5.1 This test method is intended for the measurement of gross alpha- and beta-activity concentrations in the analyses of environmental and drinking waters. For samples submitted to satisfy regulatory or permit requirements, the submitter should assure that this or any other method used is acceptable to the regulator or permit issuer.5.2 This test method is also applicable to the direct analysis of gross alpha- and beta-activity concentrations in water when low detection limits are not required. Direct analysis provides a rapid method for determination of gross alpha- and beta-activity concentrations when low detection limits are not required.5.3 This test method is not capable of discriminating among alpha emitting radionuclides or among beta emitting radionuclides. Those intending to identify and quantify specific radionuclides should use test methods specific to the radionuclides of interest.5.4 This test method may not be cited as a method for the determination of gross alpha- or beta-activity concentrations in a solid/soil matrix or the acid digestate of the same. The use of this test method for such applications brings the potential for serious bias and incomparability of results dependent on the matrix constituents, manner of sample preparation or treatment, or both.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of gross alpha- and beta- activity concentrations in a homogeneous water sample. It is applicable to alpha emitters with activity concentration levels above 0.11 Bq/L (3 pCi/L) and beta emitters with activity concentration levels above 0.15 Bq/L (4 pCi/L). This test method is not applicable to samples containing radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.1.2 This test method may also be used for the direct measurement of gross alpha- and beta- activity concentrations in homogeneous water samples with alpha emitter activity concentration levels above 1.8 Bq/L (50 pCi/L) and beta emitter activity concentration levels above 3.7 Bq/L (100 pCi/L).1.3 This test method was tested using single-operator tests.2,3 A collaborative study following the U.S. EPA “Protocol for the Evaluation of Alternate Test Procedures for Analyzing Radioactive Contaminants in Drinking Water” was performed. The results of this study are on file at ASTM Headquarters.41.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to pCi/L that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. An exception is noted in Section 14.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is a fast, cost-effective method that can yield limited isotopic activity levels for 238U and 234U, as well as total uranium activity. Although 232U is incorporated as a tracer, uranium recoveries for this test measured during the developmental work on this test method were usually between 95 and 105%. 5.2 The high-resolution alpha-liquid-scintillation spectrometer offers a constant (99.6 ± 0.1) % counting efficiency and instrument backgrounds as low as 0.001 counts per minute (min–1 ) over a 4 to 7 MeV energy range according to McDowell and McDowell (2). Count rates for extractive scintillator blanks and reagent blanks usually range from 0.01 min–1 to 0.1 min–1. 1.1 This test method covers determining the total soluble uranium activity in drinking water in the range of 0.037 Bq/L (1 pCi/L) or greater by selective solvent extraction and high-resolution alpha-liquid-scintillation spectrometry. The energy resolution obtainable with this technique also allows estimation of the 238U to 234U activity ratio. 1.2 This test method was tested successfully with reagent water and drinking water. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.

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5.1 Radium is one of the most radiotoxic elements. Its isotope of mass 226 is the most hazardous because of its long half-life. The isotopes 223 and 224, although not as hazardous, are of some concern in appraising the quality of water. 5.2 The alpha-particle-emitting isotopes of radium other than that of mass 226 may be determined by difference if radium-226 is measured separately, such as by Test Method D3454. Note that one finds 226Ra and 223Ra together in variable proportions (5, 6), but 224Ra does not normally occur with them. Thus, 223Ra often may be determined by simply subtracting the 226Ra content from the total: and if 226Ra and 223Ra are low, 224Ra may be determined directly. The determination of a single isotope in a mixture is less precise than if it occurred alone. 1.1 This test method covers the separation of dissolved radium from water for the purpose of measuring its radioactivity. Although all radium isotopes are separated, the test method is limited to alpha-particle-emitting isotopes by choice of radiation detector. The most important of these radioisotopes are 223Ra, 224Ra, and 226Ra. The lower limit of concentration to which this test method is applicable is 3.7 × 10-2 Bq/L (1 pCi/L). 1.2 This test method may be used for absolute measurements by calibrating with a suitable alpha-emitting radioisotope such as 226 Ra, or for relative methods by comparing measurements with each other. Mixtures of radium isotopes may be reported as equivalent 226Ra. Information is also provided from which the relative contributions of radium isotopes may be calculated. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific precautionary statement, see Section 9.

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This specification covers alpha plus beta titanium alloy forgings for use in surgical implants such as orthopaedic medical devices. The products should be forged by hammering, pressing, extruding, or upsetting bars or wires and should be free of splits, scales, cracks, flaws, and other imperfections. After hot forging, each product should be subjected to annealing treatment consisting of heating the parts to an appropriate temperature and followed by cooling. Samples should be tested according to the specified procedure and should conform to the required values for chemical composition, tensile strength, hardness, elongation, and area reduction.1.1 This specification covers the requirements for titanium alloy forgings for surgical implants, in the alpha plus beta condition, when the material forged conforms to Specifications F136 (UNS R56401), F1295 (UNS R56700), F1472 (UNS R56400), or F2066 (UNS R58150).1.2 The SI units in this standard are the primary units. The values stated in either primary SI units or secondary inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used when the determination of 238Pu isotopic abundance is required for plutonium samples. 1.1 This test method covers the use of alpha spectrometry for determining the 238Pu isotopic abundance in plutonium samples. It is particularly useful for samples in which the 238Pu content is less than 1 % of the total plutonium content. For such samples, mass spectrometric results are vulnerable to bias because of potential interference from any 238U isobar remaining after ion exchange. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of actinides by alpha spectrometry is an essential function of many environmental and other programs. Alpha spectrometry allows the identification and quantification of most alpha-emitting actinides. Although numerous separation methods are used, the final sample preparation technique has historically been by electrodeposition (Practice C1284). However, electrodeposition may have some drawbacks, such as time required, incompatibility with prior chemistry, thick deposits, and low recoveries. These problems may be minimized by using the neodymium fluoride coprecipitation method whose performance is well documented (1-6).4 To a lesser extent cerium fluoride has been used (7) but is not addressed in this practice.5.2 The sample mounting technique described in this practice is rapid, adds an additional purification step, since only those elements that form insoluble fluorides are mounted, and the sample and filter media can be dissolved and remounted if problems occur. The recoveries are better and resolution approaches normal in electrodeposited samples. Recoveries are sufficiently high that for survey work, if quantitative recoveries are not necessary, tracers can be omitted. Drawbacks to this technique include use of very hazardous hydrofluoric acid and the possibility of a non-reproducible and ill-defined counting geometry from filters that are not flat and may not be suitable for long retention. Also, although the total turn around time for coprecipitation may be less than for electrodeposition, coprecipitation requires more time and attention from the analyst.1.1 This practice covers the preparation of separated fractions of actinides for alpha spectrometry. It is applicable to any of the actinides that can be dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. Examples of applicable samples would be the final elution from an ion exchange separation or the final strip from a solvent extraction separation.21.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to detect possible exposures to uranium isotopes from occupational operations that may result in elimination via the urinary tract.1.1 This test method is applicable to the determination of uranium in urine at levels of detection dependent on sample size, count time, detector background, and tracer yield. It is designed as a screening tool for detection of possible exposure of occupational workers.1.2 This test method is designed for 50 mL of urine. This test method does not address the sampling protocol or sample preservation methods associated with its use.1.3 Test Method C1844 offers an alternative method for the analysis of uranium in urine using ICP-MS detection.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precautionary statement is given in Section 9.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides the speed and high decontamination factors attainable with liquid-liquid extraction of the actinides and eliminates filtration techniques that are more time consuming.5.2 This test method provides a precise determination of americium in concentrations normally found in environmental samples.1.1 This test method covers the determination of 241Am in soil by means of chemical separations and alpha spectrometry. It is designed to analyze up to 10 g of soil or other sample matrices that contain up to 30 mg of combined rare earths. This test method allows the determination of 241Am concentrations from ambient levels to applicable standards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder blended with alphatocopherol (vitamin E) intended for use in surgical implants. The requirements apply to alphatocopherol-containing UHMWPE in two forms. One is virgin polymer powder blended with alpha-tocopherol prior to consolidation. The second is any form fabricated from this blended, alpha-tocopherol-containing powder from which a finished product is subsequently produced. This specification does not apply to finished or semi-finished products that are doped with vitamin E after consolidation, nor to the packaged and sterilized finished implant, nor to UHMWPE materials extensively crosslinked by gamma and electron beam sources of ionizing radiation. Required material characteristics including composition, foreign matter, morphology, and mechanical characteristics are addressed by this specification.1.1 This specification covers ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) powder blended with alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E) intended for use in surgical implants.1.2 The requirements of this specification apply to alpha-tocopherol-containing UHMWPE in two forms. One is virgin polymer powder blended with alpha-tocopherol prior to consolidation (Section 4). The second is any form fabricated from this blended, alpha-tocopherol-containing powder from which a finished product is subsequently produced (Section 5). This specification does not apply to finished or semi-finished products that are doped with Vitamin E after consolidation.1.3 Aside from blending with alpha-tocopherol, the provisions of Specifications F648 and D4020 apply. Special requirements detailed in this specification are added to describe powders containing alpha-tocopherol that will be used in surgical implants. This specification addresses material characteristics and does not apply to the packaged and sterilized finished implant. This specification also does not apply to UHMWPE materials extensively crosslinked by gamma and electron beam sources of ionizing radiation.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the fabricated forms portion, Section 5, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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33.1 This method is suitable as a quality control test for the measurement of color in alpha olefin sulfonates.1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of alpha olefin sulfonates. The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  Sections Moisture by the Distillation Method 4 – 8 Sodium Sulfate  9 – 14 Neutral Oil 15 – 19 Chlorides Calculated as Sodium Chloride (NaCl) 20 – 24 Alkalinity 25 – 29 pH 30 and 31 Determination of Color 32 – 37 Determination of Active Content by Methylene Blue Titration 38 – 471.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precaution statement see 36.1. Material safety data sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.

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5.1 This test method is used to analyze soil for alpha-emitting uranium isotopes. It can be used to establish baseline uranium levels and to monitor depositions from nuclear facilities.1.1 This test method covers the determination of alpha-emitting uranium isotopes in soil. This test method describes one acceptable approach to the determination of uranium isotopes in soil.21.2 The test method is designed to analyze 10 g of soil. This test method may not be able to completely dissolve all forms of uranium in the soil matrix. Studies have indicated that the use of hydrofluoric acid to dissolve soil has resulted in lower values than results using total dissolution by fusion.1.3 The lower limit of detection is dependent on count time, sample size, detector, background, and tracer yield. The chemical yield averaged 78 % in a single laboratory evaluation, and 66 % in an interlaboratory collaborative study.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 11.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A soil sampling and analysis program provides a direct means of determining the concentration and distribution of radionuclides in soil. A soil analysis program has the most significance for the preoperational monitoring program to establish baseline concentrations prior to the operation of a nuclear facility. Soil analysis, although useful in special cases involving unexpected releases, is a poor technique for assessing small incremental releases and is therefore not recommended as a method for routine monitoring releases of radioactive material. Nevertheless, because soil is an integrator and a reservoir of long-lived radionuclides, and serves as an intermediary in several of the plutonium pathways of potential importance to humans, knowledge of the concentration of plutonium in soil is essential.1.1 This test method covers the determination of plutonium in soils at levels of detection dependent on count time, sample size, detector, background, and tracer yield. This test method describes one acceptable approach to the determination of plutonium in soil.1.2 This test method is designed for 10 g of soil, previously collected and treated as described in Practices C998 and C999, but sample sizes up to 50 g may be analyzed by this test method. This test method may not be able to completely dissolve all forms of plutonium in the soil matrix.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Alpha-particle spectrometry can be used either as a quantitative counting technique or as a qualitative method for informing the analyst of the purity of a given sample.5.2 The method may be used for evaporated alpha-particle sources, but the quality of the spectra obtained will be limited by the absorbing material on the planchet and the surface finish of the planchet.1.1 This practice covers the processes that are required to obtain well-resolved alpha-particle spectra from water samples and discusses associated problems. This practice is generally combined with specific chemical separations, mounting techniques, and counting instrumentation, as referenced.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of actinide elements by alpha spectrometry measurement is an essential part of many environmental research, bioassay, and monitoring programs. Alpha spectrometry measurements identify and quantify the alpha-emitting actinide elements. A variety of separation methods will typically precede the electrodeposition of a sample for alpha spectrometry measurements. In addition to the electrodeposition procedure presented in this practice, the scientific literature contains other procedures for actinide electrodeposition.NOTE 1: An alternate method for mounting actinides for alpha spectrometry measurements by coprecipitation with neodymium fluoride is described in Practice C1163.1.1 This practice covers the preparation of separated actinide fractions for alpha spectrometry measurement.2 It is applicable to any of the actinides that can be dissolved in dilute ammonium sulfate solution. Examples of applicable actinide fractions would be an elution from an ion exchange / extraction chromatography separation or the final strip from a solvent extraction separation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method was developed for the purpose of measuring gross alpha radioactivity in water. It is used for the analysis of both process and environmental water to determine gross alpha activity which is often a result of natural radioactivity present in minerals.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of alpha particle activity of water. It is applicable to nuclides that emit alpha particles with energies above 3.9 MeV and at activity levels above 0.02 Bq/mL (540 pCi/L) of radioactive homogeneous water. This test method is not applicable to samples containing alpha-emitting radionuclides that are volatile under conditions of the analysis.1.2 This test method can be used for either absolute or relative determinations. In tracer work, the results may be expressed by comparison with a standard that is defined to be 100 %. For radioassay, data may be expressed in terms of alpha disintegration rates after calibration with a suitable standard. General information on radioactivity and measurement of radiation has been published in Refs (1-3)2 and summarized in Practices D3648.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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