定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元 加购物车

定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元

4.1 This test method is well suited for measuring the viscosity of glasses in ranges higher than those covered by parallel plate (see Test Method C1351M) and rotational viscometry (see Practice C965) methods. This test method is useful for providing information related to the behavior of glass after it has been formed into an object of commerce and in research and development.1.1 This test method covers the determination of glass viscosity from approximately 108 Pa·s to approximately 1013 Pa·s by measuring the rate of viscous bending of a simply loaded glass beam.2 Due to the thermal history of the glass, the viscosity may not represent conditions of thermal equilibrium at the high end of the measured viscosity range. Measurements carried out over extended periods of time at any temperature or thermal preconditioning will minimize these effects by allowing the glass to approach equilibrium structural conditions. Conversely, the method also may be used in experimental programs that focus on nonequilibrium conditions.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is used to determine the flexural strength of soil-cement. Flexural strength is significant in pavement design and can be used to determine the thickness of pavement layers.NOTE 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flexural strength of soil-cement by the use of a simple beam with third-point loading.NOTE 1: For methods of molding soil-cement specimens, see Practice D1632.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. The SI units are presented in brackets.1.2.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inchpound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in the standard are regarded as industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

The thickness of a coating is often critical to its performance.For some coating-substrate combinations, the interference microscope method is a reliable method for measuring coating thickness.This test method is suitable for specification acceptance.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the thickness of transparent metal oxide and metallic coatings by utilizing a double-beam interference microscope.1.2 The test method requires that the specimen surface or surfaces be sufficiently mirrorlike to form recognizable fringes.1.3 This test method can be used nondestructively to measure 1 to 10μ m thick transparent coatings, such as anodic coatings on aluminum. The test method is used destructively for 0.1 to 10 μm thick opaque coatings by stripping a portion of the coating and measuring the step height between the coating and the exposed substrate. The stripping method can also be used to measure 0.2 to 10 μm thick anodic coatings on aluminum.1.4 The test method is usable as a reference method for the measurement of the thickness of the anodic film on aluminum or of metallic coatings when the technique includes complete stripping of a portion of the coating without attack of the substrate. For anodic films on aluminum, the thickness must be greater than 0.4 μm; the uncertainty can be as great as 0.2 μm. For metallic coatings, the thickness must be greater than 0.25 μm; the uncertainty can be as great as 0.1 μm.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 Food products may be treated with acceleratorgenerated radiation (electrons and X-rays) for numerous purposes, including control of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, insect disinfestation, growth and maturation inhibition, and shelf-life extension. Food irradiation specifications almost always include a minimum or a maximum limit of absorbed dose, sometimes both: a minimum limit may be set to ensure that the intended beneficial effect is achieved and a maximum limit may be set for the purpose of avoiding product or packaging degradation. For a given application, one or both of these values may be prescribed by government regulations that have been established on the basis of scientific data. Therefore, prior to the irradiation of the food product, it is necessary to determine the capability of an irradiation facility to consistently deliver the absorbed dose within any prescribed limits. Also, it is necessary to monitor and document the absorbed dose during each production run to verify compliance with the process specifications at a predetermined level of confidence.NOTE 3 - The Codex Alimentarius Commission has developed an international General Standard and a Code of Practice that address the application of ionizing radiation to the treatment of foods and that strongly emphasize the role of dosimetry for ensuring that irradiation will be properly performed (1).44.2 For more detailed discussions of radiation processing of various foods, see Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736, and F 1885 and Refs (2-15).4.3 Accelerator-generated radiation can be in the form of electrons or X-rays produced by the electrons. Penetration of radiation into the product required to accomplish the intended effect is one of the factors affecting the decision to use electrons or X-rays.4.4 To ensure that products are irradiated within a specified dose range, routine process control requires routine product dosimetry, documented product handling procedures (before, during and after the irradiation), consistent orientation of the products during irradiation, monitoring of critical operating parameters, and documentation of all relevant activities and functions.1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification program for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing in facilities that process food with high-energy electrons and X-rays (bremsstrahlung) to ensure that product has been treated within a predetermined range of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products, and appropriate energy limits for electron beams used directly or to generate X-rays is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736, and F 1885).Note 1Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in the production of safe and wholesome food.Note 2ISO/ASTM Practice 51204 describes dosimetric procedures for gamma irradiation facilities for food processing.1.2 For guidance in the selection and calibration of dosimetry systems, and interpretation of measured absorbed dose in the product, see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 and ASTM Practice E 666. For the use of specific dosimetry systems, see ASTM Practices E 1026 and E 2304, and ISO/ASTM Practices 51205, 51275, 51276, 51310, 51401, 51538, 51540, 51607, 51650 and 51956. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for electrons and X-rays also see ICRU Reports 35 and 14. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.1.3 While gamma radiation from radioactive nuclides has discrete energies, X-rays (bremsstrahlung) from machine sources cover a wide range of energies, from low values (about 35 keV) to the energy of the incident electron beam. For information concerning electron beam irradiation technology and dosimetry, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51649. For information concerning X-ray irradiation technology and dosimetry, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51608.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 As discussed in Practice E748, traditional neutron radiography typically employs a high flux reactor source with a well defined collimation system to produce an image on film. The alignment of the imaging plane and the divergence angle are generally well defined and a small degree of misalignment or uncertainty in divergence angle makes little difference in the final image. These systems are well characterized by their physical dimension, the L/D ratio, and image quality indicators (Beam Purity Indicator and Sensitivity Indicator) described in Test Method E545. Neutron computed tomography is an example where it is important to know with some precision both the beam’s centerline and the degree of beam divergence, especially if the beam does not closely approximate a parallel beam. Portable or movable neutron imaging systems often utilize shorter collimation systems, a less precise alignment and poor symmetry in divergence angles, which may affect image analysis. In these example cases, direct measurement of the alignment and the divergence angles is desirable as calculation from system geometry would be less straightforward and accurate. Fabrication of the device is an extension of the Test Method E803 L/D device, providing different information through a similar approach.1.1 This test method covers the design, materials, manufacture, and use of a divergence and alignment indicator (DAI) for measuring the effective divergence of a thermal neutron beam used for neutron imaging as well as determining the alignment of the imaging plane relative (usually normal) to the centerline of the beam. This test method is applicable to thermal neutron imaging.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This test method deals with the standard procedures for establishing the relative bond strength of steel reinforcing bars in concrete using beam-end specimens. This test method shall determine the effects of surface preparation or condition (such as bar coatings) on the bond strength of deformed steel reinforcing bars to concrete. The bond strengths obtained using this test method shall not be directly applicable to the design of reinforced concrete members. The beam-end test specimen shall be fabricated by casting, and conditioned by curing prior to tensile load test. The test system shall consist of the loading system, compression reaction plate, and bar displacement measurement device.1.1 This test method describes procedures to establish the relative bond strength of steel reinforcing bars in concrete.1.2 This test method is intended to determine the effects of surface preparation or condition (such as bar coatings) on the bond strength of deformed steel reinforcing bars (of sizes ranging from No. 3 to No. 11 [No. 10 to No. 36]) to concrete.1.3 The bond strengths obtained using this test method are not directly applicable to the design of reinforced concrete members.NOTE 1: The bond strengths obtained using this test method are generally higher than obtained in development or splice tests using beams with the same embedment lengths. The results obtained using this test method should only be used for comparisons with results for other reinforcing bars tested using this method.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in brackets are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice employs the use of normal-incident, or straight beam, longitudinal wave ultrasound for the detection and evaluation of discontinuities in materials requiring volumetric examination.5.2 Although not all requirements of this practice can be applied universally to all inspection situations and materials, it does provide the basis for establishing contractual criteria between suppliers and purchasers of materials for performing contact longitudinal wave pulse-echo examination and may be used as a guide for writing detailed procedures for particular applications.5.3 Types of information that may be obtained from the pulsed-echo straight-beam practice are as follows:5.3.1 Apparent discontinuity size (see Note 1) by comparison of the signal amplitudes from the test piece to the amplitudes obtained from a reference standard.5.3.2 Depth location of discontinuities by calibrating the horizontal scale of the A-scan display.5.3.3 Material properties as indicated by the relative sound attenuation or velocity changes of compared items.5.3.4 The extent of bond and unbond (or fusion and lack of fusion) between two ultrasonic conducting materials if geometry and materials permit.NOTE 1: The term “apparent” is emphasized since true size depends on orientation, composition, and geometry of the discontinuity and equipment limitations.1.1 This practice2 covers ultrasonic examination of materials using the conventional pulse-echo method using straight-beam longitudinal waves introduced by direct contact of the search unit with the material being examined.1.2 This practice shall be applicable to development of an examination procedure agreed upon by the users of the document.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method offers an alternate procedure to Test Method C336 for determining the annealing and strain points of glass. It is particularly recommended for glasses not adaptable to flame working. Also fewer corrections are necessary in data reduction.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the annealing point and the strain point of a glass by measuring the rate of midpoint viscous bending of a simply loaded glass beam.2 However, at temperatures corresponding to the annealing and strain points, the viscosity of glass is highly time-dependent. Hence, any viscosities that might be derived or inferred from measurements by this procedure cannot be assumed to represent equilibrium structural conditions.1.2 The annealing and strain points shall be obtained following a specified procedure after direct calibration of the apparatus using beams of standard glasses having known annealing and strain points such as those supplied and certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.31.3 This test method, as an alternative to Test Method C336 is particularly well suited for glasses that for one reason or another are not adaptable for flame working. It also has the advantages that thermal expansion and effective length corrections, common to the fiber elongation method, are eliminated.1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is designed to produce membrane compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. Factors that influence the compressive response and should therefore be reported include the following: material, methods of material and specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, speed of testing, time at reinforcement. Properties, in the test direction, that may be obtained from this test method include:5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,5.1.2 Ultimate compressive strain,5.1.3 Compressive (linear or chord) modulus of elasticity, and5.1.4 Transition strain.1.1 This test method covers the in-plane compressive properties of polymer matrix composite materials reinforced by high-modulus fibers in a sandwich beam configuration. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber composites of unidirectional orientation. This test procedure introduces compressive load into a thin skin bonded to a thick honeycomb core with the compressive load transmitted into the sample by subjecting the beam to four-point bending.1.2 This procedure is applicable primarily to laminates made from prepreg or similar product forms. Other product forms may require deviations from the test method.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3.1 Within the text the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.NOTE 1: Additional procedures for determining compressive properties of polymer matrix composites may be found in Test Methods D3410/D3410M and D695.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Various products and materials are routinely irradiated at pre-determined doses at electron beam facilities to preserve or modify their characteristics. Dosimetry requirements may vary depending on the radiation process and end use of the product. A partial list of processes where dosimetry may be used is given below.4.1.1 Polymerization of monomers and grafting of monomers onto polymers,4.1.2 Cross-linking or degradation of polymers,4.1.3 Curing of composite materials,4.1.4 Sterilization of health care products,4.1.5 Disinfection of consumer products,4.1.6 Food irradiation (parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, and shelf-life extension),4.1.7 Control of pathogens and toxins in drinking water,4.1.8 Control of pathogens and toxins in liquid or solid waste,4.1.9 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices,4.1.10 Color enhancement of gemstones and other materials, and4.1.11 Research on radiation effects on materials.4.2 Dosimetry is used as a means of monitoring the irradiation process.NOTE 2: Dosimetry with measurement traceability and known uncertainty is required for regulated radiation processes such as sterilization of health care products (see ISO 11137-1 and Refs (1-36)) and preservation of food (see ISO 14470 and Ref (4)). It may be less important for other processes, such as polymer modification, which may be evaluated by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the irradiated materials. Nevertheless, routine dosimetry may be used to monitor the reproducibility of the treatment process.NOTE 3: Measured dose is often characterized as absorbed dose in water. Materials commonly found in single-use disposable medical devices and food are approximately equivalent to water in the absorption of ionizing radiation. Absorbed dose in materials other than water may be determined by applying conversion factors (5, 6).4.3 An irradiation process usually requires a minimum absorbed dose to achieve the desired effect. There may also be a maximum dose limit that the product can tolerate while still meeting its functional or regulatory specifications. Dosimetry is essential, since it is used to determine both of these limits during the research and development phase, and also to confirm that the product is routinely irradiated within these limits.4.4 The dose distribution within the product depends on process load characteristics, irradiation conditions, and operating parameters.4.5 Dosimetry systems must be calibrated with traceability to national or international standards and the measurement uncertainty must be known.4.6 Before a radiation facility is used, it must be characterized to determine its effectiveness in reproducibly delivering known, controllable doses. This involves testing and calibrating the process equipment, and dosimetry system.4.7 Before a radiation process is commenced it must be validated. This involves execution of Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ), based on which process parameters are established that will ensure that product is irradiated within specified limits.4.8 To ensure consistent and reproducible dose delivery in a validated process, routine process control requires that documented procedures are established for activities to be carried out before, during and after irradiation, such as for ensuring consistent product loading configuration and for monitoring of critical operating parameters and routine dosimetry.1.1 This practice outlines dosimetric procedures to be followed in installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ) and performance qualifications (PQ), and routine processing at electron beam facilities.1.2 The electron beam energy range covered in this practice is between 300 keV and 25 MeV, although there are some discussions for other energies.1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications. Other measures besides dosimetry may be required for specific applications such as health care product sterilization and food preservation.1.4 Specific standards exist for the radiation sterilization of health care products and the irradiation of food. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1 (Requirements) and ISO 11137-3 (Guidance on dosimetric aspects). For irradiation of food, see ISO 14470. In those areas covered by these standards, they take precedence. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356, F1736, and F1885).1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628, “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing”.NOTE 1: For guidance in the calibration of routine dosimetry systems, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261. For further guidance in the use of specific dosimetry systems, see relevant ISO/ASTM Practices. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

定价： 1011元 / 折扣价： 860 元 加购物车

1.1 This practice covers the preparation of beams of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action compacting the beam by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The BPI is designed to yield quantitative information concerning neutron beam and image system parameters that contribute to film exposure and, thereby, affect overall image quality. For proper measurements of film exposure due to the neutron beam constituents, the BPI must be fabricated in accordance with this practice.5.2 This practice shall be followed for the fabrication of all Beam Purity Indicators to be used with Test Method E545 to determine image quality in direct thermal neutron radiography.1.1 This practice covers the material and fabrication of a Beam Purity Indicator (BPI), which can be used to determine the relative quality of radiographic images produced by direct, thermal neutron radiographic examination.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended to provide a standardized test procedure of protective materials to ensure comparable results among manufacturers and users.5.2 This test method involves measurement of the attenuation of X-rays by protective clothing material at an accelerating potential (kVp) between 60 and 130 kVp. These energies are considered to be representative of those commonly used during medical diagnosis.5.3 The reporting of the attenuation at a specific X-ray energy is intended to allow the end user organization to assess the attenuating properties of the protective clothing material at that energy level.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the attenuation of X-rays by protective materials at accelerating potentials from 60 to 130 kVp.1.2 This test method provides attenuation values of primary beam X-radiation.1.3 This test method applies to both leaded and non-leaded radiation protective clothing materials.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车