5.1 This test can be a guide to end-users on the formation of lubricant-generated, insoluble deposits.5.2 The results from this test are intended to be used as a condition monitoring trending tool as part of a comprehensive program, as outlined in standards such as Practice D4378.1.1 This test method extracts insoluble contaminants from a sample of in-service turbine oil onto a patch and the color of the membrane patch is analyzed by a spectrophotometer. The results are reported as a ΔE value, within the CIELAB scale.1.2 This test method is not appropriate for turbine oils with dyes.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The fundamental method for obtaining CIE tristimulus values or other color coordinates for describing the colors of radiant sources is by the use of spectroradiometric measurements. These measurements are used by summation together with numerical values representing the CIE 1931 Standard Observer (CIE Publication 015:2004) and normalized to Km, the maximum spectral luminous efficacy function, with a value of 683 lm/W.5.2 This practice provides a procedure for selecting the operating parameters of spectroradiometers used for providing the desired precision spectroradiometric data, for their calibration, and for the physical standards required for calibration.5.3 Special requirements for characterizing sources of light possessing narrow or discontinuous spectra are presented and discussed. Modifications to the procedures of Practice E308 are given to correct for the unusual nature of narrow or discontinuous sources.1.1 This practice prescribes the instrumental measurement requirements, calibration procedures, and physical standards needed for precise spectroradiometric data for characterizing the color and luminance of radiant sources.1.2 This practice lists the parameters that must be specified when spectroradiometric measurements are required in specific methods, practices, or specifications.1.3 This practice describes the unique calculation procedures required to determine basic colorimetric data of luminous sources.1.4 This practice is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument, object, or material.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The primary objective of the visual method of Pt-Co color measurement, as defined in Test Method D8005, is to rate specific materials for yellowness. This yellowness is frequently the result of the undesirable tendency of liquid hydrocarbons to absorb blue light due to contamination in processing, storage or shipping.4.2 Clear liquids can be rated for light absorbing yellowish or brownish contaminants using scales that simulate the long-established visual-comparison method.1.1 This test method covers an instrumental method for the CIE (Commission International de l’Eclairage) tristimulus measurement of the color of near-clear liquid samples. The transmission measurement values are converted to the color scale in the platinum-cobalt (Pt-Co) system.1.2 This test method has been found applicable to the color measurement of clear, liquid samples, free of haze, with nominal Pt-Co color values in the 0 to 100 range. It is applicable to non-fluorescent liquids with light absorption characteristics similar to those of the Pt-Co color standard solutions.1.3 The tristimulus colorimetry may be calculated from spectral measurements or be obtained directly from a colorimeter. Practice E1455 provides some guidance on colorimeters, while Test Methods D1686 and D2108 deal with the visual and instrumental measurement of near-clear liquids.1.4 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specifications, results shall be rounded in accordance with the rounding off methods of Practice E29.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8.

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5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color differences and color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using colorimeters or spectrophotometers with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by use of a colorimeter with either a bidirectional or a hemispherical optical measuring system.5.2 This test method is suitable for measurement of color differences of nonmetameric, nonparameric pairs of object-color specimens, or color coordinates of most such specimens. A further limitation to the use of colorimeters having hemispherical geometry is the existence of a chromatic integrating-sphere error that prevents accurate measurement of color coordinates when the colorimeter is standardized by use of a white standard.45.3 For the measurement of retroreflective specimens by this test method, the use of bidirectional geometry is recommended (see Guide E179 and Practice E805).NOTE 3: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164 in the section on Influx and Efflux Conditions for 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor are required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.5.4 A requirement for the use of a colorimeter to obtain accurate color coordinates is that the combination of source, filter, and detector characteristics to duplicate accurately the combined characteristics of a CIE standard illuminant and observer. When this requirement is not met, this test method requires the use of local standards for improving accuracy in the measurement of color coordinates (see also 4.2). For the measurement of small color differences between nonmetameric, nonparameric specimens, accuracy in absolute color coordinates is less important and standardization of the colorimeter by use of a white standard is satisfactory. However, accurate color-difference measurement requires that specimen pairs have similar spectral and geometric characteristics.1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of specimens resulting in color coordinates and color difference values by using a tristimulus colorimeter, also known as a tristimulus filter colorimeter or a color-difference meter.1.2 Provision is made in this test method for the measurement of color coordinates and color differences by reflected or transmitted light using either a hemispherical optical measuring system, such as an integrating sphere, or a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 and 0:45 geometry.1.3 Because of the limited absolute accuracy of tristimulus colorimeters, this test method specifies that, when color coordinates are required, the instrument be standardized by use of a standard having similar spectral (color) and geometric characteristics to those of the specimen. This standard is also known as a product standard. The use of a product standard of suitable stability is highly desirable.1.4 Because tristimulus colorimeters do not provide any information about the reflectance or transmittance curves of the specimens, they cannot be used to gain any information about metamerism or paramerism.1.5 Because of the inability of tristimulus (filter) colorimeters to detect metamerism or paramerism of specimens, this test method specifies that, when color differences are required, the two specimens must have similar spectral (color) and geometric characteristics. In this case, the instrument may be standardized for reflectance measurement by use of a white reflectance standard or, for transmittance measurement, with no specimen or standard at the specimen position.1.6 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, planar, object-color specimens of all gloss levels. Users must determine whether an instrument complying with this method yields results that are useful to evaluate and characterize retroreflective specimens, or specimens having optical structures.1.7 This test method does not apply to the use of a spectrocolorimeter, which is a spectrometer that provides colorimetric data, but not the underlying spectral data. Measurement by using a spectrocolorimeter is covered in Practice E1164 and methods on color measurement by spectrophotometry.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The light reflected from the facial anterior teeth can be used to calculate color coordinates. Monitored over time, changes in color can be observed. These data reveal information about the efficacy of a product, treatment study, or epidemiology of tooth color. For example, clinical studies of consumer tooth whitening systems evaluate the efficacy of manufacturers’ products.5.2 The change in color of the facial surfaces of anterior teeth can be used to optimize the efficacy of tooth whitening systems. For example, the data can provide the answer the question: “What is the optimum percentage of whitening agent in a consumer tooth whitening system?”5.3 This procedure is suitable for use in research and development, marketing studies, comparative product analyses, and clinical trials.5.4 Prior research shows that a popular visual assessment method of determining tooth color, changes in tooth color, and whiteness among clinicians yields less than desirable results (1-4). These assessment tools are designated “shade guides.” They consist of tooth-shaped, synthetic objects in the form of teeth all of slightly different colors or different shades from one another. A “shade” is generally regarded as a color slightly different from a reference color (on a comparative basis). The colors of the synthetic teeth in these “shade guides” do not progress linearly as observed visually or logically in a CIE colorimetric coordinate system,5 and they are metameric to real teeth.5.5 Translucency—Human teeth are translucent and the degree of translucency varies widely between subjects. However, translucency does not vary over the short term and is not therefore a consideration in this test method.1.1 This test method covers the procedure, instrumental requirements, standardization procedures, material standards, measurement procedures, and parameters necessary to make precise measurements of in-vivo tooth color and tooth whiteness. In particular it is meant to measure the color of teeth in selected human subjects.1.2 Digital images are used to evaluate tooth color of both posterior and anterior dentition (teeth). All other non-relevant parts, such as gums, spaces, etc., must be separated from the measurement and the analysis. All localized discoloration; such as stains, inclusions, etc., may be separated from the measurement and the analysis.1.3 The broadband reflectance factors of teeth are measured. The colorimetric measurement is performed with a digital still camera while using an illuminator(s) that provides controlled illumination on the teeth. The measured data from a digital image are captured using a DSC. This test method is particularly useful for the gamut of tooth color which is:1.3.1 CIE L* from 55 to 95,1.3.2 CIE a* from 3 to 12,1.3.3 CIE b* from 8 to 25 units.1.4 The wavelengths for this test method include that portion of the visible spectrum from 400 to 700 nm.1.5 Data acquired using this test method is for comparative purposes used during clinical trials or other types of research.1.6 This test method is designed to encompass natural teeth, artificial teeth, restorations, and shade guides.Note 1—This procedure may not be applicable for all types of dental work.1.7 The apparatus, measurement procedure, data analysis technique are generic, so that a specific apparatus, measurement procedure, or data analysis technique may not be excluded.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 In many petroleum refining processes, low levels of sulfur in feed stocks may poison expensive catalysts. This test method can be used to monitor the amount of sulfur in such petroleum fractions.4.2 This test method may also be used as a quality-control tool for sulfur determination in finished products.1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in petroleum products in the range from 0.02 mg/kg to 10.00 mg/kg.1.2 This test method may be extended to higher concentration by dilution.1.3 This test method is applicable to liquids whose boiling points are between 30 °C and 371 °C (86 °F and 700 °F). Materials that can be analyzed include naphtha, kerosine, alcohol, steam condensate, various distillates, jet fuel, benzene, and toluene.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4.1 Certain specifications for the recorder (see 5.5) are excepted.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers colorimetric analysis of CDDC in treated wood. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The color of maleic anhydride can be an indication of the purity of these materials. A high color after heating normally indicates contamination or decomposition.4.2 This standard is suitable for process quality control and determining if the product meets specifications.1.1 This test method covers an instrumental method for the CIE (Commission International de l’Eclairage) tristimulus measurement of the color of maleic anhydride melt before and after prolonged heating under specified conditions of time and temperature. The measurement is converted to color values in the platinum-cobalt system.1.2 This test method covers the range 0 to100 Pt-Co color.1.3 In determining the conformance of the test results using this method to applicable specification, results shall be rounded in accordance with the rounding off methods of Practice E29.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7, 10.3, and 10.6.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Sulfur can be a catalyst poison in the aromatic chemical manufacturing process. This test method can be used to monitor the amount of sulfur in aromatic hydrocarbons. This test method may also be used as a quality control tool and in setting specifications for sulfur determination in finished products.1.1 This test method covers the determination of sulfur in aromatic hydrocarbons, their derivatives, and related chemicals having typical sulfur concentrations from 0.020 to to 10mg/kg.

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