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5.1 Structural integrity assessments typically use values of strength and elastic modulus to predict crack initiation in graphite components and there is a suite of ASTM standards (Section 2, Test Methods C651, C695, C747, C749, C769, and D7775) to cover the measurement of these properties.5.2 The graphite component behavior after crack initiation depends on fracture mechanics parameters, such as fracture toughness and the work of fracture. Test Method D7779 provides the specification and requirements for measuring the fracture toughness of graphite based on linear-elastic stress analysis. Moreover, Test Method D7779 applies to cases where there are no restrictions on specimen size and on applicable machining and specimen preparation techniques.5.3 Most polycrystalline graphites are non-linear elastic, non-uniform, quasi-brittle materials. For such materials, an effective approach for the determination of fracture properties is the analysis of the global energy balance associated with crack extension, similar to Griffith's theory of brittle fracture. This approach does not have the mathematical complexity of the non-linear elastic fracture and is easier to implement in practice.5.4 Work of Fracture, γf (J/m2), is defined as the energy required to form a crack divided by the cross sectional area of the crack. It is assumed that the energy per unit area is constant during crack propagation. In general, components that have an excess of strain energy to the point of fracture, compared to the work needed to extend the crack to full dimension, fail by fast fracture. Any excess energy is converted into kinetic energy through a process that generates stress waves. If the amount of excess energy is sufficiently large, the stress waves will have peak magnitudes greater than the material strength, leading to the initiation and propagation of secondary cracks that could result in the fragmentation of the component.5.5 However, some components that have less strain energy at the point of fracture than the work needed to extend the crack to full dimension, fail in a quasi-brittle manner and result in stable cracks, crack bridging and distributed micro-cracking. Graphite components are generally tested in their as-manufactured state and fail somewhere between these extremes showing fast fracture with relatively minor amounts of secondary cracking and little tendency to fragment. The change in the WoF and strain rate of graphite components in a reactor environment is important in assessing the component’s tendency for secondary cracking and fragmentation.1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information and best practice for measuring the work of fracture on manufactured graphite and carbon specimens. Although applicable to all carbon and graphite materials, this guide is aimed specifically at measurements required on nuclear graphites, where there may be constraints on the geometry and/or volume of the test specimen.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This classification identifies and hierarchically arranges the work elements, activities, and tasks required for environmental projects. This classification increases the level of communication and allows for more effective exchange of cost and performance data between environmental projects.4.2 This classification defines environmental work elements as major components of environmental projects. It is the common thread linking activities and participants in an environmental project from initial planning through operations and maintenance, D&D, and SLTM.4.3 The users of ECES include program and project managers, cost estimators, and cost analysts in both the public and private sector.4.4 This classification uses an increased level of standardization, uniformity, and consistency that provides a common basis for comparing, analyzing, and calibrating cost data. This classification can also be used as a checklist of project activities to be completed.4.5 Use this classification when:4.5.1 Developing a company-specific Code of Accounts (COAs) for capturing and reporting cost early in the project development for more effective project controls and management. COA is a logical breakdown of a project into controllable elements for the purpose of cost collection, control, and reporting. COA is organized at lower detailed levels that summarize to higher levels and is company or site, or both, and project-specific.4.5.2 Developing a work breakdown structure (WBS) early in the project development for proper management of the project. The WBS provides a framework for managing the cost, schedule, and performance objectives of a project. This framework allows the project to be separated into logical components and makes the relationship of the components clear. The WBS defines the project in terms of hierarchically related action and product-oriented elements. Each element provides logical summary points for assessing technical accomplishments and for measuring cost and schedule performance.4.5.3 Supporting programs and project functions. Use ECES for bid solicitation, collection, and evaluation; communicating project data between installations or agencies and industry; cost and schedule estimating; historical cost and schedule data collection; historical project data collection for technology deployments and project conditions; validating and calibrating cost estimates and software tools; and establishing and disseminating best practices and lessons learned.4.6 The hierarchical nature of the classification allows for collecting data using more detailed lower level elements or for summarizing data at higher levels.4.7 ECES, as described in this classification, is being included in the Remedial Action Cost Estimating Requirement (RACER)6 system and the Environmental Cost Analysis System (ECAS).7 RACER is used for estimating cost and ECAS is used to collect, maintain, and analyze the cost of completed projects. Federal agencies performing environmental work intend to incorporate the ECES.1.1 This standard establishes a classification of the comprehensive hierarchical list of elements for life-cycle environmental work. The classification is based on the Interagency Environmental Cost Element Structure (ECES).2 Elements, as defined here, are major components common to environmental projects.3 The elements represent the life-cycle activities for environmental projects regardless of the project design specification, construction method, technology type, or materials used. The classification serves as a consistent reference for cost estimating, analysis, and monitoring during the various phases of the project life cycle. Using ECES ensures consistency, over time and from project to project, in the cost management and performance measurement of environmental projects. It also enhances reporting at all phases of a project, from assessment and studies through design, construction, operations and maintenance (O&M), and surveillance and long-term monitoring (SLTM).1.2 This classification applies to all environmental work, including environmental restoration, waste management, decontamination and decommissioning (D&D), surveillance and long-term monitoring, and technology development.1.3 The use of this classification increases the level of standardization, uniformity, and consistency of collected environmental project costs. Such uniformity and standardization allows for ease of understanding project costs, provides a common “cost language” for sharing and comparing cost information, and allows for easier analysis and calibration of cost data. This standard classification can be used as a checklist of activities to be completed in environmental projects.1.4 Guide E2637 is intended to facilitate the application of the ECES to any environmental remediation project, without regard to project size.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Personnel trained for coating and lining work inspection are required to perform examination/inspection tasks to verify conformance of coating and lining work to written requirements.4.2 This guide provides guidance for development of an indoctrination and training program for training of personnel performing coating and lining work inspection.4.3 Certification/qualification of personnel performing coating and lining work inspection is addressed in Guide D4537.1.1 This guide is intended to assist those responsible for developing a program for the indoctrination and training of personnel performing coating and lining inspection work for nuclear facilities.1.2 It is recognized that organizations and job responsibilities vary widely among utilities and also among various support and service companies. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to identify the appropriate subject matter for its program and its specific needs.1.3 Users of this guide must ensure that coating and lining work complies not only with this guide, but also with the licensee's plant-specific quality assurance program and licensing commitments.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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