5.1 Biodiesel is a fuel commodity primarily used as a blending component with diesel fuel. It is important to check the concentration of biodiesel in the diesel fuel in order to make sure it is either not below the minimum allowable limit and or does not exceed the maximum allowable limit.5.2 This test method is applicable for quality control in the production and distribution of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.1.1 This test method determines fatty acid methyl esters (FAME or biodiesel) in diesel fuel oils. FAME can be quantitatively determined from 1.0 % to 30.0 % by volume. This test method uses linear variable filter (LVF) array based mid-infrared spectroscopy for monitoring FAME concentration.NOTE 1: See Section 6 for a list of interferences that could affect the results produced from this method.1.2 This test method uses a horizontal attenuated total reflectance (HATR) crystal and a univariate calibration.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating linear phased-array ultrasonic probes. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.5.2 Implementation may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.5.3 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this guide to specify, describe, or provide performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of linear phased-array ultrasonic probes. All or portions of the standard practice may be used as determined by the user.5.4 The measurements are made primarily under pulse-echo conditions. To determine the relative performance of a probe element as either a transmitter or a receiver may require additional tests.5.5 While these procedures relate to many of the significant parameters, others that may be important in specific applications may not be treated. These might include power handling capability, breakdown voltage, wear properties of contact units, radio-frequency interference, and the like.5.6 Care must be taken to ensure that comparable measurements are made and that users of the standard practice follow similar procedures. The conditions specified or selected (if optional) may affect the test results and lead to apparent differences.5.7 Interpretation of some test results, such as the shape of the frequency response curve, may be subjective. Small irregularities may be significant. Interpretation of the test results is beyond the scope of this practice.5.8 Certain results obtained using the procedures outlined may differ from measurements made with phased-array ultrasonic test instruments. These differences may be attributed to differences in the nature of the experiment or the electrical characteristics of the instrumentation.5.9 The pulse generator used to obtain the frequency response and time response of the probe must have a rise time, duration, and spectral content sufficient to excite the probe over its full bandwidth, otherwise time distortion and erroneous results may result.1.1 This practice covers measurement procedures for evaluating certain characteristics of phased-array ultrasonic probes that are used with phased-array ultrasonic examination instrumentation.1.2 This practice describes means for obtaining performance data that may be used to define the acoustic and electric responses of phased-array ultrasonic probes including contact (with or without a wedge) and immersion linear phased-array probes used for ultrasonic nondestructive testing with central frequencies ranging from 0.5 MHz to 10 MHz. Frequencies outside of this range may use the same methods but the testing equipment may vary.1.3 When ultrasonic values dependent on material are specified in this practice, they are based on carbon steel with an ultrasonic wave propagation speed of 5920 m/s (±50 m/s) for longitudinal wave modes and 3255 m/s (±30 m/s) for transverse or shear wave modes.1.4 This practice describes some of the characterization and verification procedures that can be carried out at the end stage of the manufacturing process of linear phased array probes. This practice does not describe the methods or acceptance criteria used to verify the performance of the combined phased array ultrasonic instrument and probe system.1.5 While this practice is intended to provide standardized procedures for evaluating linear phased-array ultrasonic probes, it may, with suitable modifications, be used for evaluation of configurations other than linear; for example, 1.5D or 2D matrix array probes.1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice is intended for the semi-automated or automated ultrasonic examination of electrofusion joints used in the construction and maintenance of polyethylene piping systems.5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used instead of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution, and mining industries due to its reliability and resistance to corrosion and erosion.5.3 The joining process can be subject to a variety of flaws including, but not limited to: lack of fusion, cold fusion, particulate contamination, inclusions, short stab depth, and voids.5.4 Polyethylene material can have a range of acoustic characteristics that make electrofusion joint examination difficult. Polyethylene materials are highly attenuative, which often limits the use of higher ultrasonic frequencies. It also exhibits a natural high frequency filtering effect. An example of the range of acoustic characteristics is provided in Table 1.6 The table notes the wide range of acoustic velocities reported in the literature. This makes it essential that the reference blocks are made from pipe grade polyethylene with the same density cell class as the electrofusion fitting examined.(A) A range of velocity and attenuation values have been noted in the literature (1-9).5.5 Polyethylene is reported to have a shear velocity of 987 m/s. However, due to extremely high attenuation in shear mode (on the order of 5 dB/mm (127 dB/in.) at 2 MHz) no practical examinations can be carried out using shear mode (6).5.6 Due to the wide range of applications, joint acceptance criteria for polyethylene pipe are usually project-specific.5.7 A cross-sectional view of a typical joint between polyethylene pipe and an electrofusion coupling is illustrated in Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Typical Cross-Sectional View of an Electrofusion Coupling Joint1.1 This practice covers procedures for phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) of electrofusion joints in polyethylene pipe systems. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are most commonly used, the procedures described may apply to other types of polyethylene.NOTE 1: The notes in this practice are for information only and shall not be considered part of this practice.NOTE 2: This standard references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applications defined by Specification D3350.1.2 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination of butt fusions. Ultrasonic testing of polyethylene butt fusion joints is addressed in Practice E3044/E3044M.1.3 Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) of polyethylene electrofusion joints uses longitudinal waves introduced by an array probe mounted on a zero degree wedge. This practice is intended to be used on polyethylene electrofusion couplings for use on polyethylene pipe ranging in diameters from nominal 4 in. to 28 in. (100 mm to 710 mm) and for coupling wall thicknesses from 0.3 in. to 2 in. (8 mm to 50 mm). Greater and lesser thicknesses and diameters may be tested using this standard practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same geometry.1.4 This practice does not specify acceptance criteria.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The array method provides objective measurements for determining the fiber length and length distribution in a sample of cotton. The results can be plotted to show the length-weight distribution of all the fibers in the sample. Data obtained from array tests are useful in fiber length research studies, for investigation of changes in fiber length distribution in ginning and mill processing, and for other research purposes.5.2 Upper quartile length is correlated with, but usually longer than, Fibrograph and 2.5 % span length as defined in Test Method D1447. Judgment must be used in making comparisons between length measures from arrays and measures obtained by other methods, which may be basically different.5.3 The coefficient of length variation is a measure of length distribution, or nonuniformity of length. Because the fiber weight-length distribution is usually highly skewed, statistical judgments based on the assumption of normality are not justified.FIG. 1 Combs and Accessories for Arraying Fibers According to Lengtha and c—Banks of combs.b—Forceps, tips padded with hard leather, for transferring fibers from one set of combs to the other.d—Depressor for placing fibers in combs.f—Dissecting needle.g—Fork for scooping up fiber groups off velvet surface.h—Aluminum plate covered with velvet cloth.i—Special rule for measuring length of fiber groups.k—Smooth plate for placing fibers onto velvet surfaces.l—Wire rack for holding fiber groups wrapped in papers.m—Smooth pointed tweezers.n—Lift for raising combs in place.o—Rack for holding velvet-covered boards.p—Velvet-covered boards on which several pulls have been arrayed.NOTE 1: Other accessories required for length arraying, not shown above, consist of the following: small whisk broom for cleaning velvet surfaces, one pair of tweezers with smooth round tips, forceps similar to b but having tips padded with rubber for laying groups on velvet surfaces, small papers for wrapping groups of fibers (papers 21/2 by 3 in. (62 by 75 mm)) with small envelopes for them (21/2 by 41/4 in. (62 by 110 mm)), and balances having ranges from 0 to 25 mg and 0 to 100 mg.5.4 The array method makes a physical separation of fibers of different lengths. It therefore serves as a standard, or benchmark, with which other methods may be compared and by which their precision and accuracy may be judged.5.5 Test Method D1440 for testing length and length distribution of cotton fibers (array method) is not commonly used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fiber length and length distribution in loose cotton fibers.NOTE 1: For another method for measuring fiber length, see Test Method D1447.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This test method covers the measurement of the sheet resistance of metallic thin films with a collinear four-probe array. It is intended for use with rectangular metallic films formed by deposition of a material or by a thinning process and supported by an insulating substrate. This test method is suitable for referee measurement purposes as well as for routine acceptance measurements. A collinear four-probe array is used to determine the sheet resistance by passing a measured direct current through the specimen between the outer probes and measuring the resulting potential difference between the inner probes. The sheet resistance is calculated from the measured current and potential values using correction factors associated with the geometry of the specimen and the probe spacing. The accuracy of the electrical measuring equipment is tested by means of an analog circuit containing a known standard resistor together with other resistors which simulate the resistance at the contacts between the probe tips and the film surface.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the sheet resistance of metallic thin films with a collinear four-probe array. It is intended for use with rectangular metallic films between 0.01 and 100 [mu]m thick, formed by deposition of a material or by a thinning process and supported by an insulating substrate, in the sheet resistance range from 10 to 10 [omega]/[open-box] (see 3.1.3). 1.2 This test method is suitable for referee measurement purposes as well as for routine acceptance measurements. 1.3 The values stated in Si units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This standard provides a guide for the other DDA standards (see Practices E2597, E2698, and E2737). It is not intended for use with computed radiography apparatus. Figure 1 describes how this standard is interrelated with the aforementioned standards.FIG. 1 Flow Diagram Representing the Connection Between the Four DDA Standards4.2 This guide is intended to assist the user to understand the definitions and corresponding performance parameters used in related standards as stated in 4.1 in order to make an informed decision on how a given DDA can be used in the target application.4.3 This guide is also intended to assist cognizant engineering officers, prime manufacturers, and the general service and manufacturing customer base that may rely on DDAs to provide advanced radiological results so that these parties may set their own acceptance criteria for use of these DDAs by suppliers and shops to verify that their parts and structures are of sound integrity to enter into service.4.4 The manufacturer characterization standard for DDA (see Practice E2597) serves as a starting point for the end user to select a DDA for the specific application at hand. DDA manufacturers and system integrators will provide DDA performance data using standardized geometry, X-ray beam spectra, and phantoms as prescribed in Practice E2597. The end user will look at these performance results and compare DDA metrics from various manufacturers and will decide on a DDA that can meet the specification required for inspection by the end user. See Sections 5 and 8 for a discussion on the characterization tests and guidelines for selection of DDAs for specific applications.4.5 Practice E2698 is designed to assist the end user to set up the DDA with minimum requirements for radiological examinations. This standard will also help the user to get the required SNR, to set up the required magnification, and provides guidance for viewing and storage of radiographs. Discussion is also added to help the user with marking and identification of parts during radiological examinations.4.6 Practice E2737 is designed to help the end user with a set of tests so that the stability of the performance of the DDA can be confirmed. Additional guidance is provided in this document to support this standard.4.7 Figure 1 provides a summary of the interconnectivity of these four DDA standards.4.8 DDAs may be used with significant success under a wide energy range, i.e. from 10 kV to 20 MeV if configured appropriately. However in this document some phantoms such as the duplex wire gauge (Practice E2002) may not give an accurate representation of the basic spatial resolution at energies above 600 kV.1.1 This standard is a user guide, which is intended to serve as a tutorial for selection and use of various digital detector array systems nominally composed of the detector array and an imaging system to perform digital radiography. This guide also serves as an in-detail reference for the following standards: Practices E2597, E2698, and E2737.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to be used by the DDA user to measure and record the baseline performance of an acquired DDA in order to monitor its performance throughout its service as an imaging system. This practice is not intended to be used as an “acceptance test” of a DDA.4.2 This practice defines the tests to be performed and their required intervals. Also defined are the methods of tabulating results that DDA users will complete following initial baselining of the DDA system. These tests will also be performed periodically at the stated required intervals to evaluate the DDA system to determine if the system remains within acceptable operational limits as established in this practice and defined between the user and CEO.4.3 There are several factors that affect the quality of a DDA image including the basic spatial resolution, geometric unsharpness, scatter, signal to noise ratio, contrast sensitivity, contrast/noise ratio, image lag, and for some types of DDAs, burn-in. There are several additional factors and settings which can affect these results (for example, integration time, detector parameters, imaging software, and even X-ray radiation quality). Additionally, detector correction techniques may have an impact on the quality of the image. This practice delineates tests for each of the properties listed herein and establishes standard techniques for assuring repeatability throughout the lifecycle testing of the DDA.1.1 This practice covers the baseline and periodic performance evaluation of Digital Detector Array (DDA) systems used for industrial radiography. It is intended to ensure that the evaluation of image quality, as far as this is influenced by the DDA system, meets the needs of users, and their customers, and enables process control to monitor long-term stability of the DDA system.1.2 This practice specifies the fundamental parameters of DDA systems to be measured to determine baseline performance, and to track the long-term stability of the DDA system.1.3 The DDA system tests specified in this practice shall be completed upon acceptance of the system from the manufacturer to baseline the performance of the DDA. Periodic performance testing shall then be used to monitor long-term stability of the system in order to identify when an action needs to be taken due to system degradation beyond a certain defined level.1.4 Two types of phantoms, the duplex plate and the five-groove wedge, are used for testing as specified herein. The use of these two types of phantoms is not intended to exclude the use of other phantom configurations. In the event the tests or phantoms specified herein are not sufficient or appropriate, the user, in coordination with the cognizant engineering organization (CEO) may develop additional or modified tests, test objects, phantoms, or image quality indicators to evaluate the DDA system performance. Acceptance levels for these ALTERNATE test methods shall be determined by agreement between the user and CEO.1.5 The user of this practice shall consider that higher energies than 450 keV may require different test methods or modifications to the test methods described here. This practice is not intended for usage with isotopes.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Guide G96 describes a linear-polarization method and an electrical resistance method for online monitoring of corrosion in plant equipment without the need to enter the system physically to withdraw coupons. These two online monitoring techniques are useful in systems in which process upsets or other problems can create corrosive conditions. An early warning of corrosive attack can permit remedial action before significant damage occurs to process equipment. The two methods described in Guide G96 are suitable for uniform corrosion, but may not be sensitive enough for non-uniform corrosion, especially localized corrosion. This guide describes a new method for monitoring non-uniform corrosion, especially localized corrosion.4.2 The CMAS technique measures the net anodic current or net cathodic current from each of the individual electrodes (Iaex or Icex in Fig. 1), which is the characteristic of non-uniform corrosion such as localized corrosion and uneven general corrosion. Therefore, the CMAS technique can be used to estimate the rate of uneven general corrosion and localized corrosion (see Section 5).FIG. 1 Principle of CMAS ProbeNOTE 1: The upper section shows the electron flows from the corroding area to the less corroding areas inside a metal when localized corrosion takes place; the lower section shows the electron flows after the anodic and cathodic areas are separated into individual small electrodes and coupled through an external circuit that measures the anodic current (Iaex) and cathodic current (Icex) through each of the individual electrodes (4).4.3 Unlike uniform corrosion, the rate of non-uniform corrosion, especially localized corrosion, can vary significantly from one area to another area of the same metal exposed to the same environment. Allowance shall be made for such variations when the measured non-uniform corrosion rate is used to estimate the penetration of the actual metal structure or the actual wall of process equipment. This variability is less critical when relative changes in corrosion rate are to be detected, for example, to track the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors in an inhibited system.4.4 The same as the method described in Guide G96, the CMAS technique described in this guide provides a technique for determining corrosion rates without the need to enter the system physically to withdraw coupons as required by the methods described in Guide G4.4.5 The same as the methods described in Guide G96, the CMAS technique is useful in systems in which process upsets or other problems can create corrosive conditions. An early warning of corrosive attack can permit remedial action before significant damage occurs to process equipment.4.6 The CMAS technique provides the instantaneous corrosion rate within 10 s to 40 s making it suitable for automatic corrosion inhibitor dosing control.4.7 The CMAS technique is an online technique and may be used to provide real-time measurements for internal corrosion of pipelines and process vessels, external corrosion of buried pipes and structures, and atmospheric corrosion of metal structures.1.1 This guide outlines the procedure for conducting corrosion monitoring in laboratories and plants by use of the coupled multielectrode array sensor (CMAS) technique.1.2 For plant applications, this technique can be used to assess the instantaneous non-uniform corrosion rate, including localized corrosion rate, on a continuous basis, without removal of the monitoring probes, from the plant.1.3 For laboratory applications, this technique can be used to study the effects of various testing conditions and inhibitors on non-uniform corrosion, including pitting corrosion and crevice corrosion.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Eddy Current Arrays for Crack Detection and Sizing in Carbon Steel Welds—Eddy current sensor arrays permit rapid examination of carbon steel welds for surface-breaking cracks located on the surface closest to the sensor array. As described in Guide E2884, these sensor arrays can have multiple drive-sense pairs for each element of the array or a large single drive winding construct with multiple individual sense elements. However, not all ECA probe designs allow for accurate depth sizing of such discontinuities over a significant range (several millimeters, for example). To achieve proper crack depth sizing, the system shall exhibit certain characteristics, such as: (1) a lift-off signal that allows monitoring the lift-off over the range of values of interest for the examination, (2) suitable separation between the lift-off signal and the defect signal (this depends upon the instrument used and can be viewed as a phase separation in an impedance plane display), (3) the capability to make use of the lift-off values for crack depth determination, (4) the capability to take into account material properties variations for crack depth determination along and across the weld, and (5) a uniform sensitivity for the sensing elements of the array in order to provide an effective single-pass examination, which is expected when using an array sensor.4.2 Array Sensors and Single Sensing Element Sensors—Depending on the weld geometry, it may be possible to use either a sensor array or a sensor with a single sensing element. The sensor array generally provides a better spatial representation of the weld properties and an improved probability of detection for discontinuities. The size of the array, as well as the size and number of individual sensing elements within the array depend on the weld geometry and other factors such as target discontinuities. When a single-sensing element sensor is used, it shall produce signals that exhibit the characteristics listed in 4.1 and the maximum distance from the scan line to a target discontinuity, potentially detectable at a specified probability of detection, is typically 5 mm. Imaging of the weld region can be obtained with a single element sensor if raster scanning is performed.4.3 Conformable Sensors—Examining welds that are not ground flush typically requires a conformable array sensor, minimally along one axis. A conformable sensor is key to allowing the individual sensing elements to follow the profile of the weld cap, and to provide a uniform response over the region of interest during the examination when the array is oriented transverse to the weld and scanned along the length of the weld.4.4 Crack Depth Range—The crack depth sizing range over which the array sensor can provide accurate measurement depends on the sensor geometry, such as individual sensing element size and configuration. For example, larger sensing elements may provide the ability to size deeper cracks, but offer limited detection capability for shallow cracks. Appropriate array sensor selection and operating frequency is critical to ensure adequate performance for a given application. Typical operating frequencies range between 10 kHz and 500 kHz.4.5 Coating Thickness Range—The coating thickness range over which the array sensor can reliably detect and size cracks depends on the individual sensing element size and overall probe geometry, among other parameters. For any coated weld examination, a verification that the coating thickness is within the probe specification range is critical to ensure adequate results.4.6 Crack Length Range—The crack length range over which the array sensor performs best depends on the individual sensing element size and on any data processing performed on the data. The size of the individual sensing element mainly affects the minimum crack length detectable, while data processing (a high pass filter, for example) may have a critical impact on the maximum measurable crack length.4.7 Sensitivity Uniformity—In order to provide a high probability of detection and allow accurate length and depth sizing, it is critical that the sensitivity across the sense elements of the array be uniform. The array sensor shall exhibit variations in sensitivity no greater than 15 %. The sensitivity across the array depends on the size and configuration of single sensing elements and shall be considered to determine the overall array accuracy. Overlapping individual sensing elements may be required to achieve the adequate level of sensitivity uniformity (for example, this can be achieved with multiple staggered rows of single sensing elements or with a linear array oriented at a non-perpendicular angle to the scan direction).4.8 Sizing and Accuracy—Depending on the material properties and weld surface condition, there is an optimal measurement performance range for the system. The instrument and sensor array probe, the air reference measurement and known material reference measurement, along with the operation procedure typically allow depth sizing within ±30 % of its true depth. Depth sizing accuracy is reduced when the system is operated outside its optimal range.1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is designed to determine whether a given material meets the purchaser's specification for plutonium content. This method may also be used, with sufficient qualification, for process control or accountability measurements associated with nuclear materials processing.1.1 This test method describes the determination of total plutonium as plutonium(III) in nitrate and chloride solutions. The technique is applicable to solutions resulting from plutonium dioxide powders and pellets (Test Methods C697), nuclear grade mixed oxides (Test Methods C698), plutonium metal (Test Methods C758), and plutonium nitrate solutions (Test Methods C759). Solid samples are dissolved using the appropriate dissolution techniques described in Practice C1168. The use of this technique for other plutonium-bearing materials has been reported (1-6),2 but final determination of applicability must be made by the user. The applicable concentration range for plutonium sample solutions is 10 to 200 g Pu/L.NOTE 1: As directly measured in the spectrophotometer, concentrations will be approximately 0.8 to 4.0 g Pu/L. Sample solutions are diluted to reach this target range. For solid samples, select the sample size and dissolved solution weight to yield sample solutions in the 10 to 30 g Pu/L range. With special preparation and spectral analysis techniques, the method has been applied to nitrate solutions in the 0.1 to 10 g Pu/L range.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This guide is intended to evaluate performance assessment of combinations of phased-array probes and instruments. It is not intended to define performance and acceptance criteria, but rather to provide data from which such criteria may be established.5.2 Recommended procedures described in this guide are intended to provide performance-related measurements that can be reproduced under the specified test conditions using simple targets and the phased-array test system itself. It is intended for phased-array flaw detection instruments operating in the nominal frequency range of 1 MHz to 20 MHz, but the procedures are applicable to measurements on instruments utilizing significantly higher frequency components.5.3 This guide is not intended for service calibration, or maintenance of circuitry for which the manufacturer’s instructions are available.5.4 Implementation of specific assessments may require more detailed procedural instructions in a format of the using facility.5.5 The measurement data obtained may be employed by users of this guide to specify, describe, or provide performance criteria for procurement and quality assurance, or service evaluation of the operating characteristics of phased-array systems.5.6 Not all assessments described in this guide are applicable to all systems. All or portions of the guide may be used as determined by the user.1.1 This guide covers procedures for evaluating some performance characteristics of phased-array ultrasonic examination instruments and systems.1.2 Evaluation of these characteristics is intended to be used for either comparing instruments and systems or, by periodic repetition, for detecting long-term changes in the characteristics of a given instrument or system. Significant changes may be indicative of impending failure, and, if beyond certain limits, will require corrective maintenance. Some electronic instrument characteristics in phased-array units are similar to non-phased-array units and may be measured as described in Practice E1065 or Guide E1324.1.3 Ultrasonic examination systems using pulsed-wave trains and A-scan presentation (rf or video) may be evaluated.1.4 This guide establishes no performance limits for examination systems; if such acceptance criteria are required, these shall be specified by the using parties. Where acceptance criteria are implied herein, they are for example only and are subject to more or less restrictive limits imposed by customer’s and end user’s controlling documents.1.5 The specific parameters to be evaluated, conditions, frequency of test, and report data required shall be determined by the user.1.6 This guide may be used for the evaluation of a complete examination system, including search unit, instrument, interconnections, scanner fixtures, connected alarm, and auxiliary devices. This guide is not intended to be used as a substitute for calibration or standardization of an instrument or system to inspect any given material.1.7 Required test apparatus includes selected test blocks and position encoders in addition to the instrument or system to be evaluated.1.8 Alternate procedures, such as examples described in this document, or others, may only be used with customer approval.1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The procedures described in this practice have proven utility in the inspecting (1) monolithic polymer matrix composites (laminates) for bulk defects, (2) metals for corrosion during the service life of the part of interest, (3) thickness checks, (4) adhesive bonding of metals, composites, and sandwich core constructions, (5) coatings, and (6) composite filament windings. Both unpressurized, and with suitable precautions, pressurized materials and components are inspected.5.2 This practice provides guidelines for the application of longitudinal wave examination to the detection and quantitative evaluation of damage, discontinuities, and thickness variations in materials.5.3 This practice is intended primarily for the testing of parts to acceptance criteria most typically specified in a purchase order or other contractual document, and for testing of parts in-service to detect and evaluate damage.5.4 MAUT search units provide near-surface resolution and detection of small discontinuities comparable to phased array transducers. They may or may not be capable of beam steering. The advantage of MAUT for straight-beam longitudinal wave inspections is the ability to provide real-time C-scan data, which facilitates data interpretation and shortens inspection time. Depending on inspection needs, data can be displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Toggling between pulse-echo and through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) modes without having to use another system or changing transducers is also possible.5.5 The MAUT technique has proven utility in the inspection of multi-ply carbon-fiber reinforced laminates used in primary aircraft structures.115.6 For ultrasonic testing of laminate composites and sandwich core materials using conventional UT equipment consult Practice E2580. Consult Practice E114 for ultrasonic testing of materials by the pulse-echo method using straightbeam longitudinal waves introduced by a piezoelectric element (transducer) with diameters of 3.2 mm to 28.6 mm (⅛ in. to 1⅛ in.) in contact with the material being examined and usually presented in an A-scan display.5.7 This practice is directed towards the evaluation of discontinuities detectable at normal beam incidence. If discontinuities or material integrity at other orientations are of concern such as through cracks and welds, alternate scanning techniques are required.5.8 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo—Pulsed energy is transmitted into materials, travels in a direction normal to the contact surface, and is reflected back to the search unit by discontinuity or boundary interfaces, which are parallel or near parallel to the contacted surface. These echoes return to the search unit, where they are converted from mechanical to electrical energy and are amplified by a receiver. The amplified echoes (signals) are displayed as A-, B- or C-scans, or three-dimensional renderings. Types of information that may be obtained from the pulsed-echo straight-beam practice are (1) apparent discontinuity size, (2) depth location of discontinuities, (3) material properties such as velocity of sound in the material, and similarly, the thickness of a material, and (4) the extent of bond and unbond (or fusion and lack of fusion) between two ultrasonic conducting materials if geometry and materials permit. In addition to detecting volumetric discontinuities such as delaminations (Fig. 3), ultrasonic thickness measurements can be made with MAUT search units in pulse-echo mode on basic shapes and products of many materials, and on precision machined parts, to determine wall thinning in process equipment caused by corrosion and erosion (Fig. 4).FIG. 3 Detection of Delamination in Flat Panel Carbon-fiber Reinforced Composite Using Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing Showing Typical A-, B- and C-Scans and A Three-dimensional Rendering (Pulse-Echo Method)FIG. 4 Detection of Wall Thinning Corrosion in 3.5 mm Thick Aluminum Plate Using Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing (Pulse-Echo Method)5.9 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission—In TTU, a transducer on one side of a part transmits an ultrasonic pulse to an aligned receiving transducer on the other side (Fig. 2). Alignment between the two transducers is often accomplished by automation. Attenuation or absence of the pulse coming to the receiving transducer indicates the presence of a defect. Advantages of TTU over pulse-echo include less attenuation of sound energy, absence of transducer ringing, and less of an effect of defect orientation on transmitted signal. However, two-sided access is necessary, and like pulse-echo, vertical defects such as through cracks are difficult to detect. Applications include inspection of plate and bar stock after manufacturing, and detection of disbonds in materials with high attenuation properties that hinder sound propagation, such as multiple bond layers, honeycomb cores (Fig. 5), and foam cores.FIG. 5 Detection of Disbond in A Sandwich Construction Consisting of A Graphite Fiber Reinforced Facesheet and An Aluminum Honeycomb Core Using Matrix Array Ultrasonic Testing (Through-Transmission Mode)5.10 This practice does not discuss nonlinear resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy, ultrasonic spectral analysis, use of angle beams, transverse waves, and guided waves that can be used to assist in bond characterization in composites or sandwich constructions.12 Air coupled ultrasonic inspection using MAUT search units to detect skin-to-core disbonds in sandwich constructions is also not discussed.1.1 This practice covers procedures for matrix array ultrasonic testing (MAUT) of monolithic composites, composite sandwich constructions, and metallic test articles. These procedures can be used throughout the life cycle of a part during product and process design optimization, on line process control, post-manufacturing inspection, and in-service inspection.1.2 In general, ultrasonic testing is a common volumetric method for detection of embedded or subsurface discontinuities. This practice includes general requirements and procedures which may be used for detecting flaws and for making a relative or approximate evaluation of the size of discontinuities and part anomalies. The types of flaws or discontinuities detected include interply delaminations, foreign object debris (FOD), inclusions, disbond/un-bond, fiber debonding, fiber fracture, porosity, voids, impact damage, thickness variation, and corrosion.1.3 Typical test articles include monolithic composite layups such as uniaxial, cross ply and angle ply laminates, sandwich constructions, bonded structures, and filament windings, as well as forged, wrought and cast metallic parts. Two techniques can be considered based on accessibility of the inspection surface: namely, pulse echo inspection for one-sided access and through-transmission for two-sided access. As used in this practice, both require the use of a pulsed straight-beam ultrasonic longitudinal wave followed by observing indications of either the reflected (pulse-echo) or received (through transmission) wave.1.4 This practice provides two ultrasonic test procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for inspection and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.1.4.1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo (non-contacting and contacting) is at a minimum a single matrix array transducer transmitting and receiving longitudinal waves in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 1). This procedure requires access to only one side of the specimen. This procedure can be conducted by automated or manual means. Automated and manual test results may be analyzed in real time or recorded and analyzed later.FIG. 1 Test Procedure A, Pulse Echo Apparatus Set-up for a Composite Panel (Left) and Metal Plate (Right) Using One-sided Access1.4.2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission (non-contacting and contacting) is a combination of two transducers. One transmits a longitudinal wave and the other receives the longitudinal wave in the range of 0.5 MHz to 20 MHz (see Fig. 2). This procedure requires access to both sides of the specimen. Typically, the signal transmitting and signal receiving transducers are perpendicularly aligned with each other. This is normally achieved using a yoke transducer holder arrangement, which attaches the two transducers to a single point but deploys them on opposite sides of the structure. Through transmission inspections are also permitted without the use of a yoke transducer holder. This is due to the capacity for improved manual alignment via the matrix array transducers, whereby the live C-scan display enables visual confirmation of accurate alignment, and facilitates re-alignment if needed. This procedure can be conducted by automated or manual means. Automated and manual test results may be imaged or recorded.FIG. 2 Test Procedure B, Through Transmission Apparatus Set-up using Two-sided Access1.5 Other contact methods such as angle-beam techniques using shear waves to characterize welds, or surface-beam techniques using Lamb waves to detect impact damage in composite panel structures are not covered.1.6 This practice does not specify accept-reject criteria.1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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