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GA/T 2000.21-2014 公安信息代码 第21部分:人口管理死亡原因代码 现行 发布日期 :  2014-10-31 实施日期 :  2014-10-31

GA/T 2000的本部分规定了人口管理死亡原因的代码。
本部分适用于治安管理信息数据的处理、交换和共享。

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5.1 Ultrasonic extraction using dilute nitric acid is a simpler and easier method for extracting lead from environmental samples than are traditional digestion methods that employ hot plate or microwave digestion with concentrated acids (3), (5), (7), (8). Hence, ultrasonic extraction may be used in lieu of the more rigorous strong acid/high temperature digestion methods (for example, see Ref (3) and Test Method E1613), provided that the performance is demonstrated using accepted criteria as delineated in Guide E1775.5.2 In contrast with hot plate or microwave digestion techniques, ultrasonic extraction is field-portable, which allows for on-site sample analysis.1.1 This practice covers an ultrasonic extraction procedure for the extraction of lead from environmental samples of interest in lead abatement and renovation (or related) work, for analytical purposes.1.2 Environmental matrices of concern include dry paint films, settled dusts, soils, and air particulates.1.3 Samples subjected to ultrasonic extraction are prepared for subsequent determination of lead by laboratory analytical methods.1.4 This practice includes, where applicable, descriptions of procedures for sample homogenization and weighing prior to ultrasonic extraction.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of materials, products, or assemblies under the specified exposure conditions. Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested.5.2 This test method uses a photometric scale to measure smoke obscuration, which is similar to the optical density scale for human vision. The test method does not measure physiological aspects associated with vision.5.3 At the present time no basis exists for predicting the smoke obscuration to be generated by the specimens upon exposure to heat or flame under any fire conditions other than those specified. Moreover, as with many smoke obscuration test methods, the correlation with measurements by other test methods has not been established.5.4 The current smoke density chamber test, Test Method E662, is used by specifiers of floor coverings and in the rail transportation industries. The measurement of smoke obscuration is important to the researcher and the product development scientist. This test method, which incorporates improvements over Test Method E662, also will increase the usefulness of smoke obscuration measurements to the specifier and to product manufacturers.5.4.1 The following are improvements offered by this test method over Test Method E662: the horizontal specimen orientation solves the problem of melting and flaming drips from vertically oriented specimens; the conical heat source provides a more uniform heat input; the heat input can be varied over a range of up to 50 kW/m2, rather than having a fixed value of 25 kW/m2; and, the (optional) load cell permits calculations to be made of mass optical density, which associates the smoke obscuration fire-test-response characteristic measured with the mass loss.5.5 Limitations8: 5.5.1 The following behavior during a test renders that test invalid: a specimen being displaced from the zone of controlled irradiance so as to touch the pilot burner or the pilot flame; extinction of the pilot flame (even for a short period of time) in the flaming mode; molten material overflowing the specimen holder; or, self-ignition in the nonflaming mode.5.5.2 As is usual in small-scale test methods, results obtained from this test method have proven to be affected by variations in specimen geometry, surface orientation, thickness (either overall or individual layer), mass, and composition.5.5.3 The results of the test apply only to the thickness of the specimen as tested. No simple mathematical formula exists to calculate the specific optical density of a specimen at a specimen thickness different from the thickness at which it was tested. The literature contains some information on a relationship between optical density and specimen thickness (1).95.5.4 Results obtained from this test method are affected by variations in the position of the specimen and radiometer relative to the radiant heat source, since the relative positioning affects the radiant heat flux (see also Appendix X2).5.5.5 The test results have proven sensitive to excessive accumulations of residue in the chamber, which serve as additional insulators, tending to reduce normally expected condensation of the aerosol, thereby raising the measured specific optical density (see 5.5.8.3 and 11.1.2).5.5.6 The measurements obtained have also proven sensitive to differences in conditioning (see Section 10). Many materials, products, or assemblies, such as some carpeting, wood, plastics, or textiles, require long periods to attain equilibrium (constant weight) even in a forced-draft conditioning chamber. This sensitivity reflects the inherent natural variability of the sample and is not specific to the test method.5.5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not necessarily possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured; therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.5.8 This test method solves some limitations associated with other closed chamber test methods, such as Test Method E662 (2-6) (see 5.4.1). The test method retains some limitations related to closed chamber tests, as detailed in 5.5.8.1 – 5.5.8.5.5.5.8.1 Information relating the specific optical density obtained by this test method to the mass lost by the specimen during the test is possible only by using the (optional) load cell, to determine the mass optical density (see Annex A1).5.5.8.2 All specimens consume oxygen when combusted. The smoke generation of some specimens (especially those undergoing rapid combustion and those which are heavy and multilayered) is influenced by the oxygen concentration in the chamber. Thus, if the atmosphere inside the chamber becomes oxygen-deficient before the end of the experiment, combustion may ceases for some specimens; therefore, it is possible that those layers furthest away from the radiant source will not undergo combustion.5.5.8.3 The presence of walls causes losses through deposition of combustion particulates.5.5.8.4 Soot and other solid or liquid combustion products settle on the optical surfaces during a test, resulting in potentially higher smoke density measurements than those due to the smoke in suspension.5.5.8.5 This test method does not carry out dynamic measurements as smoke simply continues filling a closed chamber; therefore, the smoke obscuration values obtained do not represent conditions of open fires.1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method provides a means of measuring smoke obscuration resulting from subjecting essentially flat materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), not exceeding 25 mm (1 in.) in thickness, in a horizontal orientation, exposed to specified levels of thermal irradiance, from a conical heater, in the presence of a pilot flame, in a single closed chamber. Optional testing modes exclude the pilot flame.NOTE 1: The equipment used for this test method is technically equivalent to that used in ISO 5659-2 and in NFPA 270.1.3 The principal fire-test-response characteristic obtained from this test method is the specific optical density of smoke from the specimens tested, which is obtained as a function of time, for a period of 10 min.1.4 An optional fire-test-response characteristic measurable with this test method is the mass optical density (see Annex A1), which is the specific optical density of smoke divided by the mass lost by the specimens during the test.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.1.6 This test method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For limitations of this test method, see 5.5.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. This test method may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. See also 6.2.1.2, Section 7, and 11.7.2.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This guide describes approaches for using neutron fields with well known characteristics to perform calibrations of neutron sensors, to intercompare different methods of dosimetry, and to corroborate procedures used to derive neutron field information from measurements of neutron sensor response.3.2 This guide discusses only selected standard and reference neutron fields which are appropriate for benchmark testing of light-water reactor dosimetry. The Standard Fields considered here include neutron source environments that closely approximate: a) the unscattered neutron spectra from 252Cf spontaneous fission; and b) the 235U thermal neutron induced fission. These standard fields were chosen for their spectral similarity to the high energy region (E > 2 MeV) of reactor spectra. The various categories of benchmark fields are defined in Terminology E170.3.3 There are other well known neutron fields that have been designed to mockup special environments, such as pressure vessel mockups in which it is possible to make dosimetry measurements inside of the steel volume of the “vessel.” When such mockups are suitably characterized, they are also referred to as benchmark fields. A variety of these engineering benchmark fields have been developed, or pressed into service, to improve the accuracy of neutron dosimetry measurement techniques. These special benchmark experiments are discussed in Guide E2006, and in Refs (1)4 and (2).1.1 This guide covers facilities and procedures for benchmarking neutron measurements and calculations. Particular sections of the guide discuss: the use of well-characterized benchmark neutron fields to calibrate integral neutron sensors; the use of certified-neutron-fluence standards to calibrate radiometric counting equipment or to determine interlaboratory measurement consistency; development of special benchmark fields to test neutron transport calculations; use of well-known fission spectra to benchmark spectrum-averaged cross sections; and the use of benchmarked data and calculations to determine the uncertainties in derived neutron dosimetry results.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is designed to evaluate the virus-eliminating activity of hygienic handwash and handrub agents from experimentally-contaminated hands. Such formulations may be further assessed in a clinical trial for their effectiveness in the field. This test method incorporates whole-hand exposure and reflects actual use conditions such as friction during hand decontamination, and enables alternative product forms such as alcohol- or non-alcohol-based liquids, gels, and foams to be tested according to label directions. It is meant to extend, if required, the results of testing with Test Method E1838, which gives precise reductions in viral infectivity on a limited area of the hands. It may also serve as an alternative test method when product form is not amenable to testing by Test Method E1838.5.2 This test method is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs or preoperative skin preparations.NOTE 2: Application of viruses on the entire surface of both hands entails a greater risk to the subjects than using fingerpads only. Therefore, greater care is needed to ensure that the hands of the participants are free from any apparent damage. Also, virus preparations must be thoroughly screened for, or documented to be free from, extraneous or adventitious pathogens before use in such tests.1.1 This test method is designed to evaluate handwash or handrub agents for their ability to reduce or eliminate viable viruses from the skin of human hands.NOTE 1: A knowledge of virological techniques is required for this test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The user should consult a reference for laboratory safety recommendations. (3-5)1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The loss of sterile barrier system integrity may occur as a result of physical properties of the materials and adhesive or cohesive bonds degrading over time or by subsequent dynamic events during shipping and handling, or both. Accelerated and real time aging verifies the time-related aspects of potential integrity loss only.4.2 ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607–1: 2019, sub-clause 6.1.3, states that “the packaging system shall provide physical protection in order to maintain integrity of the sterile barrier system.” Sub-clause 6.1.6 states that, “A terminally sterilized sterile barrier system with its protective packaging, if included, shall be designed to, maintain sterility through exposure to expected conditions and hazards during the specified processing, storage, handling, and distribution until that SBS is opened at the point of use or until the expiry date.” Sub-clause 8.3.1 states, “Stability testing shall demonstrate that the sterile barrier system maintains integrity over time.” Sub-clause 8.3.3 states, “Stability testing, using accelerated aging protocols, shall be regarded as sufficient evidence for claimed expiry dates until data from real-time aging studies are available.”4.3 Real time aging programs provide the best data to ensure that sterile barrier system/medical device materials and sterile barrier system/medical device integrity do not degrade over time. However, due to market conditions in which products may become obsolete in a short time, and the desire to get new products to market in the shortest possible time, real time aging studies do not meet this objective. Accelerated aging studies can provide an alternative means of screening for possible aging-related failure mechanisms in the SBS or medical device. To ensure that accelerated aging studies represent real time effects, real time aging studies must be conducted in parallel to accelerated studies. Real time studies must be carried out to the claimed shelf life of the product and be performed to their completion.4.4 Conservative accelerated aging factors (AAFs) must be used if little is known about the sterile barrier system material being evaluated. More aggressive AAFs may be used with documented evidence to show a correlation between real time and accelerated aging.4.5 When conducting accelerated aging programs for establishing expiry dating claims, it must be recognized that the data obtained from the study is based on conditions that simulate the effects of aging on the materials. The resulting creation of an expiration date or shelf life is based on the use of a conservative estimate of the aging factor (that is, Q10) and is tentative until the results of real time aging studies are completed on the sterile barrier system.NOTE 1: Determining AAFs are beyond the scope of this guide.61.1 This guide provides information for developing accelerated aging protocols to model the possible effects of the passage of time on the sterile integrity of the sterile barrier system (SBS), as defined in ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607–1: 2019 and the physical properties of their component packaging materials. Guidance for developing accelerated aging protocols may also be used for medical devices and medical device materials.1.2 Information obtained using this guide may be regarded as sufficient evidence for expiration date claims for medical devices and sterile barrier systems until data from real-time aging studies are available.1.3 The accelerated aging guideline addresses sterile barrier systems as a whole with or without devices. The sterile barrier system material and device interaction compatibility that may be required for new product development or the resulting evaluation is not addressed in this guide.1.4 Real-time aging protocols are not addressed in this guide; however, it is essential that real-time aging studies be performed to confirm the accelerated aging test results using the same methods of evaluation. Real-time aging (stability) is the requirement of ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607–1: 2019.1.5 Methods used for sterile barrier system performance validation, which include, environmental challenge, distribution, handling, and shipping events, are used for package performance (event-related loss of integrity) testing and are beyond the scope of this guide.1.6 This guide does not address environmental challenging that simulates extreme climactic conditions that may exist in the shipping and handling environment. Refer to Practice D4332 for standard conditions that may be used to challenge the sterile barrier system to realistic extremes in temperature and humidity conditions. See Terminology F17 for a definition of “environmental challenging.”1.7 The data obtained from accelerated aging studies is not to be used as a manner of establishing label storage conditions for sterile barrier systems.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Environment or oxidative time-to-fail data derived from this test method, analyzed in accordance with Section 13, are suitable for extrapolation to typical end-use temperatures and hoop stresses. The extrapolated value(s) provides a relative indication of the resistance of the tested PEX pipe or tubing or system to the oxidative effects of hot, chlorinated water for conditions equivalent to those conditions under which the test data were obtained. The performance of a material or piping product under actual conditions of installation and use is dependent upon a number of factors including installation methods, use patterns, water quality, nature and magnitude of localized stresses, and other variables of an actual, operating hot-and-cold water distribution system that are not addressed in this test method. As such, the extrapolated values do not constitute a representation that a PEX tube or system with a given extrapolated time-to-failure value will perform for that period of time under actual use conditions.1.1 This test method describes the general requirements for evaluating the long-term, chlorinated water, oxidative resistance of cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipe or tubing produced in accordance with PEX specifications, such as Specification F876 or Specification F2788/F2788M by exposure to hot, chlorinated water. This test method outlines the requirements of a pressurized flow-through test system, typical test pressures, test-fluid characteristics, failure type, and data analysis.NOTE 1: Other known disinfecting systems (chlorine dioxide, ozone, and chloramines) are also used for protection of potable water. Free-chlorine is the most common disinfectant in use today. A PPI research project examined the relative aggressiveness of free chlorine and chloramines on PEX pipes, both at the same 4.0 ppm concentration and the same test temperatures. The results of the testing showed pipe failure times approximately 40% longer when tested with chloramines compared to testing with free chlorine, at the tested conditions. Based on these results, the data suggests that chloramines are less aggressive than free chlorine to PEX pipes.1.2 Guidelines and requirements for test temperatures, test hoop stresses, and other test criteria have been established by prior testing of PEX pipe or tubing produced by the three most common commercial methods of cross-linking: silane, peroxide, and electron-beam (see Note 2). Other related system components that typically appear in a PEX hot-and-cold water distribution system can be evaluated with the PEX pipe or tubing. When testing PEX pipe or tubing and fittings as a system, it is recommended that the anticipated end-use fitting type(s) and material(s) be included in the test circuit since it is known that some fitting types and materials can impact failure times. Specimens used shall be representative of the piping product(s) and material(s) under investigation.NOTE 2: The procedures described in this test method (with some modifications of test temperatures or stresses, or both) have been used to evaluate pipes manufactured from polybutylene (PB), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), multilayer (polymer-metal composite), copper, and stainless steel.1.3 This test method is applicable to PEX pipe or tubing and systems used for transport of potable water containing free-chlorine for disinfecting purposes. The oxidizing potential of the test-fluid specified in this test method exceeds that typically found in potable water systems across the United States.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 12, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F2005-21 Standard Terminology for Nickel-Titanium Shape Memory Alloys Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used in ASTM documents relating to nickel-titanium shape memory alloys used for medical devices. This terminology includes only those terms for which ASTM either has standards or which are used in ASTM standards for nickel-titanium shape memory alloys. It is not intended to be an all-inclusive list of terms related to shape memory alloys.1.2 Definitions that are similar to those published by another standards body are identified with abbreviations of the name of that organization; for example, ICTAC is the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This safety specification establishes requirements for devices intended to address the risk of injury and death associated with accidental falls through open windows by children five years old and younger.NOTE 1: This safety specification is not intended to meet the unique requirements of Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA).1.2 This safety specification applies only to window fall prevention devices, window fall prevention screens, and fall prevention window guards that are to be used on windows that are not intended for escape (egress) and rescue (ingress).NOTE 2: Specification F2090 addresses window fall prevention devices (releasable), including window opening control devices (WOCD(s)) for windows intended for emergency escape and rescue and any other window not covered by this safety specification.1.3 This safety specification applies only to devices intended to be applied to windows installed at heights of more than 75 ft7 (23 m) above ground level in multiple family dwelling buildings. This safety specification is not intended to apply to windows below 75 ft (23 m) because all windows below 75 ft (23 m) that are operable and that meet the requirements for emergency escape and rescue openings could be used as a possible secondary means of escape.8NOTE 3: Users of this safety specification should consult local authorities for other requirements that may apply to the use or installation, or both, of products covered by this safety specification.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers requirements and test methods for the qualification of factory assembled anodeless risers and transition fittings, for use in polyethylene (PE), in sizes through NPS 8, and Polyamide 11 (PA11), in sizes through NPS 6, gas distribution systems. The bend radius, steel pipe thread, steel flanges, and gas pressure containing factory welding shall meet the requirements prescribed. Temperature cycling test, tensile pull test, leak test, and constant tensile load joint test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This specification covers requirements and test methods for the qualification of factory assembled anodeless risers and transition fittings, for use in polyethylene (PE), in sizes through NPS 16, and Polyamide 11 (PA11) and Polyamide 12 (PA12), in sizes through NPS 6, gas distribution systems.1.2 The test methods described are not intended to be routine quality control tests.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 Throughout this specification footnotes are provided for informational purposes and shall not be considered as requirements of this specification.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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