4.1 This test method is intended for use in the laboratory and as a research tool for determining relative compressive strength values for various soil-cement mixtures. It is not intended as an alternative for Test Method D1633 and the test values obtained by these two test methods are not interchangeable and not necessarily comparable. A comparison of strengths obtained by Test Methods D1633 and D1634 is given by Feld and Abrams.3NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the compressive strength of soil-cement, using portions of beams broken in flexure in accordance with Test Method D1635, as test specimens.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except as noted below. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight) while the unit for mass is slugs.1.2.2 The slug unit of mass is almost never used in commercial practice; that is, density, balances, etc. Therefore, the standard unit for mass in this standard is either kilogram (kg) or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit (slug) is not given/presented in parantheses.1.2.3 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However the use of balances or scales, recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this test method.1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user's objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 As discussed in Practice E748, traditional neutron radiography typically employs a high flux reactor source with a well defined collimation system to produce an image on film. The alignment of the imaging plane and the divergence angle are generally well defined and a small degree of misalignment or uncertainty in divergence angle makes little difference in the final image. These systems are well characterized by their physical dimension, the L/D ratio, and image quality indicators (Beam Purity Indicator and Sensitivity Indicator) described in Test Method E545. Neutron computed tomography is an example where it is important to know with some precision both the beam’s centerline and the degree of beam divergence, especially if the beam does not closely approximate a parallel beam. Portable or movable neutron imaging systems often utilize shorter collimation systems, a less precise alignment and poor symmetry in divergence angles, which may affect image analysis. In these example cases, direct measurement of the alignment and the divergence angles is desirable as calculation from system geometry would be less straightforward and accurate. Fabrication of the device is an extension of the Test Method E803 L/D device, providing different information through a similar approach.1.1 This test method covers the design, materials, manufacture, and use of a divergence and alignment indicator (DAI) for measuring the effective divergence of a thermal neutron beam used for neutron imaging as well as determining the alignment of the imaging plane relative (usually normal) to the centerline of the beam. This test method is applicable to thermal neutron imaging.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is applicable to the use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for the measurement of absorbed dose in electron beams, the qualification of electron irradiation facilities, periodic checks of operating parameters of electron irradiation facilities, and calibration of other dosimetry systems in electron beams. Calorimetric dosimetry systems are most suitable for dose measurement at electron irradiation facilities utilizing conveyor systems for transport of product during irradiation.NOTE 1: For additional information on calorimetric dosimetry system operation and use, see ICRU Report 80. For additional information on the use of dosimetry in electron accelerator facilities, see ISO/ASTM 51649, and ICRU Reports 34 and 35, and Refs (1-3).64.2 The calorimetric dosimetry systems described in this practice are not primary standard dosimetry systems. The calorimeters are classified as Type II dosimeters (ISO/ASTM 52628). They might be used as internal standards at an electron beam irradiation facility, including being used as transfer standard dosimetry systems for calibration of other dosimetry systems, or they might be used as routine dosimeters. The calorimetric dosimetry systems are calibrated by comparison with transfer standard dosimeters.4.3 The dose measurement is based on the measurement of the temperature rise (dosimeter response) in an absorber (calorimetric body) irradiated by an electron beam. Different absorbing materials are used, but the response is usually defined in terms of dose to water.NOTE 2: The calorimetric bodies of the calorimeters described in this practice are made from low atomic number materials. The electron fluences within these calorimetric bodies are almost independent of energy when irradiated with electron beams of 1.5 MeV or higher, and the mass collision stopping powers are approximately the same for these materials.4.4 The absorbed dose in other materials irradiated under equivalent conditions can be calculated. Procedures for making such calculations are given in ASTM Practices E666 and E668, and Ref (1).4.4.1 Calorimeters for use at industrial electron accelerators have been constructed using graphite, polystyrene or a Petri dish filled with water as the calorimetric body (4-10). The thickness of the calorimetric body should be less than the range of the incident electrons.4.4.2 Polymeric materials other than polystyrene might also be used for calorimetric measurements. Polystyrene is used because it is known to be resistant to radiation (11) and because almost no exo- or endothermic reactions take place (12).1.1 This practice covers the preparation and use of semi-adiabatic calorimetric dosimetry systems for measurement of absorbed dose and for calibration of routine dosimetry systems when irradiated with electrons for radiation processing applications. The calorimeters are either transported by a conveyor past a scanned electron beam or are stationary in a broadened beam.1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for a calorimetric dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.3 The calorimeters described in this practice are classified as Type II dosimeters on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities. See ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.4 This practice applies to electron beams in the energy range from 1.5 to 12 MeV.1.5 The absorbed dose range depends on the calorimetric absorbing material and the irradiation and measurement conditions. Minimum dose is approximately 100 Gy and maximum dose is approximately 50 kGy.1.6 The average absorbed-dose rate range shall generally be greater than 10 Gy·s-1.1.7 The temperature range for use of these calorimetric dosimetry systems depends on the thermal resistance of the calorimetric materials, on the calibration range of the temperature sensor, and on the sensitivity of the measurement device.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method may be used for quantitative determinations of Pb in painted and unpainted articles such as toys, children’s products, and other consumer products. Typical test time for quantification of Pb in homogenous samples is 1 to 3 min; and typical test time for quantification of Pb in paint is 4 to 8 min.1.1 This test method uses energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry for detection and quantification of lead (Pb) in paint layers, similar coatings, or substrates and homogenous materials. The following material types were tested in the interlaboratory study for this standard test method: ABS plastic, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, glass, zinc alloy, wood, and fabric.1.2 This technique may also be commonly referred to as High Definition X-ray Fluorescence (HDXRF) or Multiple Monochromatic Beam EDXRF (MMB-EDXRF).1.3 This test method is applicable for the products and materials described in 1.1 for a Pb mass fraction range of 14 to 1200 mg/kg for uncoated samples and 30 to 450 mg/kg for coated samples, as specified in Table 1 and determined by an interlaboratory study using representative samples1.4 Ensure that the analysis area of the sample is visually uniform in appearance and at least as large as the X-ray excitation beam at the point of sample excitation.1.5 For coating analysis, this test method is limited to paint and similar coatings. Metallic coatings are not covered by this test method.1.6 X-ray Nomenclature—This standard names X-ray lines using the IUPAC convention with the Siegbahn convention in parentheses.1.7 There are no known ISO equivalent methods to this standard.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The quality of a neutron radiographic image is dependent upon many factors. The L/D ratio is one of those factors and constitutes a numerical definition of the geometry of the neutron beam. The L/D ratio required for a specific neutron radiographic examination is dependent upon the thickness of the specimen and the physical characteristics of the particular element of interest. Use of this test method allows the radiographer and the user to determine and periodically measure the effective collimation ratio.1.1 This test method defines an empirical technique for the measurement of the effective collimation ratio, L/D, of neutron radiography beams. The technique is based upon analysis of a neutron radiographic image and is independent of measurements and calculations based on physical dimensions of the collimation system. The values derived by this technique should be more accurate than those based on physical measurements, particularly for poorly defined apertures.1.2 This test method covers both the manufacture and use of the device to measure L/D ratios.1.3 Neutron images for this method can be produced on radiographic film using an appropriate conversion screen as detailed in Guide E748 or a CR screen with appropriate neutron converter. The method has not been validated with images produced by digital detector arrays.1.4 This test method only applies to neutron beam lines with cold or thermal neutron spectrums.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide covers the flexural testing of beams and girders under simulated service conditions to determine their structural performance characteristics. Methods following this guide are intended primarily for constructions that may not conform with the relatively simple assumptions upon which well-known flexural theories are based. In some cases, they are also suitable for determining the structural adequacy of the design, materials, connections, and fabrication techniques. The methods are not intended for use in routine quality control tests.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statement, see 7.1.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method provides standardized procedures for obtaining and testing specimens to determine the compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strength of in-place concrete.3.2 Generally, test specimens are obtained when doubt exists about the in-place concrete quality due either to low strength test results during construction or signs of distress in the structure. Another use of this method is to provide strength information on older structures.3.3 Concrete strength is affected by the location of the concrete in a structural element, with the concrete at the bottom tending to be stronger than the concrete at the top. Core strength is also affected by core orientation relative to the horizontal plane of the concrete as placed, with strength tending to be lower when measured parallel to the horizontal plane.3 These factors shall be considered in planning the locations for obtaining concrete samples and in comparing strength test results.3.4 The strength of concrete measured by tests of cores is affected by the amount and distribution of moisture in the specimen at the time of test. There is no standard procedure to condition a specimen that will ensure that, at the time of test, it will be in the identical moisture condition as concrete in the structure. The moisture conditioning procedures in this test method are intended to provide reproducible moisture conditions that minimize within-laboratory and between-laboratory variations and to reduce the effects of moisture introduced during specimen preparation.3.5 The measured compressive strength of a core will generally be less than that of a corresponding properly molded and cured standard cylinder tested at the same age. For a given concrete, however, there is no unique relationship between the strengths of these two types of specimens (see Note 3). The relationship is affected by many factors such as the strength level of the concrete, the in-place temperature and moisture histories, the degree of consolidation, batch-to-batch variability, the strength-gain characteristics of the concrete, the condition of the coring apparatus, and the care used in removing cores.NOTE 3: A procedure is available for estimating the equivalent cylinder strength from a measured core strength.4NOTE 4: In the absence of core strength requirements of an applicable building code or of other contractual or legal documents that may govern the project, the specifier of tests should establish in the project specifications the acceptance criteria for core strengths. An example of acceptance criteria for core strength is provided in ACI 318,5 which are used to evaluate cores taken to investigate low strength test results of standard-cured cylinder during construction. According to ACI 318, the concrete represented by the cores is considered structurally adequate if the average strength of three cores is at least 85 % of the specified strength and no single core strength is less than 75 % of the specified strength.3.6 The “specifier of the tests” referenced in this test method is the individual responsible for analysis or review and acceptance of core test results.NOTE 5: For investigation of low strength test results, ACI 318-14 defines the specifier of the tests as the licensed design professional or building official.3.7 The apparent compressive strength of concrete as measured by a core is affected by the length-diameter ratio (L/D) of the core as tested and this must be considered in preparing core specimens and evaluating test results.1.1 This test method covers obtaining, preparing, and testing cores drilled from concrete for length or compressive strength or splitting tensile strength determinations. This test method is not applicable to cores from shotcrete.NOTE 1: Test Method C1604/C1604M is applicable for obtaining, preparing, and testing cores from shotcrete.NOTE 2: Appendix X1 provides recommendations for obtaining and testing sawed beams for flexural performance.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice covers mechanics-based models for calculating characteristic values for the strength and stiffness of reinforced structural glued laminated timbers (glulam). The mechanics-based analyses shall account for the following: (1) stress-strain relationships for wood laminations and reinforcement; (2) strain compatibility; (3) equilibrium; (4) variability of mechanical properties; (5) volume effects; (6) finger-joint effects; (7) laminating effects; and (8) stress concentrations at the termination of reinforcement in beams with partial length reinforcement. This practice also provides for minimum physical test requirements to validate mechanics-based models. A minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced glulams is also herein described. Additional durability test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment.1.1 This practice describes procedures for establishing the characteristic values for reinforced structural glued-laminated timber (glulam) beams using mechanics-based models and validated by full-scale beam tests. Glulam beams shall be manufactured in accordance with applicable provisions of ANSI A190.1.1.2 This practice also describes a minimum set of performance-based durability test requirements for reinforced glulam beams, as specified in Annex A1. Additional durability test requirements shall be considered in accordance with the specific end-use environment. Appendix X1 provides an example of a mechanics-based methodology that satisfies the requirements set forth in this practice.1.3 This practice is limited to procedures for establishing flexural properties (modulus of rupture, MOR, and modulus of elasticity, MOE) about the x-x axis of horizontally-laminated reinforced glulam beams.1.4 The establishment of secondary properties, such as bending about the y-y axis, shear parallel to grain, tension parallel to grain, compression parallel to grain, and compression perpendicular to grain, for the reinforced glulam beams are beyond the scope of this practice.NOTE 1: When the establishment of secondary properties is deemed necessary, testing according to other applicable methods, such as Test Methods D143 and D198 or analysis in accordance with Practice D3737, may be considered.1.5 Reinforced glulam beams subjected to axial loads are outside the scope of this practice.1.6 Proper safety, serviceability, and adjustment factors including duration of load, to be used in design are outside the scope of this practice.1.7 Evaluation of unbonded, prestressed, and shear reinforcement is outside the scope of this practice.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The mechanics-based model shall be permitted to be developed using SI or inch-pound units.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Elemental species such as Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb are widely used in many industrial processes. These elements have been identified in many former industrial sites driving the need for a quick, easy method for testing on-site at trace levels in soil and solid waste matrices.5.2 This method may be used for quantitative determinations of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in soil matrices and solid waste. Typical test time is 90 seconds to 15 minutes.1.1 This test method is based upon energy-dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) spectrometry using multiple monochromatic excitation beams for detection and quantification of selected heavy metal elements in soil and related solid waste.1.2 This test method is also known as High Definition X-ray Fluorescence (HDXRF) or Multiple Monochromatic Beam EDXRF (MMB-EDXRF).1.3 This test method is applicable to various soil matrices for the determination of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, Hg, and Pb in the range of 1 to 5000 mg/kg, as specified in Table 1 and determined by a ruggedness study using representative samples. The limit of detection (LOD) for each element is listed in Table 1. The LOD is estimated by measuring a SiO2 blank sample (see Table X1.1 in Appendix X1).1.4 This test method is applicable to other elements: Sb, Cu, Se, Ag, Tl, Zn, Ba, Au, Co, V, Fe, Mn, Mo, K, Rb, Sn, Sr, and Ti.1.5 X-ray Nomenclature—This standard names X-ray lines using the Siegbahn convention.21.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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