at a groundwater site is caused by several phenomena. An example is recharge to the aquifer from precipitation. Changes in barometric pressure cause the water table to fluctuate because of the variation of air pressure on the groundwater surface, open bore hole, or confining sediment. Withdrawal of water from or artificial recharge to the aquifer should cause the water table to fluctuate in response. Events such as rising or falling levels of surface water bodies (nearby streams and lakes), evapotranspiration induced by phreatophytic consumption, ocean tides, moon tides, earthquakes, and explosions cause fluctuation. Heavy physical objects that compress the surrounding sediments, for example, a passing train or car or even the sudden load effect of the starting of a nearby pump, can cause a fluctuation of the water table (1).21.6 This guide covers several techniques developed to assist in interpreting the water table within aquifers. Tables and graphs are included.1.7 This guide includes methods to represent the water table at a single groundwater site for a finite or short period of time, a single site over an extended period, multiple sites for a finite or short period in time, and multiple sites over an extended period.1.8 This guide does not include methods of calculating or estimating water levels by using mathematical models or determining the aquifer characteristics from data collected during controlled aquifer tests. These methods are discussed in Guides D4043, D5447, and D5490, Test Methods D4044, D4050, D4104, D4105, D4106, D4630, D4631, D5269, D5270, D5472, and D5473.1.9 Many of the diagrams illustrated in this guide include notations to help the reader in understanding how these diagrams were constructed. These notations would not be required on a diagram designed for inclusion in a project document.1.10 This guide covers a series of options, but does not specify a course of action. It should not be used as the sole criterion or basis of comparison, and does not replace or relieve professional judgment.1.11 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.12 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers the requirements that apply for the manufacture of powered parachute aircraft; it includes pilot operating handbook requirements for powered parachute aircraft. This applies to powered parachute aircraft seeking civil aviation authority approval, in the form of flight certificates, flight permits, or other similar documentation. Each light sport aircraft must include an aircraft operating instructions which includes: operating limitations, operating data, format, supplements, and data location and contact information. Each aircraft shall have a maintenance manual provided for the aircraft that covers the minimum of the requirements as defined by the aircraft manufacturer.1.1 The following requirements apply for the manufacture of powered parachute aircraft. This specification includes pilot operating handbook requirements for powered parachute aircraft that were designed and manufactured in accordance with ASTM standards.1.1.1 This specification covers the minimum requirements for information that shall be provided by the manufacturer or seller of new light sport aircraft, engines, or propellers as a part of the initial sale or transfer to the first end user.1.1.2 This specification does not apply to the sale or transfer of used light sport aircraft, engines, or propellers.1.2 This specification applies to powered parachute aircraft seeking civil aviation authority approval, in the form of flight certificates, flight permits, or other like documentation.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide is significant in that it addresses the data and information options of each component of the ecological risk assessment process, for both a screening and complex ERA. It outlines the data and information options while recognizing that an ecological risk assessment may be focused to achieve a particular stated goal. This guide is not intended to represent the views of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), or any other regulatory agency, on data collection for ecological risk assessment.5.2 This guide is to be used by managers, scientists, and technical staff of contractors, industry, government agencies, and universities responsible for conducting ecological risk assessments at contaminated sites. It is to be used to guide data collection phases of the ecological risk assessment. It will assist in the development of the conceptual site model (see Guide E1689) and the identification of potential assessment and measurement endpoints (see Guide E1848 and US EPA’s Generic Ecological Assessment Endpoints, 2016 (5)). While it was written to assist in planning an ERA, the list also may be used in the review of a completed ERA.1.1 An ecological-risk assessment (ERA) is a process for organizing and analyzing data, information, assumptions, and uncertainties to evaluate the likelihood that adverse ecological effects might occur or are occurring as a result of a stressor. This guide is intended to assist remedial project teams, specifically ecological risk assessors, in identifying data and information options that may be used to perform a screening or complex ecological risk assessment (ERA) at a contaminated site.NOTE 1: While the intent of ERA is to evaluate risk (that is, the probability of adverse effects occurring in ecological receptors), there are no measures, statistics, or metrics that calculate or express risk explicitly. However, various metrics or indices, a common example being the hazard quotient, are used to inform risk assessments.1.2 The identification of data and information options for human health risk assessment is outside the scope of this guide.1.3 This guide is intended to provide a list for identifying data and information options and does not recommend a specific course of action for ERA activities.1.4 This guide addresses data and information options for the ecological risk assessment, not verification or long-term monitoring studies.1.5 This guide lists many of the common data and information options for ERA, but there may be others relevant for any particular site.1.6 This guide considers one component of an ERA, that is, identification of data and information options. Other ASTM guides have been developed, for example, Guides E1689 and E1848, and are being developed to cover other components of the risk assessment process.1.7 This guide does not provide information on how to perform any of the analytical procedures used to perform a risk assessment once data collection options are defined.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 A nano-object at any specific time can be considered well-defined.5.2 The life-cycle of a nano-object can be viewed as a series of production processes that transforms starting materials or a well-defined nano-object into a new, equally well-defined nano-object.5.3 Each step of the life-cycle can be considered a separate production action and can be described by the information categories and descriptors within this guide.5.4 The following are examples of nano-object productions that can be described by this guide.5.4.1 The creation of carbon nanotubes by arc discharge.5.4.2 The coating of a nano-object in a random or controlled manner when placed in a liquid.NOTE 1: The reactivity of nano-objects makes it likely that even with the utmost precautions, various features and characteristics may change over time, for example, when a nano-object is placed in a liquid and coated. Such a coating can significantly change the properties, functionalities, and reactivity of the nano-object. This change can be considered one step of a life-cycle and is a production process.NOTE 2: A nano-object may have more than one coating. For example, titania nano-objects are often coated by alumina by manufacturers to control certain properties. When these previously coated nano-objects are placed in liquid containing biological molecules, they can acquire a second coating. It can require very careful administration of test procedures to ensure the test results can meaningfully be ascribed to characteristics and features of the “initial” nano-objects.5.4.3 A nano-object experiences changes to its size, shape, physical structure, and other characteristics.NOTE 3: Events such as shock (unexpected forces), temperature and pressure changes, humidity changes, shipping, dissolution, and exposure to acids and bases can result in a changed nano-object with significantly different properties, functionalities, and reactivity. These events can be considered a production process.5.4.4 Unless care is taken to carefully control potential changes to a nano-object before testing, measurement results should be carefully examined for unintended changes through good laboratory practices, statistical analysis of all data, and verification that test samples maintain their integrity throughout the testing process.5.5 A nano-object can be subjected to a series or sequence of production steps. The steps can be fully planned and controlled or some steps can happen due to random events. This guide is applicable to describe one, many, or all steps in detail.NOTE 4: For example, the testing of a nano-object for potential toxic effects may involve a sequence of steps as shown in Table 1. As can be seen, steps such as storage, insertion into biological media, or sampling can possibly involve random changes to the resulting nano-object.5.6 Use of this guide to describe the individual production steps leading to the creation of a tested nano-object can be important in ascertaining the cause-effect relationship between a test result and a nano-object that was made in one of the sequence production steps prior to creation of the tested nano-object.5.7 The reactivity of individual and collections of nano-objects gives rise to questions about their stability under “non-reactive” conditions such as movement, temperature changes, exposure to heat, and shock. These occurrences are frequent enough in the life cycle of nano-objects that additional information categories and descriptors should be used as detailed in 6.2.5.8 ISO TC 229 has produced ISO/TS 80004-1:2010(en) that defines terminology applicable to nanomanufacturing.5.9 Information on quality control with respect to the production process or production results is covered by ASTM and ISO quality control guides.1.1 This guide provides guidelines for describing the production of one or more individual nano-objects. It establishes essential and desirable information categories and descriptors important to specify the production process, including the starting materials, the process itself, and the resulting nano-objects.1.2 This guide is designed to be directly applicable to reporting production information and data for nano-objects in most circumstances, including but not limited to reporting original research results in the archival literature, developing of ontologies, database schemas, data repositories and data reporting formats, specifying regulations, and enabling commercial activity.1.3 This guide is applicable to an individual nano-object and a collection of nano-objects.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 During the process of calibration of a groundwater flow model, each simulation is compared to site-specific information to ascertain the success of previous calibration efforts and to identify potentially beneficial directions for further calibration efforts. Procedures described herein provide guidance for making comparisons between groundwater flow model simulations and measured field data.5.2 This guide is not meant to be an inflexible description of techniques comparing simulations with measured data; other techniques may be applied as appropriate and, after due consideration, some of the techniques herein may be omitted, altered, or enhanced.1.1 This guide covers techniques that should be used to compare the results of groundwater flow model simulations to measured field data as a part of the process of calibrating a groundwater model. This comparison produces quantitative and qualitative measures of the degree of correspondence between the simulation and site-specific information related to the physical hydrogeologic system.1.2 During the process of calibration of a groundwater flow model, each simulation is compared to site-specific information such as measured water levels or flow rates. The degree of correspondence between the simulation and the physical hydrogeologic system can then be compared to that for previous simulations to ascertain the success of previous calibration efforts and to identify potentially beneficial directions for further calibration efforts.1.3 By necessity, all knowledge of a site is derived from observations. This guide does not address the adequacy of any set of observations for characterizing a site.1.4 This guide does not establish criteria for successful calibration, nor does it describe techniques for establishing such criteria, nor does it describe techniques for achieving successful calibration.1.5 This guide is written for comparing the results of numerical groundwater flow models with observed site-specific information. However, these techniques could be applied to other types of groundwater related models, such as analytical models, multiphase flow models, noncontinuum (karst or fracture flow) models, or mass transport models.1.6 This guide is one of a series of guides on groundwater modeling codes (software) and their applications.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This practice identifies the method of presenting information on selected performance and physical characteristics of a vacuum cleaner. Information will be presented to consumers in the form of a buyer's guide, with cleaner characteristics as follows: brand, model number, weight of cleaner, bag capacity, maximum cleaning distance from outlet, cleaning ability, embedded dirt, maneuverability, maximum air power, quietness, and durability.1.1 This practice identifies the method of presenting information on selected performance and physical characteristics of a residential vacuum cleaner.1.2 This information is intended to assist the consumer in comparing selected characteristics of vacuum cleaner models.1.3 It is also intended that this information be presented in a manner that is meaningful and understandable to the consumer.1.4 The characteristics are selected from those for which ASTM test methods have been developed.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

2.1 This practice is intended for use by any technical investigator when investigating an incident that can be reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation. The intent is to obtain sufficient information and physical items to identify evidence associated with the incident and to preserve it for analysis.2.2 The quality of evidence may change with time, therefore, special effort should be taken to capture and preserve evidence in an expeditious manner. This practice sets forth guidelines for the collection and preservation of evidence for further analysis.2.3 Evidence that has been collected and preserved is identified with, and traceable to, the incident. This practice sets forth guidelines for such procedures.1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the collection and preservation of information and physical items by any technical investigator pertaining to an incident that can be reasonably expected to be the subject of litigation.1.2 This practice describes generally accepted professional principles and operations, although the facts and issues of each situation require consideration, and frequently involve matters not expressly dealt with herein. Deviations from this practice should be based on specific articulable circumstances.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车