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5.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure the net heat flux to a water-cooled surface for purposes of calibration of the thermal environment into which test specimens are placed for evaluation. The measured net heat flux is one of the important parameters for correlating the behavior of materials. If the calorimeter and holder size, shape, and surface finish are identical to that of the test specimen, the measured net heat flux to the calorimeter is presumed to be the same as that to the sample's heated surface. If the calorimeter configuration (holder size, shape, finish, etc.) is not identical to that of the test specimen, then the measurement results may need to be modified to account for those differences. See Appendix X1.5.2 The water-cooled calorimeter is one of several calorimeter concepts used to measure net heat flux. The prime drawback is its long response time, that is, the time required to achieve steady-state operation. To calculate energy added to the coolant water, accurate measurements of the rise in coolant temperature are needed, all energy losses should be minimized, and steady-state conditions must exist both in the thermal environment and fluid flow of the calorimeter.5.3 Regardless of the source of energy input to the water-cooled calorimeter surface (radiative, convective, or combinations thereof) the measurement is averaged over the surface-active area of the calorimeter. If the water-cooled calorimeter is used to measure only radiative flux or combined convective-radiative net heat flux rates, then the surface reflectivity of the calorimeter shall be measured over the wavelength region of interest (depending on the source of radiant energy). If nonuniformities exist in the gas stream, a large surface area water-cooled calorimeter would tend to smooth or average any variations. Consequently, it is advisable that the size of the calorimeter be limited to relatively small surface areas and applied to where the net heat flux is uniform. Where large samples are tested, it is recommended that a number of smaller diameter water-cooled calorimeters be used (rather than one large unit). These shall be located across the heated surface such that a net heat flux distribution can be described. With this, a more detailed net heat flux measurement can be applied to the specimen test and more information can be deduced from the test.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a steady net heat flux to a given water-cooled surface by means of a system energy balance.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice establishes the controls necessary for production of extrusions cooled from an elevated temperature shaping (extrusion) process for the production of T1, T2, T5 and T10–type tempers. The equipment shall be used for billet preheating, extruding and quenching. Quenching methods may consist of, but are not limited to, air, water or water/glycol mixture in forced air, water spray, fog or mist, standing wave, a quench tank or another pressurized water device, or a combination thereof. Surveillance tests should include tensile properties for all material and metallographic examination to confirm that the elevated temperature shaping process has not resulted in eutectic melting or subsurface porosity from hydrogen diffusion. Specimens shall be sectioned in the plane perpendicular to the direction of the extrusion, polished to an appropriate fineness, mildly etched with an etchant such as Keller’s reagent to reveal any evidence of eutectic melting. Specimens shall also be subjected to tension and hardness tests. During the extrusion process, the following temperature measuring points should be monitored and controlled as per the producer’s internal procedures. The measuring points include but are not limited to: billet or log temperature in the heating equipment, billet or log temperature after heating and before charging into the extrusion press, temperature of the extrudate at the press exit, temperature of the extrudate at quench entry, temperature of the extrudate at the completion of quench, and billet temperature shall not exceed the maximum temperature for the alloy. Artificial aging shall be accomplished using times and temperatures as necessary to achieve required properties.1.1 This practice establishes the controls necessary for production of extrusions cooled from an elevated temperature shaping (extrusion) process for the production of T1, T2, T5 and T10-type tempers (see ANSI H35.1/H35.1M).1.2 This practice is for production of extruded product supplied in the 6xxx and 7xxx alloys shown in Table 1 in the T1, T2, T5 or T10-type tempers (see ANSI H35.1/H35.1M). It contains pertinent information to be used in establishing production practices and is descriptive rather than prescriptive. For the attainment of T3, T4, T6, T7, T8 and T9-type tempers by extrusion press solution heat treatment, refer to Practice B807/B807M.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers seamless annealed or cold-worked, austenitic or martensitic stainless steel tubing of 0.100 to 1.0 in. [2.5 to 25 mm] outside diameter with wall thickness of 0.050 in. [1.3 mm] or less for use at high temperature in liquid metal-cooled reactor plants.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.3 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.

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5.1 Humidity information is important for the understanding of atmospheric phenomena and industrial processes. Measurements of the dew-point and calculations of related vapor pressures are important to quantify the humidity information.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermodynamic dew- or frost-point temperature of ambient air by the condensation of water vapor on a cooled surface. For brevity, this is referred to in this test method as the condensation temperature.1.2 This test method is applicable for the range of condensation temperatures from 60°C to −70°C.1.3 This test method includes a general description of the instrumentation and operational procedures, including site selection, to be used for obtaining the measurements and a description of the procedures to be used for calculating the results.1.4 This test method is applicable for the continuous measurement of ambient humidity in the natural atmosphere on a stationary platform.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 8.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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CAN/CSA-C22.2 NO. 47-M90 (R2001) Air-Cooled Transformers (Dry Type) 现行 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

This PDF includes GI #2 and #3. 1. Scope 1.1 This Standard applies to single-phase and polyphase transformers of the dry type for supplying energy to power, heating, and lighting circuits and designed to be installed and used in accordance with the

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1.1 This specification covers seamless, annealed or cold worked, austenitic or martensitic stainless steel duct tubes of 2 to 7-in. [51 to 178 mm] outside dimensions with wall thickness of 0.250 in. [6.35 mm] or less for use at high temperature in liquid metal-cooled reactor plants.1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.3 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.

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1.1 This specification covers hot- and cold-finished austenitic and martensitic stainless steel bars, billets, and forgings intended for use in manufacturing core components used at high temperatures in liquid metal cooled nuclear reactors.1.2 The bars, billets, and forgings are intended for machining, welding, hot- and cold-forming operations.1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.4 This specification and the applicable material specifications are expressed in both inch-pound and SI units. However, unless the order specifies the applicable "M" specification designation (SI units), the material shall be furnished in inch-pound units.

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4.1 Property data obtained with the recommended test methods identified herein may be used for research and development, design, manufacturing control, specifications, performance evaluation, and regulatory statutes pertaining to nuclear reactors that utilize graphite.4.2 The referenced test methods are applicable primarily to specimens in the non-irradiated and non-oxidized state. Testing irradiated specimens often requires specimen geometries that do not meet the requirements of the standard. Specific instructions or recommendations with respect to testing non-conforming geometries can be found in STP 15784 and/or Guide D7775. When testing irradiated specimens at elevated temperatures, the effects of annealing should be considered (see Note 1).NOTE 1: Exposure to fast neutron radiation will result in atomic and microstructural changes to graphite. This radiation damage occurs when energetic particles, such as fast neutrons, impinge on the crystal lattice and displace carbon atoms from their equilibrium positions, creating a lattice vacancy and an interstitial carbon atom. The lattice strain that results from displacement damage causes significant structural and property changes in the graphite and is a function of the irradiation temperature and dose. When the temperature of the graphite is brought above the temperature at which it was irradiated, enough energy is provided that the structure of the graphite will anneal back to its original condition. Therefore, measurement techniques that bring the specimen temperature above the irradiation temperature can result in property values that change during the measurement process. For this reason, measurements made on irradiated test specimens below the irradiation temperature will produce results that are representative of the irradiation damage. However, measurements made at temperatures above the irradiation temperature could include the effects of annealing.4.3 Additional test methods are in preparation and will be incorporated. The user is cautioned to employ the latest revision.1.1 This practice covers the application and limitations of test methods for measuring the properties of graphite materials. These properties may be used for the design and evaluation of gas-cooled reactor components.1.2 The test methods referenced herein are applicable to materials used for replaceable and permanent components as defined in Section 7 and includes fuel elements; removable reflector elements and blocks; permanent side reflector elements and blocks; core support pedestals and elements; control rod, reserve shutdown, and burnable poison compacts; and neutron shield material. Specific aspects with respect to testing of irradiated materials are addressed.1.3 This practice includes test methods that have been selected from ASTM standards and guides that are specific to the testing of materials listed in 1.2. Comments on individual test methods for graphite components are given in Section 8. The test methods are summarized in Table 1.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification is for sodium intended for use in liquid metal-cooled reactors and for related, non-reactor test and experimental systems. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to Section 7 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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