1.1 This document describes a method for defining requirements for plastic materials used in extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes. Materials include unfilled, filled, and reinforced plastic materials suitable for processing into parts. These materials can also contain special additives (e.g., flame retardants, stabilizers, etc.). Processes include all material extrusion-based AM processes. This document is intended for use by manufacturers of materials, feedstocks, or plastic parts or any combination of the three using material extrusion-based AM.NOTE 1: In some cases, material manufacturers can also be feedstock manufacturers. In other cases, a material manufacturer can supply materials (example: pellets) to a feedstock manufacturer (example: convertor of pellets into filaments). This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This document establishes and defines terms used in additive manufacturing (AM) technology, which applies the additive shaping principle and thereby builds physical three-dimensional (3D) geometries by successive addition of material.1.2 The terms have been classified into specific fields of application.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This document gives requirements, guidelines and recommendations for using additive manufacturing (AM) in product design.1.2 It is applicable during the design of all types of products, devices, systems, components or parts that are fabricated by any type of AM system. This document helps determine which design considerations can be utilized in a design project or to take advantage of the capabilities of an AM process.1.3 General guidance and identification of issues are supported, but specific design solutions and process-specific or material-specific data are not supported.1.4 The intended audience comprises three types of users:1.4.1 designers who are designing products to be fabricated in an AM system and their managers;1.4.2 students who are learning mechanical design and computer-aided design; and1.4.3 developers of AM design guidelines and design guidance systems.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Geotextiles are to be properly manufactured in a manner consistent with a minimum level of quality control as determined by in-house testing of the final product. This practice sets forth the types of tests, the methods of the testing, and the minimum testing frequencies appropriate for geotextile manufacturing quality control.4.2 It should be clearly recognized that manufacturers may perform additional tests or at a greater frequency than set forth in this practice, or both. In this case the manufacturer’s quality control plan will take precedence over this practice.4.3 It should also be recognized that purchasers and installers of geotextiles may require additional tests or at a greater frequency than called for in this practice, or both. The organization(s) producing such project-specific specification or quality assurance plan should recognize that such requirements are beyond the current state of this practice. If such a request is made by the purchasers or installers, they should clearly communicate the requirements to the manufacturer or supplier during the contract decisions in order that disputes do not arise at a subsequent time.4.4 This practice provides guidance for sampling and testing as well as proper management of test data and certifications.1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing quality control of geotextiles, describing types of tests, the proper test methods, minimum testing frequencies, and best practices for sampling.1.2 This practice does not address manufacturing quality assurance, product acceptance testing, or conformance testing. These are independent activities taken by organizations other than the geotextiles manufacturer.1.3 This practice is intended to aid manufacturers, suppliers, purchasers, installers, and end users of geotextiles in establishing a minimum level of effort for maintaining quality control.1.4 This practice covers procedures for sampling geotextiles for the purpose of manufacturing quality control (MQC). These procedures are designed to ensure that the correct number of representative samples are obtained and properly reported by the manufacturer.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This document specifies the features of MEX/P and provides detailed design recommendations.1.2 Some of the fundamental principles are also applicable to other AM processes, provided that due consideration is given to process-specific features.1.3 This document also provides a state of the art review of design guidelines associated with the MEX/P by bringing together relevant knowledge about this process and by supplementing the scope of ISO/ASTM 52910.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 There are several factors affecting the quality of a CR image including the basic spatial resolution of the IP system, geometrical unsharpness, scatter and contrast sensitivity. There are several additional factors (for example, software and scanning parameters) that affect the accurate reading of images on exposed IPs using an optical scanner.4.2 This practice is to be used to establish a characterization of CR system by performance levels on the basis of a normalized SNR, interpolated basic spatial detector resolution and EPS. The CR system performance levels in this practice do not refer to any particular manufacturers’ imaging plates. A CR system performance level results from the use of a particular imaging plate together with the exposure conditions, standardized phantom, the scanner type, and software and the scanning parameters. This characterization system provides a means to compare differing CR technologies, as is common practice with film systems, which guides the user to the appropriate configuration, IP, and technique for the application at hand. The performance level selected may not match the imaging performance of a corresponding film class because of the difference in the spatial resolution and scatter sensitivity. Therefore, the user should always use IQIs for proof of contrast sensitivity and basic spatial resolution.4.3 The measured performance parameters are presented in a characterization chart. This enables users to select specific CR systems by the different characterization data to find the best system for his specific application.4.4 The quality factors can be determined most accurately by the tests described in this practice. Some of the system tests require special tools, which may not be available in user laboratories. Simpler tests are described for quality assurance and long term stability tests in Practice E2445.4.5 Manufacturers of industrial CR systems or certification agencies will use this practice. Users of industrial CR systems may use Practice E2445 or perform some of the described tests and measurements outlined in this practice, provided that the required test equipment is used and the methodology is strictly followed. Any alternative methods or radiation qualities may be applied if equivalence to the methods of this practice is proven to the appropriate cognizant engineering organization.4.6 The publication of CR system performance levels will enable specifying bodies and contracting parties to agree to particular system performance level, as a first step in arriving at the appropriate settings of a system, or the selection of a system. Confirmation of necessary image quality shall be achieved by using Practice E2033.1.1 This practice covers the manufacturing characterization of computed radiography (CR) systems, consisting of a particular phosphor imaging plate (IP), scanner, software, scanner operational parameters, and an image display monitor, in combination with specified metal screens for industrial radiography.1.2 The practice defines system tests to be used to characterize the systems of different suppliers and make them comparable for users.1.3 This practice is intended for use by manufacturers of CR systems or certification agencies to provide quantitative results of CR system characteristics for nondestructive testing (NDT) user or purchaser consumption. Some of these tests require specialized test phantoms to ensure consistency of results among suppliers or manufacturers. These tests are not intended for users to complete, nor are they intended for long term stability tracking and lifetime measurements. However, they may be used for this purpose, if so desired. Practice E2445 describes tests which are intended for users to observe the CR performance and test the long term stability.1.4 The CR system performance is described by the basic spatial resolution, contrast, signal and noise parameters, and the equivalent penetrameter sensitivity (EPS). Some of these parameters are used to compare with DDA characterization and film characterization data (see Practice E2597 and Test Method E1815).NOTE 1: For film system characterization, the signal is represented by the optical density of 2 (above fog and base) and the noise as granularity. The signal-to-noise ratio is normalized by the aperture (similar to the basic spatial resolution) of the system and is part of characterization. This normalization is given by the scanning circular aperture of 100 µm of the micro-photometer, which is defined in Test Method E1815 for film system characterization.1.5 The measurement of CR systems in this practice is restricted to a selected radiation quality to simplify the procedure. The properties of CR systems will change with radiation energy but not the ranking of CR system performance. Users of this practice may carry out the tests at different or additional radiation qualities (X-ray or gamma ray) if required.1.6 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides a systematic approach for characterizing the environmental aspects of manufacturing processes based on well-established formal languages.NOTE 1: In computer science, a formal language is a language designed for use in situations in which natural language is unsuitable as, for example, in mathematics, logic, or computer programming. The symbols and formulas of such languages stand in precisely specified syntactic and semantic relations to one another. Formal representations are derived from formal languages.NOTE 2: A UMP model is defined using formal languages, such as eXtensible Markup Language (XML) (1),6 Unified Modeling Language (UML) (2), or Systems Modeling Language (SysML) to facilitate data exchange, computability, and communication with other manufacturing and analysis applications. These capabilities support manufacturers in evaluating, documenting, and improving performance. This guide specifically incorporates UML and XML but does not limit implementations to these languages.4.2 This guide provides the structure and formalism to ensure consistency in characterizing manufacturing processes in a computer-interpretable way, thus enabling effective communication, computational analytics, and exchange of performance information.4.3 Fig. 1 shows how this guide is used to transition manufacturing resources, such as industrial robots, machine tools, and auxiliary devices, from the phycical world to the digital world through graphical and formal representations. In doing so, required information to perform engineering analysis, such as optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessment, is characterized in a manner that is complete, standardized, and efficient.FIG. 1 Overview of of this GuideUMPs store digital representations of physical manufacturing assets and systems to enable engineering analysis, for example, optimization, simulation, and life cycle assessments.NOTE 3: This guide will promote new tool development that can link manufacturing information and analytics for calculating the desired environmental performance measures.4.4 This guide also supports the development of tools to improve decision support capabilities while facilitating the development and extension of standardized data and information bases.NOTE 4: Data collected within manufacturing enterprises can be used to build enterprise-or-sector-specific databases that complement or extend Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) databases (ULE 880). This approach will improve the relevancy and completeness of the data while retaining key links to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods.4.5 Fig. 2 presents a road map to this guide. Section 5 describes the graphical representation of the UMP. Section 6 presents a conceptual definition of the UMP concept. Section 7 presents a step-by-step guide on how to characterize a manufacturing process using the formal methods presented in Sections 5 and 6. Section 8 describes how to create a composed system model, or a network of UMPs.FIG. 2 Systematic Illustration of Use of UMP Representation and Process Characterization Methodology to Develop a Number of Specific UMP Models to Support Model Composition1.1 This guide provides an approach to characterize any category of manufacturing process and to systematically capture and describe relevant environmental information.1.2 This guide defines the conceptual model of a unit manufacturing process (UMP) from which a formal representation can be specified.1.3 This guide defines the graphical representation of a UMP model that supports the systematic structuring and visualizing of manufacturing information.1.4 This guide defines a process characterization methodology to construct UMP models that characterize the environmental aspects of the manufacturing processes under study.1.5 This guide provides the necessary structure and formality for identifying and capturing key information needed to assess manufacturing performance, yet provides no details about an actual assessment of the process performance.1.6 This guide provides the conceptual definition for a system composed of multiple UMPs to represent a production system.1.7 This guide may be used to complement other standards that address sustainability and the product life cycle. This guide most closely relates to the inventory component as discussed in the ISO 14040 series (ISO 14044) standards, and resource management as discussed in the ISO 55000 series (ISO 55001) standards.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all of the security issues and the risks associated with manufacturing information. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to follow practices and establish appropriate information technology related security measures.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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