定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元

5.1 This in vivo procedure is designed to test the ability of hygienic handwash or handrub agents to eliminate selected types of bacteria from experimentally contaminated skin of the hands of adult subjects. Since the two thumbpads and all eight fingerpads can be used in any given test, it allows for the incorporation of an input control (two), control for viable bacteria remaining after the inoculum has been allowed to dry (two), bacteria eliminated after treatment with a control or reference solution (two), and up to four replicates to assess the bacteria-eliminating efficiency of the product under test. No more than 100 µL of the test bacterial suspension is required to complete one test. The results of testing with this test method may form the basis for confirmatory tests using a suitable whole-hand test protocol, such as Test Method E1174.5.2 Whereas this test method relates to testing with bacteria, it can be readily adapted to work with protozoa and bacteriophages. Similar methods for work with fungi (Test Method E2613) and viruses of human origin (Test Method E1838) are already ASTM standards.5.3 Potentially infectious microorganisms left on hands after washing can be reduced further by drying the washed hands with paper, cloth, or warm air (7). A step for the drying of fingerpads after exposure to the control or test solution, therefore, has not been included to avoid bacterial removal by the drying process itself.5.4 This test method is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs (Test Method E1115) or preoperative skin preps (Test Method E1173).5.5 The level of contamination with viable bacteria on each fingerpad after the drying of the inoculum should be five- to ten-fold higher than the product performance criterion required. For example, the titer in the dried inoculum on each fingerpad should be about 105 colony forming units of the test bacterium when a >104 reduction is required under the conditions of this test method.1.1 This test method is designed to determine the activity of hygienic handwash and handrub (4) agents against transient bacterial flora on hands and is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs or preoperative skin preps.1.2 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to the protection of human subjects.31.3 The test method should be performed by persons with training in microbiology in facilities designed and equipped for work with infectious agents at biosafety level 2 (5).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Fungi are known to produce objectionable odors, stains, and premature biodeterioration of various consumer products and construction substrates including textiles, carpet, ceiling tile, gypsum wallboard, lumber, and plasticized vinyl and other polymers.4.2 Antifungal activity is typically:4.2.1 Determination of article susceptibility to fungal colonization,4.2.2 Determination of fungistatic activity (qualitative determination of prevented or delayed fungal colonization), and4.2.3 Determination of fungicidal/sporicidal activity (quantitative determination of spore kill).4.3 The degree of required surface examination varies from gross visual examination to detailed microscopic assessment among these methods.4.4 This guide provides an overview of established methods and suggestions for their applicability, with consideration to the type of substrate treated or the type of antifungal treatment being assessed.1.1 This guide provides information on various test methods currently available to assess antifungal activity on natural or synthetic substrates.1.2 Knowledge of microbiological techniques is required for the practice of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

This specification covers foaming agents specifically formulated for making preformed foam for use in the production of cellular concrete. The function of this specification is to provide the means for evaluating the performance of a specific foaming agent. The test batch shall conform to the physical requirements prescribed such as density, compressive strength, tensile splitting strength, water absorption and air loss during pumping. The foaming agent being tested shall be used in making test specimens required.1.1 This specification covers foaming agents specifically formulated for making preformed foam for use in the production of cellular concrete.1.2 The function of this specification is to provide the means for evaluating the performance of a specific foaming agent. This is accomplished by using the foaming agent in making a standard cellular concrete test batch (see Test Method C796) from which test specimens are cast. Then, significant properties of the concrete are determined by tests and compared with the requirements of Section 3.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice describes a procedure for preparing and storing a suspension of C. difficile spores that meets the following acceptance criteria: (1) spore titer of approximately 5.0×108 spores/mL, (2) spore purity of ≥95 %, and (3) a mean log10 reduction (LR) value >5.0 for 3 carriers exposed to 5000 ppm and a mean LR of <3.0 for 3 carriers exposed to 1500 ppm sodium hypochlorite. These acceptance criteria are necessary in order to use the spore suspension to evaluate the performance of antimicrobial formulations using Test Method E3218.1.1 This practice specifies the procedures for producing and storing standardized suspensions of Clostridioides difficile spores for the evaluation of the sporicidal activity of antimicrobial formulations using the Quantitative Method for Testing Antimicrobial Agents against Spores of C. difficile on Hard, Non-porous Surfaces or other procedures.1.2 This practice may involve hazardous materials, chemicals, and microorganisms and should be performed only by persons with formal training in microbiology.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

1.1 Microorganisms attach to surfaces and grow, forming communities that are called biofilms. In addition to microorganisms, biofilms may contain the by-products of microbial growth ( that is, polysaccharides, enzymes, etc.), inorganic ions (that is, Mg, Ca, Fe, etc.) and organic materials (that is, oil, exudates from plants or animals, etc.). Biofilms may be found in many places, including on cooling system equipment ( that is, cooling towers, heat exchangers, etc.), water and oil pipelines, food and pharmaceutical processing surfaces and lines, dental water unit lines and medical prosthetic devices.1.2 Biofilm formation may lead to reduced heat transfer in cooling towers, decreased fluid flow in pipelines, corrosion of metal surfaces, spoilage of food and pharmaceutical products, and infection in humans. The adverse impact of biofilm growth has led to the need for chemical or physical treatments for controlling them. This may involve preventing biofilm formation, inactivating microbes in biofilms and removing biofilms.1.3 Since biofilms may form in many different types of systems, no one method can be presented that evaluates all the factors affecting biofilm control; therefore, many methods are presented for forming biofilms. Detecting and measuring biofilms and microorganisms within biofilms are important in evaluating control procedures. Many procedures are listed and referenced for measurement of microorganisms in biofilms and biofilm mass and activity.1.4 The purpose of this guide is to inform the investigator of methods that can be used for biofilm formation and measurement, allowing development of test procedures for determining the effectiveness of chemical treatments for prevention, inactivation, and removal of unwanted biofilm. This guide is a teaching tool that will help the researcher in planning studies for controlling biofilms. This guide is not an exhaustive survey of biofilm methods. It is recommended that the researcher consult the latest information on biofilm methods from the published scientific literature and from appropriate internet sites, using biofilm as the keyword.1.5 Discussions of various methods for evaluating efficacy of potential control materials against microorganisms in solution are available.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The durability of antimicrobial agents applied to textiles is an important attribute for many of the available technologies on the market. Antimicrobial agents that claim durability are typically fixed ionically, covalently or physically, or both, to a textile surface and are expected to retain their antimicrobial functionality after 5, 25 or 50 washes.5.2 Textile wash standards do exist that measure features as diverse as colorfastness or softener retention, pilling, or even the appearance of the decorative coatings of a zipper; however, no wash method exists that is specific for measuring the durability of an antimicrobial agent applied directly into or onto a textile surface.5.3 Current wash standards have been written to either closely simulate (AATCC TM135) or accelerate (AATCC TM61) the laundering conditions that would be experienced during normal home laundering. While shown to be effective when testing physical properties of textiles, these methods introduce variables to the washing protocol that can directly affect the final antimicrobial properties of a fabric. For example, many wash protocols add bleach or softeners which can build up over time and may introduce false positive results in industry standard microbiological tests. Conversely, powdered detergents if not completely rinsed after each wash can leave residual surfactants that can build up over time but are generally removed during wear. These residual detergents can potentially coat an antimicrobial surface and provide false negative results.5.4 Very specific parameters are identified within this practice to closely replicate home launderings as identified and studied in previous wash protocols (AATCC TM61) and accepted within the textile industry. This practice uses detergents and washing conditions which limit potential cross contamination of samples during washing and unrealistic deposition of residual detergents on the test fabric. These conditions increase the reproducibility and reliability of subsequent microbiological test methods.5.5 This practice allows for the simple washing of textile fabrics for the subsequent antimicrobial testing. Any industry accepted antimicrobial test standard could be used following this washing protocol.5.6 This practice is appropriate for porous materials such as textiles or any porous, soft substrate that is intended to withstand multiple home washes. This practice is intended to measure the durable antibacterial properties of such materials. In most instances, further studies will be required to support and substantiate actual claims being made for the performance of treated materials in practice or as part of a regulatory process.5.7 This standard practice has been shown to be effective at measuring the durability of polymer based antimicrobial agents to home laundering conditions. Particle based or other antimicrobial agents may require modifications of the current methodology to simulate laundering conditions in practice. The exact correlation between expressed laundry care instructions on the antimicrobial treated article and the exposure conditions identified in the standard practice must be determined separately for every antimicrobial active.1.1 To determine the durability of standard antibacterial treatments on textile products such as apparel, piece goods, household articles, hereinafter referred to as “textile” or “textile products” to multiple home launderings.1.2 This practice subjects textile products treated with antimicrobial agents to multiple simulated and accelerated home launderings under defined parameters such that reproducible and reliable antimicrobial analysis can be performed using standard industry accepted protocols.1.3 For some antimicrobial agents, the durability of antibacterial properties resulting from exposure to detergent solution and abrasive action of multiple home launderings has been shown to be approximated by one 45-minute laundering cycle. The exact correlation between expressed laundry care instructions and exposure conditions identified in the practice should be determined separately for every antimicrobial agent.1.4 The subsequent microbiological methods shall be performed by individuals experienced and adept in microbiological procedures and in facilities suitable for the handling of the microorganisms under test.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operation, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

3.1 This practice may be used to determine non-protein or non-nitrogen containing organic matter in leather which is not extractable with water or hexane. Examples would be vegetable tannins and acrylic lubricants.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the combined tannin and nonextractable organic resins and the degree of tannage of all types of vegetable-tanned leather and leather with organic retannages. This practice does not apply to wet blue.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

11.1 For purposes of determining compliance with the specified limits for chemical composition an observed or calculated value shall be rounded as indicated in accordance with the Rounding method of Practice E29.Property Rounded Unit for Observed or Calculated Value   Chemical Composition Nearest unit in the last right-hand significant digitused in expressing the limiting valueAbstractThis specification establishes the requirements for copper nickel, ferro copper, phosphor copper, and silicon copper master alloys in ingot, shot, and waffle form to be used as addition agents for cast and wrought alloys. Any material may be used which, when melted, will form an alloy of the required composition. Any manufacturing process may be used that will yield a product uniform in composition and free of defects of a nature that would render the product unsuitable for the intended application. The product in final form shall conform to the chemical composition requirements for the specified alloy. The sample for chemical analysis shall be done as specified. Composition shall be determined as the average of results from at least two replicate determinations for each element specified. For purposes of determining compliance with the specified limits for chemical composition, an observed or calculated value shall be rounded appropriately.1.1 This specification establishes the requirements for copper nickel, ferro copper, phosphor copper, and silicon copper master alloys in ingot, shot, and waffle form to be used as addition agents for cast and wrought alloys.1.2 Units—Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This in vivo procedure is designed to test the ability of hygienic handwash or handrub agents to eliminate fungal contamination from experimentally-contaminated hands. Since the two thumbpads and all eight fingerpads can be used in any given test, it allows for the incorporation of an input control (two), control for culturable cells of the test fungus remaining after the inoculum has dried (two), fungal cells eliminated after treatment with a control or reference solution (two), and up to four replicates to assess the fungus-eliminating efficiency of the formulation under test. No more than 100 µL of the test fungal suspension is required to complete one test.5.2 Whereas this practice is designed to work with fungi, similar ASTM standards exist for testing against viruses (Test Method E1838) and vegetative bacteria (Test Method E2276).5.3 The levels of culturable microorganisms left on hands after washing can be reduced further by drying the washed hands with paper, cloth, or warm air (5). A step for the drying of fingerpads after exposure to the control or test solution, therefore, has not been included to avoid fungal removal by the drying process itself.5.4 This practice is not designed to test surgical hand scrubs or preoperative skin preps.5.5 The level of contamination with culturable fungi on each fingerpad after the drying of the inoculum should be at least 104 CFU so that it would permit the detection of up to a 4-log10 reduction in the viability titer of the test organism by a test formulation under the conditions of this test. This in itself does not represent the product performance criterion, which may vary depending on the jurisdiction and the nature of the formulation being evaluated.1.1 This practice is designed to assess the ability of hygienic handwash and handrub agents to reduce levels of fungal contamination on hands (3) . This practice is not meant for use with surgical hand scrubs (Test Method E1115) or preoperative skin preps (Test Method E1173).1.2 Performance of this procedure requires the knowledge of regulations pertaining to human experimentation.31.3 The practice should be performed by persons with training in microbiology in facilities designed and equipped for work with infectious agents at biosafety level 2 (4).1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

3.1 Recycling of deteriorated asphalt pavements is being used as a routine method of maintenance and rehabilitation. Utilization of existing materials as the major component of this procedure may yield benefits in quality, economy, and preservation of natural resources. Recycling takes many forms: hot, cold, in-situ, central plant, and surface. This practice may be used for various recycling methods.3.2 This practice describes emulsified recycling (ER) agents as belonging to three groups: ER-1, ER-2, and ER-3 as shown in Table 1. The range of recycling methods demands several emulsified recycling agents. The groups should provide adequate freedom of selection for most recycling methods.(A) ER-1 shall be certified for dilution with potable water.(B) This specification allows a variety of emulsified asphalts. The engineer should take the steps necessary to keep incompatible materials from co-mingling in tanks or other vessels. It would be prudent to have the chemical charge nature certified by the supplier.(C) RTFO shall be the referee method. When approved by the engineer, the thin-film oven test (Test Method D1754/D1754M) may be substituted for compliance testing.3.2.1 ER-1 is a material whose main function is to rejuvenate aged asphalt. The material is a petroleum derivative, and highly compatible with asphalts. It is classified by viscosity.3.2.2 ER-2 and ER-3 are materials that combine rejuvenators and asphalt components in one emulsified asphalt. These soft residues are classified by low temperature penetration after aging. They are typically used in recycling where there is an increased demand for asphalt as when new aggregates are added, or where immediate cohesiveness is desired.3.3 The choice of ER will be determined by the properties of the asphalt binder in the aged pavement, the methods of recycling planned, the amount, if any, of new aggregates, and other design needs.1.1 This practice identifies emulsified petroleum products that may be used as recycling agents in recycled mixes. These materials are classified by viscosity or by low temperature penetration after aging.1.2 This practice addresses emulsified materials designed specifically for use in recycling. The use of emulsified materials for recycling shall not be limited to this practice. For instance, the emulsified asphalts specified in Specifications D977 and D2397/D2397M may be used.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 These methods provide data that are useful in evaluating the effectiveness of surface active agents in reducing surface tension. In addition, surface tension data can predict interactions between liquids and solid surfaces or other liquids and can be used to establish wetting properties of paints, solvents, and other liquids.5.2 A number of laboratories have found the Wilhelmy plate to be easier to use, easier to clean and generally better for use with pigmented paints.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of surface tension and interfacial tension of a variety of liquid materials, including but not restricted to paints, solvents, and solutions of surface-active agents, as defined in Terminology D459. Four methods are covered as follows:Method A—Surface Tension by du Noüy ring;Method B—Interfacial Tension by du Noüy ring;Method C—Surface Tension by Wilhelmy plate; andMethod D—Interfacial Tension by Wilhelmy plate.1.2 Method A originally was written primarily to cover aqueous solutions of surface-active agents, but is also applicable to aqueous paints, nonaqueous solutions (including paints) and mixed solvent solutions.1.3 Method B is applicable to two-phase solutions. More than one solute component may be present, including solute components that are not in themselves surface-active.1.4 Method C is applicable to surface active liquids and, unlike du Noüy ring, no buoyancy corrections are needed and results are not affected by moderate viscosities (1-10 Pa-sec) of the liquid. It is the recommended method for use with paints and resin solutions.1.5 Method D is applicable to two-phase solutions and mixtures.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice will be suitable to direct the preparation of test coupons with a known amount of contaminant on the surface. A standard test coupon is described and a list of contaminants that have typically been found in oxygen-enriched systems and components is provided.5.2 These test coupons shall be used in the evaluation of cleaning agents for oxygen-enriched systems and components. This will permit direct comparison within and between test facilities.5.3 Materials used in other fluid handling systems such as nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, gasoline, etc. may also be prepared for evaluation by this practice.1.1 This practice describes the procedure for the preparation of single- and double-sided contaminated test coupons for the evaluation of cleaning agents. It is applicable for the evaluation of cleaning agents proposed for the cleaning of oxygen equipment, pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, and medical devices (see Test Method G122 and Guide G127). It also is applicable to other systems where contamination is a concern.1.2 Several classes of contaminants/residues most likely to be found in oxygen equipment, pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, and medical devices are identified. However, if the user of this practice has identified contaminants not included in these classes, such identified contaminants may be substituted for the preparation of the test coupons if appropriate for this test method.1.3 Solvent and cleaning agent compatibility with nonmetallic substrates should be verified prior to the preparation of the test coupons. Typical nonmetallic materials utilized in oxygen systems are contained in Guide G63.1.4 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whomever uses this practice to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The purpose of these test methods is to define a procedure for evaluating the capability and effectiveness of cleaning agents to remove residues of a compound/product from surrogate surfaces (that is, coupons or beakers) of Materials of Construction. This test method also provides a procedure for determining the compatibility of cleaning agents with the Material of Construction prior to starting tests. Based on the outcome of the testing, suitable cleaning agents may be selected for further cleaning process development (see Guide D6361/D6361M).5.2 The potential critical cleaning parameters related to the cleaning agent(s) under study may also be examined using these tests. Potentially critical cleaning parameters include cleaning agent concentration, temperature, time, pH, foaming, type and strength of ultrasonic energy or agitation (if used), and others. These parameters may be varied (for example, using Design of Experiments) to determine their potential optimal settings for actual use.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the effectiveness and capability of cleaning agents to remove contamination to the desired level. This includes removing drug residues from manufacturing equipment and residues from medical devices (Guide E3106), as well as systems for oxygen service.1.2 The test coupons/beakers described in this standard provide a representative surface to which contamination can be applied and tested for the ability of a cleaning agent to remove it.1.3 This test method is a laboratory scale approximation and the actual effectiveness of a particular cleaning agent depends upon the method (temperature, agitation, concentration, etc.) in which it is used and the characteristics of the article being cleaned, such as size, shape, and material. Final evaluation of the cleaning agent should include testing of actual products and cleaning processes.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the safety of each compound on a case-by-case basis.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车