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5.1 The presence of trace amounts of hydrogen, oxygen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide can have deleterious effects in certain processes using hydrocarbon products as feed stock. This test method is suitable for setting specifications, for use as an internal quality control tool, and for use in development and research work.1.1 This test method covers the determination of hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, methane, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide in the parts per billion mole (nmol/mol) to parts per million mole (µmol/mol) range in C2 and C3 hydrocarbons.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For some specific hazard statements, see Annex A1.1.3.1 The user is advised to obtain LPG safety training for the safe operation of this test method procedure and related activities.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 As described in Guide C1894, the MIC of concrete is considered to be a three-stage process with the reduction in pH (Stage I) (for example, 12.5 > pH > 9-10), the establishment of biofilms which further lowers the pH (Stage II) (for example, 9-10 > pH > 4-6) and eventual deterioration due to biogenic acid exposure (Stage III) (for example, < ~4 pH). This standard provides standard test methods to assess the effects of different stages of MIC on concrete products and efficacy of antimicrobial products used in or on concrete.4.2 The tests are performed in simulated exposure solutions containing well-controlled bacterial strains that are grown in the laboratory. These tests do not require an environmental chamber and are intended to be performed as benchtop tests in biosafety level 1 laboratory conditions. These tests are suitable for simulation of the Stage II and III of MIC because the pH range of the solution can be controlled within the ranges of each stage.4.3 This standard provides three test methods.4.3.1 Test Method A is suitable for assessing the efficacy of antimicrobial admixtures in delaying or preventing biogenic acidification in a nutrient-rich simulated wastewater exposure solution.4.3.2 Test Method B is suitable for assessing the effectiveness of antimicrobial admixtures in a prescribed cementitious system (Option B1) or assessing the performance of different cementitious systems (Option B2) in delaying or preventing microbially-induced corrosion of concrete in the Stage II of MIC.4.3.3 Test Method C is suitable for assessing the suitability of cementitious systems in delaying or preventing microbially-induced corrosion of concrete in the Stage III of MIC.4.4 The results obtained by these test methods should serve as information to be used with Guide C1894 in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a biologically-resistant material for a particular application. No attempt has been made to incorporate into these test methods all the various factors that may affect the performance of a material when subjected to actual service.1.1 This standard presents test methods for the determination of the effects of biogenic acidification on concrete products and/or efficacy of antimicrobial products to resist microbially-induced corrosion (MIC) of concrete. In these tests, the biogenic acidification is achieved by sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (SOB) that can convert elemental sulfur or thiosulfate to sulfuric acid without the use of H2S gas.1.2 This standard is referenced in the guideline document for MIC of concrete products. Guide C1894 provides guidance for microbially-induced corrosion of concrete products and an overview of where this test, and its options, can and should be used. This document is not intended to be a guideline document for MIC of concrete products.1.3 This standard does not cover controlled breeding chamber tests, in which H2S gas is produced by bacterial activity and acidification is the result of the conversion of this H2S gas to sulfuric acid.1.4 This standard does not cover chemical acid immersion tests, in which acidification is achieved by chemical sulfuric acid addition, not by bacterial activity. Testing protocols for chemical acid immersion are described in Test Methods C267 and C1898.1.5 This standard does not cover tests that assess field exposure conditions or sewage pipe, concrete tank, or concrete riser network design.1.6 This standard does not cover live trial tests where concrete coupons or other specimens are monitored in sewers.1.7 The tests described in this standard should not be performed on concrete samples that have already been exposed to MIC conditions.1.8 This standard does not cover concrete deterioration due to chemical sulfate attack, which is caused by the reaction of sulfate compounds that exist in wastewater with the hydration products of cement. Test methods for assessing sulfate attack are provided by Test Methods C452 and C1012/C1012M.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Tall oil fractionated products derived from tall oil are important commercial materials, primarily composed of fatty acids and rosin acids, but also containing some neutral material (see Terminology D804). For many applications, it is necessary to know the level of the individual fatty acids and rosin acids present in these products. Gas chromatography has proven to be a useful tool for such determinations (see Test Methods D509), and capillary chromatography, described in these test methods, is considered to be the most effective gas chromatographic technique currently available. In particular situations, other techniques may be more suitable than gas chromatography. For example, the presence of fatty acid esters in the sample would result in transesterification during the derivatization step that may affect the results.3.2 Due to hydrogen bonding, unmodified tall oil fatty acids and rosin acids cannot be volatilized at atmospheric pressure without undergoing decomposition. So, it is necessary to convert the free acids to the more volatile and more stable methyl esters, prior to chromatographic separation.3.3 These test methods describe four ways to prepare methyl esters. The classic method is through the use of diazomethane, but diazomethane is a hazardous and toxic material, and so is no longer the preferred agent. The use of diazomethane is detailed in Appendix X1.3.3.1 TMAH causes isomerization of a sample’s di- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, when it is used in even a slight excess. This leads to inaccurate results for the individual fatty acid components. TMAH should be used for materials containing only rosin acids, or when the identification or quantitation of individual fatty acid components is not important.3.3.2 TMPAH is the recommended methylating agent when the identification or quantitation of individual di- and polyunsaturated fatty acids is required. TMPAH produces results that are very similar to those of diazomethane, but without the hazards that are associated with diazomethane. A considerable excess of TMPAH may cause isomerization of conjugated compounds similar to that encountered with TMAH.3.3.3 DMF-DMA gives results comparable to TMPAH and is easy and safe to use. However, the reagent is moisture sensitive, requiring samples to be free of any significant levels of water.3.4 Two test methods for calculating the amounts of the individual fatty acid and rosin acid methyl esters are included in these test methods. When the actual weight percentage of a given compound is required, the “internal standard” method must be used. This method involves adding a known amount of an internal standard to a known amount of test material, and comparing the area of the peak associated with the internal standard with the area of the peak of the individual fatty acid or rosin acid methyl esters. The “area percent” method will give the relative amount of each component, by comparing the area of the appropriate peak to the total area of all peaks. Non-eluting compounds will lead to erroneous (absolute) results with this method.PREPARATION OF METHYL ESTERSNOTE 1: Any of these three methods can be used, with the choice being dependent on the factors mentioned in 3.3.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the amounts of the individual fatty acids and rosin acids in fractionated tall oil products, using capillary gas chromatographic separation of the volatile methyl esters of these acids.1.2 Four methods for forming the methyl esters, and two methods for determining the amounts of the individual fatty acids and rosin acids are described.1.2.1 The classic method for the formation of methyl esters is through the use of diazomethane, but diazomethane is a hazardous and toxic material, and so is no longer the preferred reagent. The use of diazomethane is detailed in the Appendix. Methyl esters may be formed through the use of tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPAH), or N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMF-DMA).1.2.2 The two methods for determining the amount of the individual fatty acids and rosin acids are the “internal standard” method, which yields absolute values, and the “area percent” method, which yields relative values.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The wax appearance temperature of petroleum products and liquid fuels is an indicator of the lowest temperature of their utility for certain applications. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters or impede flow in some fuel systems.5.2 The wax disappearance temperature of petroleum products and liquid fuels is an indicator of the warmest temperature to remove thermal history. Wax crystals of sufficient quantity can plug filters or impede flow in some fuel systems.5.3 NIR light scattering technology is useful for recognition of wax crystal formation in dark and opaque fuels, and the cloud point in transparent fuels.5.4 The wax appearance temperature is an earlier indicator of wax crystal formation than pour point and has better resolution than pour point.5.5 This test method can determine the temperature of the test specimen at which wax crystals have formed sufficiently to be observed with a resolution of 0.1 °C.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wax appearance temperature and the wax disappearance temperature of petroleum products and liquid fuels by an automatic instrument using optical light scattering detection.1.2 This test method is applicable to such materials as: crude oil, distillate fuels, residual fuels such as No. 6 Fuel Oil, marine fuels such as VLSFO, and including mixtures of these fuels and liquid biofuels.1.3 This test method covers the range of temperatures from –30 °C to +75 °C with temperature resolution of 0.1 °C.1.4 This test method contains interim precision with repeatability only; a full ILS will be completed within five years of its approval.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Upon mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, woven and knitted products intended for this end use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification.4.2 It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics, the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements listed in Table 1 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.4.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specification shall specify that: “This product meets ASTM Specification ____ except for the following characteristic(s).”4.3 Where no prepurchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 4.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for any particular product.4.4 The uses and significance of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods. For additional information see Test Methods D629, Practice D1776, and Guide D3938.1.1 This specification covers the evaluation of specific performance characteristics of importance in woven and knit flat, fitted, and waterbed sheet products for use in institutional and household environments.1.2 This specification may be used by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier to establish purchasing specification requirements.1.3 The requirements in Table 1 apply to the length and width directions for those properties where fabric direction is pertinent.1.4 This specification is not applicable to woven and knit products used for sheet blankets or to woven and knitted sheet products used for apparel.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Use of this practice may increase performance in one or more areas including: cost control; resource allocation; schedule management; quality control; risk management; or safety. Perform VE/VA as early as possible in the life cycle of the focus of study, and anytime conditions change, to allow greatest flexibility and effectiveness of any recommended changes. However, VE/VA may be performed at any time during the planning, design, and implementation phases of a project, product, or process.5.2 Most effective applications of VE/VA are early in the design phase. Changes or redirection in the design can be accommodated without extensive redesign at this point, thereby saving the owner/user/stakeholder's time and money.5.3 Projects Related to the Construction of Buildings and Other Engineered Systems: 5.3.1 During the earliest stages of design, refer to VE/VA as value planning. Use the procedure to analyze predesign documents, for example, program documents and space planning documents. At the predesign stage, perform VE/VA to define the project's functions, and to achieve consensus on the project's direction and approach by the project team, for example, the owner, the design professional,5 the user, and the construction manager. By participating in this early VE/VA exercise, members of the project team communicate their needs to the other team members and identify those needs in the common language of functions. By expressing the project in these terms early in the design process, the project team minimizes miscommunication and redesign, which are costly in both labor expenditures and schedule delays.5.3.2 Also perform VE/VA during schematic design (up to 15 % design completion), design development (up to 45 % design completion), and construction documents (up to 100 % design completion). Conduct VE/VA studies at several stages of design completion to define or confirm project functions, to verify technical and management approaches, to analyze selection of equipment and materials, and to assess the project's economics and technical feasibility. Perform VE/VA studies concurrently with the user/owner's design review schedules to maintain the project schedule. Through the schematic design and design development stages, the VE/VA team analyzes the drawings and specifications from each technical discipline. During the construction documents stage, the VE/VA team analyzes the design drawings and specifications, as well as the details, and equipment selection, which are more clearly defined at this later stage.5.3.3 A VE/VA study performed at a 90 to 100 % design completion stage, just prior to bidding, concentrates on economics and technical feasibility. Consider methods of construction, phasing of construction, and procurement. The goals at this stage of design are to minimize construction costs and the potential for claims; analyze management and administration; satisfy stakeholder needs; and review the design, equipment, and materials used.5.3.4 During construction, analyze value analysis change proposals (VACP)/value engineering change proposals (VECP) of the contractor.6 VACPs/VECPs reduce the cost or duration of construction or present alternative methods of construction, without reducing performance or acceptance. To encourage the contractor to propose worthwhile VACPs/VECPs, the owner and the contractor share the resultant savings when permitted by contract.5.4 Products: 5.4.1 Perform VE/VA during concept development to provide a mechanism to analyze the essential attributes and develop possible alternatives to offer the best value. Evaluate technical requirements of each alternative to determine effects on total performance and costs. Identify areas of high cost/high-cost sensitivity and examine associated requirements in relation to its contribution to effectiveness. Utilize VE/VA to constructively challenge the stated needs and recommend alternatives and ensure that user requirements are well founded.5.4.2 Perform VE/VA during preliminary design to analyze the relevance of each requirement and the specifications derived from it. Critically examine the cost consequences of requirements and specifications to determine whether the resultant cost is comparable to the worth gained. Further analyze high-cost, low performance or high risk functions and the identification of alternative ways of improving value.5.4.3 Perform VE/VA during detail design to identify individual high-cost, low performance, or high risk areas to facilitate early detection of unnecessary costs in time to take corrective action. Establish maintenance plans to ensure that the design process incorporates logistic requirements and cost considerations, including reliability, maintainability, spares, and obsolescence. Analyze how suppliers can help reduce costs. Look for opportunities to simplify the design for operational use—make the product easier to operate and maintain.5.4.4 Perform VE/VA during production to develop alternative designs to meet functional needs. Apply VE/VA to evaluate and improve manufacturing processes, methods, and materials. Leverage opportunities for VE/VA when: recent developments indicate a potential opportunity for performance improvement or cost reduction, or both; the future use of the product depends on significant reduction in production costs; and new manufacturing technology or new materials become available.5.4.5 Perform VE/VA during operations to study the operation, maintenance, and other logistics functions.5.4.6 Encourage the contractor to propose worthwhile VACPs/VECPs that satisfy owner needs, where the owner and the contractor share the resultant savings when permitted by contract.5.5 Processes: 5.5.1 Perform VE/VA during process design to analyze the value of each requirement and the process steps derived from it. Critically examine the cost consequences of requirements to determine whether the resultant cost is comparable to the performance gained. Further analyze high-cost functions and the identification of alternative ways of achieving the same result with greater value (better performance, lower cost, or both).5.5.2 Perform VE/VA during process implementation. VE/VA challenges the need for data collection and test and use cases. VE/VA supports the testing process by challenging the amount of fidelity needed and determining cost effective ways of conducting tests. Look for opportunities to simplify the process design for operational use.5.5.3 Perform VE/VA during process operations. Apply VE/VA to evaluate and improve process flow, increase process throughput, and eliminate process bottlenecks. Leverage opportunities for VE/VA when: recent organizational changes indicate a potential opportunity for value improvement; initial incentives for process improvement or reduced cost, or both are no longer applicable; and new technology to improve productivity become available.5.5.4 Encourage the contractor to propose worthwhile VACPs/VECPs that satisfy owner needs, where the owner and the contractor share the resultant savings when permitted by contract.5.6 The number and timing of VE/VA studies varies for every focus of study. The owner/user/stakeholder, the design professional, and the value methodology expert determine the best approach jointly. A complex or expensive focus of study, or a design that will be used repeatedly, warrants a minimum of two VE/VA studies, performed before the design is developed and during design development.1.1 This practice covers a procedure for defining and satisfying the functions of a project, product, or process (hereafter referred to as focus of study). Projects include construction of commercial and residential buildings and other engineered systems.2 Products include components, systems and equipment.3 Processes include procurement, materials management, work flow, fabrication and assembly, quality control, and services.1.2 A multidisciplinary team uses the procedure to convert stakeholder constraints, needs, and desires into descriptions of functions and then relates these functions to resources.1.3 Examples of costs are all relevant costs over a designated study period, including the costs of obtaining funds, designing, purchasing/leasing, constructing/manufacturing/installing, operating, maintaining, repairing, replacing and disposing of the particular focus of study. While not the only criteria, cost is an important basis for comparison in a VE/VA study. Therefore, accurate and comprehensive cost data is an important element of the analysis.1.4 This is a procedure to develop alternatives that meet the functions of the focus of study. Estimate the costs for each alternative. Provide the owner/user/stakeholder with specific, technically accurate alternatives which can be implemented. The owner/user/stakeholder selects the alternative(s) that best satisfies their constraints, needs and desires.1.5 Apply this practice to an entire focus of study, or to any subsystem/element thereof. The user/owner/stakeholder can utilize the VE/VA procedure to select the element or scope of the study.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method provides for the determination of the relative durability and compatibility of factory-primed wood and wood-based substrates with representative finish coats when exposed to the weather. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Upon mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, woven products intended for this end use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification.4.2 It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1. Therefore, one or more of the requirements listed in Table 1 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.4.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specification shall specify that: This product meets Specification D5432 except for the following characteristic(s).4.3 Where no prepurchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 4.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for any particular style.4.4 The significance and use of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.1.1 This specification covers the evaluation of specific performance characteristics of importance in thermal woven, conventional woven, flocked, nonwoven, and knitted blanket products for use in institutional and household environments.1.2 This specification may be used by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier to establish purchasing specification requirements.1.3 The requirements in Table 1 apply to the length and width directions for those properties where fabric direction is pertinent.1.4 This specification does not include requirements for electric blankets. Electric blankets are specified under UL 964 requirements dictated by the Underwriter's Laboratories.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method provides a measure of the dimensional stability and integrity of the coated edge of various composite wood products under accelerated moisture stress. It is widely used as an indicator or predictor of the anticipated performance of composite wood products during exterior exposure. It may be used for developmental evaluation of coatings, substrates, or both. It may also be useful for quality control or monitoring of the production of coated or uncoated composite wood products.1.1 This test method is intended to serve as a means for measurement of swelling and cracking of the coated or uncoated edge of a composite wood substrate that has been subjected to wetting by a test solution containing surface active agent.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Upon mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, woven or knitted products intended for this end use should meet all of the requirements listed in Table 1 of this specification for terry products and Table 2 for non terry products.5.2 It is recognized that for purposes of fashion or aesthetics the ultimate consumer of articles made from these fabrics may find acceptable products that do not conform to all of the requirements in Table 1 or Table 2. Therefore, one or more of the requirements listed in Table 1 or Table 2 may be modified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the seller.5.2.1 In such cases, any references to the specification shall specify that: This product meets ASTM Specification 63-707 except for the following characteristic(s).5.3 Where no prepurchase agreement has been reached between the purchaser and the supplier, and in case of controversy, the requirements listed in Table 1 or Table 2 are intended to be used as a guide only. As noted in 5.2, ultimate consumer demands dictate varying performance parameters for any particular style.5.4 The significance and use of particular properties and test methods are discussed in the appropriate sections of the specified test methods.1.1 This specification covers the evaluation of specific performance characteristics of importance in woven and knitted kitchen towel, dishcloth, crash towel, huck towel, washcloth, hand towel, bath towel, and bath sheet products for use in institutional and household environments.1.2 This specification may be used by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier to establish purchasing specification requirements.1.3 The requirements in Tables 1 and 2 apply to the length and width directions for those properties where fabric direction is pertinent.1.4 This specification is not applicable for coated and laminated products, nonwoven products, or terry fabrics used for apparel.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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