定价： 975元 / 折扣价： 829 元

定价： 975元 / 折扣价： 829 元 加购物车

定价： 689元 / 折扣价： 586 元

定价： 754元 / 折扣价： 641 元

定价： 767元 / 折扣价： 652 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide provides a protocol for detecting, characterizing, and quantifying nucleic acids (that is, DNA) of living and recently dead microorganisms in fuels and fuel-associated waters by means of a culture independent qPCR procedure. Microbial contamination is inferred when elevated DNA levels are detected in comparison to the expected background DNA level of a clean fuel and fuel system.5.2 A sequence of protocol steps is required for successful qPCR testing.5.2.1 Quantitative detection of microorganisms depends on the DNA-extraction protocol and selection of appropriate oligonucleotide primers.5.2.2 The preferred DNA extraction protocol depends on the type of microorganism present in the sample and potential impurities that could interfere with the subsequent qPCR reaction.5.2.3 Primers vary in their specificity. Some 16S and 18S RNA gene regions present in the DNA of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms appear to have been conserved throughout evolution and thus provide a reliable and repeatable target for gene amplification and detection. Amplicons targeting these conserved nucleotide sequences are useful for quantifying total population densities. Other target DNA regions are specific to a metabolic class (for example, sulfate reducing bacteria) or individual taxon (for example, the bacterial species Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Primers targeting these unique nucleotide sequences are useful for detecting and quantifying specific microbes or groups of microbes known to be associated with biodeterioration.5.3 Just as the quantification of microorganisms using microbial growth media employs standardized formulations of growth conditions enabling the meaningful comparison of data from different laboratories (Practice D6974), this guide seeks to provide standardization to detect, characterize, and quantify nucleic acids associated with living and recently dead microorganisms in fuel-associated samples using qPCR.NOTE 3: Many primers, and primer and probe combinations that are not covered in this guide may be used to perform qPCR. This guide does not attempt to cover all of the possible qPCR assays and does not suggest nor imply that the qPCR assays (that is, combinations of primers and probes, and reaction conditions) discussed here are better suited for qPCR than other qPCR assays not presented here. Additional, primers, primers and probes combination, and qPCR assay conditions may be added in the future to this guide as they become available to the ASTM scientific community. Guide D6469 reviews the types of damage that uncontrolled microbial growth in fuels and fuel systems can cause.5.4 Culture-based microbiological tests depend on the ability of microbes to proliferate in liquid, solid or semisolid nutrient media, in order for microbes in a sample to be detected.5.5 There is general consensus among microbiologists that only a fraction of the microbes believed to be present in the environment have been cultured successfully.5.6 Since the mid-1990s, genetic test methods that do not rely on cultivation have been increasingly favored for the detection and quantification of microorganisms in environmental samples.5.7 qPCR is a quantitative, culture-independent method that is currently used in the medical, food, and cosmetic industries for the detection and quantification of microorganisms.5.8 Since the early 2000s, qPCR methodology has evolved and is now frequently used to quantify microorganisms in fuel-associated samples, but there is currently no standardized methodology for employing qPCR for this application (1-6).3 The purpose of this guide is to provide guidance and standardization for genetic testing of samples using qPCR to quantify total microbial populations present in fuel-associated samples.5.9 Although this guide focuses on describing recommended protocols for the quantification of total microorganisms present in fuel-associated samples using qPCR, the procedures described here can also be applied to the standardization of qPCR assays for other genetic targets and environmental matrices.5.10 Genetic techniques have great flexibility so that it is possible to design a nearly infinite number of methods to detect and quantify each and every gene. Because of this flexibility of genetic techniques, it is important to provide a standard protocol for qPCR so that data generated by different laboratories can be compared.5.11 This guide provides recommendations for primers sequences and experimental methodology for qPCR assays for the quantification of total microorganisms present in fuel-associated samples.1.1 This guide covers procedures for using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), a genomic tool, to detect, characterize and quantify nucleic acids associated with microbial DNA present in liquid fuels and fuel-associated water samples.1.1.1 Water samples that may be used in testing include, but are not limited to, water associated with crude oil or liquid fuels in storage tanks, fuel tanks, or pipelines.1.1.2 While the intent of this guide is to focus on the analysis of fuel-associated samples, the procedures described here are also relevant to the analysis of water used in hydrotesting of pipes and equipment, water injected into geological formations to maintain pressure and/or facilitate the recovery of hydrocarbons in oil and gas recovery, water co-produced during the production of oil and gas, water in fire protection sprinkler systems, potable water, industrial process water, and wastewater.1.1.3 To test a fuel sample, the live and recently dead microorganisms must be separated from the fuel phase which can include any DNA fragments by using one of various methods such as filtration or any other microbial capturing methods.1.1.4 Some of the protocol steps are universally required and are indicated by the use of the word must. Other protocol steps are testing-objective dependent. At those process steps, options are offered and the basis for choosing among them are explained.1.2 The guide describes the application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology to determine total bioburden or total microbial population present in fuel-associated samples using universal primers that allow for the quantification of 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA genes that are present in all prokaryotes (that is, bacteria and archaea) and eucaryotes (that is, mold and yeast collectively termed fungi), respectively.1.3 This guide describes laboratory protocols. As described in Practice D7464, the qualitative and quantitative relationship between the laboratory results and actual microbial communities in the systems from which samples are collected is affected by the time delay and handling conditions between the time of sampling and time that testing is initiated.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard with the exception of the concept unit of gene copies/mL (that is, 16S or 18S gene copies/mL) to indicate the starting concentration of microbial DNA for the intended microbial targets (that is, bacteria, archaea, fungi).1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This practice covers the testing of the integrity of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters installed in laminar flow clean rooms of the ceiling to floor or wall to wall type, and laminar flow clean work stations using condensation nuclei detector. The recommended practice may be used to detect faults or voids in the filter media itself or in the joints between the filter and the room or work station structure. The preparation for testing and the procedure for the proper testing are presented in details.1.1 This practice covers the testing of the integrity of high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters installed in laminar flow clean rooms of the ceiling to floor or wall to wall type, and laminar flow clean work stations. The recommended practice may be used to detect faults or voids in the filter media itself or in the joints between the filter and the room or work station structure. The determination of filter media efficiency is not within the scope of this practice.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses in inch-pound units are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, most anthropogenic chemicals and waste materials including toxic organic and inorganic chemicals can accumulate in sediment, which can in turn serve as a source of exposure for organisms living on or in sediment. Contaminated sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of contaminants for bioaccumulation in the food chain.5.2 The objective of a sediment test is to determine whether chemicals in sediment are harmful to or are bioaccumulated by benthic organisms. The tests can be used to measure interactive toxic effects of complex chemical mixtures in sediment. Furthermore, knowledge of specific pathways of interactions among sediments and test organisms is not necessary to conduct the tests. Sediment tests can be used to: (1) determine the relationship between toxic effects and bioavailability, (2) investigate interactions among chemicals, (3) compare the sensitivities of different organisms, (4) determine spatial and temporal distribution of contamination, (5) evaluate hazards of dredged material, (6) measure toxicity as part of product licensing or safety testing, (7) rank areas for clean up, and (8) estimate the effectiveness of remediation or management practices.5.3 Results of toxicity tests on sediments spiked at different concentrations of chemicals can be used to establish cause and effect relationships between chemicals and biological responses. Results of toxicity tests with test materials spiked into sediments at different concentrations may be reported in terms of a LC50 (median lethal concentration), an EC50 (median effect concentration), an IC50 (inhibition concentration), or as a NOEC (no observed effect concentration) or LOEC (lowest observed effect concentration). However, spiked sediment may not be representative of chemicals associated with sediment in the field. Mixing time, aging and the chemical form of the material can affect responses of test organisms in spiked sediment tests (10.6).5.4 Evaluating effect concentrations for chemicals in sediment requires knowledge of factors controlling their bioavailability. Similar concentrations of a chemical in units of mass of chemical per mass of sediment dry weight often exhibit a range in toxicity in different sediments (Di Toro et al. 1990 (4), 1991 (2)). Effect concentrations of chemicals in sediment have been correlated to interstitial water concentrations, and effect concentrations in interstitial water are often similar to effect concentrations in water-only exposures. The bioavailability of nonionic organic compounds and metals in sediment is often inversely correlated with the organic carbon concentration; moreover, the bioavailability of metals in sediment are often inversely correlated with acid volatile sulfide. Whatever the route of exposure, these correlations of effect concentrations to interstitial water concentrations indicate that predicted or measured concentrations in interstitial water can be used to quantify the exposure concentration to an organism. Therefore, information on partitioning of chemicals between solid and liquid phases of sediment is useful for establishing effect concentrations (DiToro et al. 1990 (4), 1991 (2); Wenning et al. 2005 (19)).5.5 Field surveys can be designed to provide either a qualitative reconnaissance of the distribution of sediment contamination or a quantitative statistical comparison of contamination among sites. Surveys of sediment toxicity are usually part of more comprehensive analyses of biological, chemical, geological, and hydrographic data (USEPA 2002a, b, and c) (20-22). Statistical correlations may be improved and sampling costs may be reduced if subsamples are taken simultaneously for sediment tests, chemical analyses, and benthic community structure.5.6 Table 1 lists several approaches used to assess of sediment quality. These approaches include: (1) equilibrium partitioning sediment guidelines (ESGs; USEPA 2003 (23), 2005 (24); Nowell et al. 2016 (25)), (2) empirical sediment quality guidelines (for example, probable effect concentrations, PECs; MacDonald et al. 2000 (26), Ingersoll et al. 2001 (27)), (3) tissue residues, (4) interstitial water toxicity, (5) whole-sediment toxicity with field-collected sediment tests and with sediment-spiking tests, (6) benthic community structure, and (7) sediment quality triad integrating data from sediment chemistry, sediment toxicity and benthic community structure (Burton 1991 (28), Chapman et al. 1997 (29), USEPA 2002a, b, and c (20-22)). The sediment assessment approaches listed in Table 1 can be classified as numeric (for example, ESGs), descriptive (for example, whole-sediment toxicity tests), or a combination of numeric and descriptive approaches (for example, PECs). Numeric methods can be used to derive chemical-specific effects-based sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Although each approach can be used to make site-specific decisions, no one single approach can adequately address sediment quality. Overall, an integration of several methods using the weight of evidence is the most desirable approach for assessing the effects of contaminants associated with sediment (USEPA 2002a, b, and c (20-22), Wenning et al. 2005 (19), Guide E1525, Guide E3163). Hazard evaluations integrating data from laboratory exposures, chemical analyses, and benthic community assessments (the sediment quality triad) provide strong complementary evidence of the degree of pollution-induced degradation in aquatic communities (Burton 1991 (28), Chapman et al. 1997 (29)). Importantly, the weight of the evidence needed to make a decision (number of methods used) should be determined based on the weight (cost) of the decision.1.1 Relevance of Sediment Contamination—Sediment provides habitat for many aquatic organisms and is a major repository for many of the more persistent chemicals that are introduced into surface waters. In the aquatic environment, both organic and inorganic chemicals may accumulate in sediment, which can in turn serve as a source of exposure for organisms living on or in sediment. Contaminated sediments may be directly toxic to aquatic life or can be a source of contaminants for bioaccumulation in the food chain.1.2 Sediment Assessment Tools—Several types of information may be useful in assessing the risk, or potential risk, posed by sediment contaminants, including: (1) chemical analysis of sediment contaminants; (2) sediment toxicity tests, (3) bioaccumulation tests; and (4) surveys of benthic community structure. Each of these provides a different type of information to the assessment, and integrating information from all four lines of evidence may often provide the most robust assessments.1.3 Strengths of Toxicity Testing of Contaminated Sediments—Directly assessing the toxicity of contaminated sediments provides some of the same advantages to sediment assessment that whole effluent toxicity testing provides to management of industrial and municipal effluents. As for effluent tests, direct testing of sediment toxicity allows the assessment of biological effects even if: (1) the identities of toxic chemicals present are not (or not completely) known; (2) the influence of site-specific characteristics of sediments on toxicity (bioavailability) is not understood; and (3) the interactive or aggregate effects of mixtures of chemicals present are not known or cannot be adequately predicted. In addition, testing the response of benthic or epibenthic organisms exposed via sediment provides an assessment that is based on the same routes of exposure that would exist in nature, rather than only through water column exposure.1.4 Relating Sediment Exposure to Toxicity—One of the challenges with sediment assessment is that the toxicity of sediment contaminants can vary greatly with differences in sediment characteristics; a bulk sediment concentration (normalized to dry weight) may be sufficient to cause toxicity in one sediment, while the same concentration in another sediment does not cause toxicity (for example, Adams et al. 1985) (1).2 Factors such as the amount and characteristics of the organic carbon present in sediment can alter the bioavailability of many chemicals (Di Toro et al. 1991 (2); Ghosh 2007 (3)), as can other characteristics such as acid volatile sulfide or iron and manganese oxides (Di Toro et al. 1990 (4), Tessier et al. 1996 (5)). Direct measurement of toxicity in contaminated sediments can provide a means to measure the aggregate effects of such factors on the bioavailability of sediment toxicants.1.5 Understanding the Causes of Sediment Toxicity—While direct testing of sediment toxicity has the advantage of being able to detect the effects of any toxic chemical present, it has the disadvantage of not providing any specific indication of what chemical or chemicals are causing the observed responses. Other techniques, such as spiked-sediment toxicity tests or Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE) methods for sediments have been developed and are available to help evaluate cause/effect relationships (USEPA 2007) (6).1.6 Uses of Sediment Toxicity Tests—Toxicity tests conducted on sediments collected from field locations can be used to: (1) conduct surveys of sediment quality as measured by sediment toxicity; (2) prioritize areas of sediment for more detailed investigation of sediment contamination; (3) determine the spatial extent of sediment toxicity; (4) compare the sensitivity of different organisms to sediment contamination; (5) evaluate the relationship between the degree of sediment contamination and biological effects along a contamination gradient; (6) evaluate the suitability of sediments for removal and placement at other location (for example, dredged material disposal); (7) help establish goals for remedial actions; and (8) assess the effectiveness of remedial actions at reducing sediment toxicity. These applications are generally targeted at assessing the likely biological effects of bedded sediments at field sites at the time of sampling. However, toxicity testing of natural or artificial sediments spiked with known quantities of chemicals can also be used to evaluate additional questions such as: (1) determining the potency of a chemical to organisms exposed via sediment; (2) evaluating the effect of sediment composition on chemical bioavailability or toxicity; (3) informing chemical-specific risk assessments for chemicals that may accumulate and persist in sediments upon release; (4) establishing regulatory guidance for chemicals in water or sediment. Spiked sediment studies have the advantage of allowing uni-variate experiments in which exposure gradients can be reliably constructed; as such they lend themselves to the derivation of standardized point estimates of effect, such as a median lethal concentration (LC50) or concentration reducing sublethal performance by a specified amount, such as an effect concentration (for example, EC20 estimated to reduce weight of test organisms by 20 %).1.7 Limitations—While some safety considerations are included in this standard, it is beyond the scope of this standard to encompass all safety requirements necessary to conduct sediment toxicity tests.1.8 This standard is arranged as follows:   Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Methods 4 5Interferences 6Water, Formulated Sediments, Reagents 7Health, Safety, Waste Management, Biosecurity 8Facilities, Equipment, and Supplies 9Sample Collection, Storage, Characterization, and Spiking 10Quality Assurance and Quality Control 11Collection, Culturing, and Maintaining the Amphipod Hyalella azteca and the Midge Chironomus dilutus 12Interpretation of Results and and Reporting 13Precision and Bias 14Keywords 15Annexes  Guidance for 10-d Sediment or Water Toxicity Tests with the Amphipod Hyalella azteca Annex A1Guidance for 42-d Sediment or Water Reproductive Toxicity Tests with the Amphipod Hyalella azteca Annex A2Guidance for 10-d Sediment or Water Toxicity Tests with the Midge Chironomus dilutus Annex A3Guidance for Sediment or Water Life Cycle Toxicity Tests with the Midge Chironomus dilutus Annex A4Guidance for Sediment Toxicity Tests with Juvenile Freshwater Mussels Annex A5Guidance for Sediment Toxicity Tests with the Midge Chironomus riparius Annex A6Guidance for Sediment Toxicity Tests with Mayflies (Hexagenia spp). Annex A7Guidance for Sediment Toxicity Tests with the Oligochaete Tubifex tubifex Annex A8References  1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 1189元 / 折扣价： 1011 元 加购物车

5.1 The investigation of retrieved implantable medical devices and adjacent tissues can be of value in the assessment of clinical complications associated with the use of a specific prosthetic device design; can expand the knowledge of clinical implant performance and interactions between implants and the body; provide information on implant performance and safety; and thus further the development of biocompatible implant materials and devices with improved performance. Comparison of wear patterns and wear particle morphology observed with retrievals and those observed with in vitro joint simulator tests can provide valuable insight into the validity of the in vitro simulation.5.2 A significant portion of the information associated with a retrieved implant is obtained with detailed studies of the device-tissue interface healing response. Appropriate methods are provided to facilitate a study of the particles in the tissues, and chemical analysis for the byproducts of degradation of the implant, and histologic evaluation of the cellular response to the implant.5.3 For the analysis to be accurate, it is essential that the device and associated tissues be removed minimizing as best as possible alteration of their form and structure. It is also essential that the tissues be handled in such a way as to avoid microbial or viral contamination of the work place or the investigator. The tissue-device interface may need to be stabilized with chemical fixation prior to separation of the device from it’s in-situ position. It is also highly recommended to document detailed information about the tissue specimens, including location of extraction. Standard protocols for the examination and collection of data are provided for retrieval and handling of implantable medical devices, as well as for specific types of materials in relation to their typical applications. For particular investigational programs, additional, more specific, protocols may be required. If special analytical techniques are employed, the appropriate procedures must be specified.5.4 In order to interpret the analysis of materials and tissues, it is also essential to capture a minimum data set regarding the reason for device removal, method of removal, method and timing preservation and clinical findings and laboratory studies documenting device performance.5.5 Planning of the overall retrieval analyses prior to execution of any of the protocols or methods within this practice is essential to maximize the overall effectiveness of the analyses. The plan shall be based on initial observations from the available clinical information, tissues, and implants. Subsequently, the plan may need to be revised based on results obtained throughout the analyses. Due to the potential interferences described in Section 6, protocols and methods should be executed in a sequence such as to minimize the impact of interferences5.6 Any destructive analysis of implants must be done so as to not destroy any features that may become the subject of litigation, in accordance with Practice E860. This standard recommendation should be applied in accordance with state or national regulations or legal requirements regarding the handling and analysis of retrieved implants and tissues.1.1 This practice covers recommendations for the retrieval, handling, and analysis of implanted medical devices and associated specimens that are removed from human and animal subjects during revision surgery and at postmortem. This practice may be used for the analysis of any implant including inert, bioactive, resorbable, and tissue engineered products. This practice can also be used for analysis of specimens and fluids from in vitro tests, including those from wear tests and joint simulators. The aim is to provide guidance to minimize iatrogenic damage during the recovery and handling of the associated specimens which could obscure the investigational results. This practice is also intended to provide guidance as to gathering data at the proper time and circumstance.1.2 This practice offers guidelines for the analysis of retrieved implants to limit damage to them, and to allow comparisons between investigational results from different studies. The protocols are divided into three stages, where Stage I is the minimum non-destructive analysis, Stage II is more complete non-destructive analysis, and Stage III is destructive analysis. Standard protocols for the examination and collection of data are provided for specific types of materials in relation to their typical applications. For particular investigational programs, additional, more specific, protocols may be required. If special analytical techniques are employed, the appropriate handling procedures must be specified. Note that regulations for handling of patient information, tissues, and retrieved devices will vary by geography.1.3 This practice should be applied in accordance with pertinent regulations or legal requirements regarding the handling of patient data as well as the handling and analysis of retrieved implants and excised tissues, especially with regard to handling devices which may become involved in litigation, as in accordance with Practice E860. Note that regulations for handling of patient information, tissues, and retrieved devices will vary by geography1.4 A significant portion of the information associated with a retrieved implant device is often at the device-tissue interface or in the tissues associated with the implant and related organ systems. Attention should be given to the handling of adjacent tissues, so as not to interfere with study of the particles in the adjacent tissue, a chemical analysis for the byproducts of degradation of the implant, or a study of the cellular response to the implant.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. As a precautionary measure, explanted devices should be sterilized or minimally disinfected by an appropriate means that does not adversely affect the implant or the associated tissue that may be subject to subsequent analysis. A detailed discussion of precautions to be used in handling of human tissues can be found in ISO 12891-1. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 1011元 / 折扣价： 860 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers requirements and contains test methods for outdoor recreational camping tents for persons. These requirements include controlled small flame test methods for materials used to manufacture tents. The requirements are intended to specify materials that do not present an unreasonable risk of flammability and injury to occupants.1.2 This specification does not apply to products intended for indoor use only, products that are not intended to shelter people, products used principally for commercial purposes only, or products subject to the requirements of the NFPA Fire Code (NFPA 1), NFPA Life Safety Code (NFPA 101), or the International Fire Code, as adopted by certain U.S. states. Additional articles not covered by this specification are:1.2.1 Baby boat with sunshade;1.2.2 Bivouac sack;1.2.3 Car port;1.2.4 Children’s indoor play tent, toy tent, toy bed canopy, and similar products;1.2.5 Garden green house;1.2.6 Hammock, hammock with insect nets, hammock with shades, hammock shelter, and similar products;1.2.7 Packaging material, such as tent bags, pole bags, bivouac sacks, stake bags, carrying bags or rope, shock cord, or cordage material used for anchoring;1.2.8 Tarp cover;1.2.9 Sun or beach umbrella with or without a sidewall; and1.2.10 Other similar items that are not primarily designed to provide shelter to persons for outdoor use, which do not have sides which are fully enclosed to the ground, and which do not have limited means of egress.1.3 This performance specification relies on test methods from (established) consensus flammability test standards for outdoor recreational camping tents, specifically Sections 2-5 of CAN/CGSB-182.1.1.4 This consumer safety specification is intended to deal with reasonably foreseeable use and misuse of the products. This consumer safety specification does not apply to products that are blatantly misused, nor does it apply to products used by consumers in a careless manner that violate normal practice or disregard the instructions or warnings provided with the product or both.1.5 This specification is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This specification is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires that involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.1.7 This specification is used to establish a means of combining the potential for harm in fire scenarios with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of fire risk using this specification depends on many factors, including the manner in which the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent all scenarios relevant to the application. This specification cannot be used to assess fire risk if any conditions are different from those contained in this specification.1.8 This specification revises CPAI-84, Specification for Flame-Resistant Materials Used in Camping Tentage as it relates to recreational camping tents.21.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Dimensional Change When Compacting and Sintering Metal Powders:5.1.1 The dimensional change value obtained under specified conditions of compacting and sintering is a material characteristic inherent in the powder.5.1.2 The test is useful for quality control of the dimensional change of a metal powder mixture, to measure compositional and processing changes and to guide in the production of PM parts.5.1.3 The absolute dimensional change may be used to classify powders or differentiate one type or grade from another, to evaluate additions to a powder mixture or to measure process changes, and to guide in the design of tooling.5.1.4 The comparative dimensional change is mainly used as a quality control test to measure variations between a lot or shipment of metal powder and a reference powder of the same material composition.5.1.5 Factors known to affect size change are the base metal powder grade; type and lot; particle size distribution; level and types of additions to the base metal powder; amount and type of lubricant, green density, as well as processing conditions of the test specimen; heating rate; sintering time and temperature; sintering atmosphere; and cooling rate.5.2 Dimensional Change of Various PM Processing Steps:5.2.1 The general procedure of measuring the die or a test compact before and after a PM processing step, and calculating a percent dimensional change, is also adapted for use as an internal process evaluation test to quantify green expansion, repressing size change, heat treatment changes, or other changes in dimensions that result from a manufacturing operation.1.1 This standard covers a test method that may be used to measure the sum of the changes in dimensions that occur when a metal powder is first compacted into a test specimen and then sintered.1.2 The dimensional change is determined by a quantitative laboratory procedure in which the arithmetic difference between the dimensions of a die cavity and the dimensions of a sintered test specimen produced from that die is calculated and expressed as a percent growth or shrinkage.1.3 With the exception of the values for density and the mass used to determine density, for which the use of the gram per cubic centimetre (g/cm3) and gram (g) units is the long-standing industry practice, the values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide on the proper collection of emission and discharge wastes from glycol dehydrators is applicable to any natural gas industry and supplier that operates glycol dehydration units and that needs to identify which glycol units may have emissions above regulatory levels.The emission and discharge sampling methods discussed in this guide are not regulatory standards. Standard protocols have been developed by the Gas Research Institute (3) and other gas associations (4) and some state regulatory agencies such as the Louisiana Department of Environmental Quality (LDEQ) (5) and the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission (TNRCC) (6) are accepting these data. This guide is not intended to instruct the user on how to perform the sampling using these protocols, but to make the user aware of certain practical considerations generally associated with sampling these waste streams.1.1 Purpose This guide covers the proper collection of field emission and discharge data associated with glycol dehydration units used in the natural gas production, processing, transmission, storage, and distribution industries.1.2 Background:1.2.1 Increasing regulatory pressure has made emissions of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene isomers (collectively known as BTEX) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the still vent of glycol dehydration units a major concern of the natural gas industry. The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) of 1990 have been the impetus for air toxics regulations, and several states are regulating or are considering regulating emissions from glycol units (1). Liquid and solid waste discharges are exempt from Subtitle C (hazardous waste) regulation under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), but may be regulated in the future (2).1.2.2 Measurement of the waste streams from dehydrators is important to determine which units may have emissions above levels of regulatory concern. Measurements of air emissions from glycol dehydration units have been made from a variety of sampling points using different sampling protocols and analytical techniques since no standard methods have been developed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) or state regulatory agencies. Standard sampling methods do not exist for the liquid and solid waste streams since they are exempt from RCRA Subtitle C. The lack of standard protocols has meant that variations of this approach can result in very different emissions measurements (3).1.2.3 Providing guidance on the collection of field emission and discharge data will allow the natural gas industry to quantify emissions and apply appropriate controls to comply with regulations.1.3 Summary--This guide has several parts and an annex. Section 1 is . Section 2 is Terminology that has definitions of terms commonly used with relation to glycol dehydration units in the natural gas industry. Section 3 is of this guide. Section 4 is a process description of glycol dehydration units. Section 5 is a discussion of the waste streams associated with glycol dehydrators. Section 6 presents the Approaches for Collecting Air Emission Data, while Sections 7 and 8 present the approaches for collecting liquid and solid waste discharge data, respectively. The annex includes a standard operating procedure (SOP) for the rich/lean glycol sampling method discussed in this guide.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide is used to establish a set of definitions that allows manufacturers, consumers, retailers, and the scientific community to use a common language to define candles and associated accessory items.1.1 This guide defines standard terms used to describe candles and associated accessory products.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of this classification is to identify potential concerns and effects which may occur during the life cycle (installation, service, removal, and disposal) of insulation materials and accessories resulting from direct contact or indirect action or events.4.2 This classification does not identify remedial or preventive steps that may be taken to correct potential problems or hazards; rather it is intended as a checklist that will make it easier to deal constructively with these potentials, and to determine what, if any, specific requirements need to be added to other standards concerning insulation materials or accessories. (See Appendix X2 for sources of information.)4.3 This classification recognizes that proper handling and installation procedures can substantially reduce the potential concerns and effects. Further, it recognizes that in some situations the presence or creation of potential effects or hazards results from an intervening act of human or natural origin, or depends on access to or contact with the materials or accessories. Lack of compatibility of the individual components of an insulation system with each other or the environmental conditions within which the system will operate, or both, may create unanticipated effects. (See Appendix X3.)1.1 This classification identifies potential concerns and effects that could result from direct contact with thermal insulation materials and accessories, or be caused by indirect action of events such as aging, fire, or physical disturbance.1.2 Intent of Classification: 1.2.1 It is the intent of this classification to alert others to potential concerns, effects, hazards, or risk.1.2.2 It is not the intent of this classification to establish the degree of risk or hazard or limiting values of potential hazards.1.2.3 It is not the intent of this classification to establish or recommend methods or markings to reduce or mitigate the potential; however, it is recognized that correct procedures and precautionary measures can substantially reduce or eliminate some of the potential concerns, effects, hazards, or risks.NOTE 1: See Appendix X1 for commentary.1.3 This classification recognizes the responsibility of producers and users, as appropriate, to: (1) provide information on known effects or hazards, (2) advise on established safety and health practices, and (3) determine applicable regulatory requirements.1.4 This classification does not address the health and safety concerns of thermal insulation materials and accessories during manufacture.1.5 Omission of an item from this classification does not imply an absence of potential concerns or effects.1.6 There is no importance in the order of listing.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Chamber testing is a globally-accepted method for measuring the emissions of VOCs from building materials and products. Chamber emission test data have a variety of uses including identification and labeling of products as low-VOC emitting for improved indoor air quality, manufacturing quality control, and development of new and improved products for reduced VOC emissions.5.2 Currently, an inter-laboratory study (ILS) is the most frequently used method for assessing the bias of a laboratory’s VOC emission test results. An ILS typically relies on a VOC source with an uncharacterized emission rate. Consequently, a large number of participants (Practice E691 recommends 30, with a minimum requirement of six) are needed to produce the data required to calculate a laboratory’s performance relative to the central tendency and distribution of the results for all participants. Due to the participant size requirement and other logistical issues, an ILS involves significant planning and coordination to achieve useful results.5.3 Inter-laboratory studies have often shown significant variations in measured VOC emission rates among participating laboratories for a given source. Variability in the emission rate from the source often is suspected to be a contributing factor, but it is difficult to be certain of the cause. Thus, better characterized sources are needed for evaluating the ability of laboratories to generate VOC emission test results with acceptable bias as discussed in 8.6.5.4 Proficiency tests (PT) for VOC emission testing typically focus on a laboratory’s analytical capabilities. For example, an analytical PT relies on a certified standard prepared by an accredited vendor as a reference. A laboratory analyzes the PT sample without knowledge of its concentration value. Acceptance of the results is judged by the deviation from the known value. Use of reference materials can expand analytical PT schemes to also include the impacts of test sample handling, test specimen preparation, chamber operation, and chamber air sampling.5.5 Laboratories accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 are required to derive uncertainty estimates for their test results. Typically, this is done by developing an uncertainty budget and estimating an expanded uncertainty (ISO/IEC Guide 98, Practice D7440). Reference materials not accredited under ISO/IEC 17025 should still be delivered with documented uncertainty budgets. An uncertainty budget for a VOC emission test combines relevant sources of measurement uncertainty for all steps in the testing process from test specimen preparation through air sample analysis. A more efficient approach to determining the overall bias and precision for a VOC emission test is with repeated testing of a reference material (see ISO/IEC Guide 98, ISO Guide 33). This guide addresses the estimation of bias through comparison of the measured value to the reference material value. The precision is determined through repeated testing of multiple reference materials, ideally from the same production batch (see Practices D6299 and E691).5.6 Other uses of an emissions reference material include verifying quality control emission measurements of manufactured product batches and providing traceability for third party certification.1.1 This guide provides procedures for using a reference material with a known emission rate of a volatile organic compound (VOC) to estimate the bias associated with a VOC emission chamber test.1.2 This guide may be used to assess measurements of VOC emissions conducted in a variety of environmental chambers, such as small-scale chambers, full-scale chambers, emission cells, and micro-scale chambers.1.3 This guide may be used to assess measurements of VOC emissions from a variety of sources including “dry” materials (for example, carpet, floor tile and particleboard) and “wet” materials (for example, paint and cleaning products).1.4 This guide can be used to support quality control efforts by emissions testing laboratories, third party accreditation of testing laboratories participating in emissions testing programs, and quality control efforts by manufacturers of building and other materials.1.5 This guide may be used to support the determination of precision and bias of other commonly used VOC emission standards including Guide D5116, Test Method D6007, ISO 16000-9, ANSI/BIFMA M7.1, and CDPH/EHLB/Standard Method V1.2.1.6 This guide also describes the attributes of a suitable emission reference material and the different methods available to independently determine the reference material’s VOC emission rate.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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