4.1 There are numerous flammability ratings and tests. Almost without fail, these standards and tests are focused on very specific industries or results, many of which are not applicable to the membrane switch/human machine interface assembly. This test is designed to provide relative results between membrane switches that have been assembled to the unit's final enclosure, housing, etc.4.2 In addition to the test's measurement of the rate of burn, a laboratory can also observe the effects of burning material falling from the test specimen onto other materials (typically a gauze test area) not directly part of the test specimen. The indirect burning is an issue of interest to see if the test specimen will be able to act as an initiator for a far greater and more damaging flame event (fire). Observations should be noted, as qualitative descriptions, as appropriate.4.3 This test can measure the flammability via the use of high-speed photographic or video equipment.4.4 Temperature of the ignition source can be measured via a calibrated thermocouple pyrometer, calorimeter or IR thermometer with an appropriate range.4.5 This test is not designed to provide a PASS or NO PASS status for a switch, rather, it is designed to provide a “grade” for the level of flammability of a membrane switch assembly (as defined in 3.1.10). The end user should make the final determination if the level of flammability is acceptable for the particular application.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flammability characteristics of a membrane switch.1.2 This test method defines the MSB rating of a membrane switch. Each character of the MSB rating represents a discrete characteristic of a membrane switch performance under destructive thermal loading.1.3 This test procedure will be destructive, but should provide an insight into the relative performance flame-resistance characteristics of differing designs or assemblies, or both.1.4 This test method will focus on the use of convective contact (burner flame) method for ignition, though other methods of ignition are available.1.5 This test method is designed to determine if the membrane switch assembly will add (or detract) from the flame propagation from an exterior flame/fire source.1.6 If this test is intended to be used for an internal flammability source then set up the unit under test (UUT) appropriately and note it in the test scope and results.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The overall objective of this practice is to provide recommendations for the systematic acquisition of image data that indicate the health condition of the wear-sensitive SPW in PBF-LB/M machines. These data may allow a user to determine calibration and maintenance cycles based on the actual health condition of the SPW.4.2 The recommendations are intended for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) of PBF-LB/M machines to provide guidance for the implementation of sensor systems to acquire spatially resolved data about the health condition of the SPW.4.3 The recommendations are intended for users of PBF-LB/M machines to provide guidance for the assessment of the actual health condition of the SPW to:4.3.1 Flag when a calibration or maintenance of the optical system is needed and alert the user or OEM to perform the calibration or maintenance and4.3.2 Generate statistical estimates for the useful life, or critical health state, of the SPW based on data recorded over the long term. The statistics may be used to derive maintenance cycles that allow a better utilization of the useful life of the SPW than current predetermined maintenance cycles.1.1 This practice provides:1.1.1 Recommendations for the design and integration of an area scan camera system (referred to as “camera system”) into a laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB/M) machine to assess the health condition of the scanner protective window (SPW),1.1.2 Recommendations for data acquisition with the aforementioned system,1.1.3 Description of a methodology for processing the aforementioned data, and1.1.4 Recommendation on ex-situ measurements of laser beam parameters and part properties suitable for labeling of the processed condition data.1.2 Many of the operational descriptions included in this practice are intended as general overviews. They may not present the detailed information required.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A-UGVs operate in a wide range of applications such as manufacturing facilities and warehouses. Fig. 1 shows three example A-UGV types and test apparatus sizes to test A-UGVs intended for different vehicle tasks, types, sizes, and capabilities. Such sites can have both defined and undefined areas that are structured and unstructured. The testing results of the candidate A-UGV shall describe, in a statistically significant way, the ability of the A-UGV to navigate through a defined area with or without impairments. Whether or not an A-UGV is able to deviate from its path, or uses features of the local environment as input to its navigation method or both, should not result in a different test method. Rather, the capabilities of the A-UGV to adapt its navigation method in a given environment will be objectively determined by its performance in the test method.5.2 Three different manners in which a test method apparatus can be rendered are specified for use: physical boundaries, virtual boundaries, and floor markings (see Section 6 for apparatus specifics). Two types of impairments are specified that can be utilized as the defined area as part of a navigation test: obstacles and communication impairments (see Section 7 for more detail). The apparatuses and impairments chosen shall be appropriate to the application and environment in which the A-UGV will be used.5.3 These test methods address A-UGV performance requirements expressed by A-UGV manufacturers and potential A-UGV users. The performance data captured by these test methods are indicative of the capabilities of the A-UGV and the application represented by the test.5.4 The test apparatuses are scalable to constrain A-UGV sizes in defined areas to meet current and advanced next generation manufacturing and distribution facility operations.5.5 The standard apparatuses are specified to be easily fabricated to facilitate self-evaluation by A-UGV developers and users and provide practice tasks for A-UGV developers, users, and potential users that exercise A-UGV actuators, sensors, and controls.5.6 Although the test methods were developed first for A-UGVs, they may also be applicable to mobile manipulators and other types of industrial automated mobility equipment, as well as in other domains.1.1 Purpose: 1.1.1 The purpose of this test method is to evaluate an automatic, automated, or autonomous-unmanned ground vehicle’s (A-UGV) capability of traversing through a defined space with limited A-UGV clearance. This test method is intended for use by A-UGV manufacturers, installers, and users. This test method defines a set of generic 2D area shapes representative of user applications and for different A-UGV types.1.1.2 A-UGVs shall possess a certain set of navigation capabilities appropriate to A-UGV operations. Two examples of such capabilities include A-UGV movement between structures that define the vehicle path or obstacle avoidance. A navigation system is the monitoring and controlling functions of the A-UGV, providing frequent A-UGV updates of vehicle movement from one place to another. A-UGV environments often include various constraints to A-UGV mobility, such as boundaries and obstacles. In this test method, apparatuses, impairments, procedures, tasks, and metrics are specified that apply constraints and thereby, standard test methods for determining an A-UGV’s navigation capabilities are defined.1.1.3 This test method is scalable to provide a range of dimensions to constrain the A-UGV mobility during task performance.1.1.4 A-UGVs shall be able to handle many types of open and defined area complexities with appropriate precision and accuracy to perform a particular task.1.1.5 The required mobility capabilities include either preprogrammed movement, autonomous movement, or a combination of both, from a start location to an end location. Further mobility requirements may include: sustained speeds, vehicle reconfiguration to pass through defined spaces, payload, A-UGV movement within constrained volumes, A-UGV avoidance of obstacles while navigating, or other vehicle capabilities, or combinations thereof. This test method is designed such that a candidate A-UGV can be evaluated as to whether it meets a set of user application requirements.1.1.6 This test method is used to evaluate the capabilities of a single A-UGV operating with commands and data provided to it by an operator (for example, locations of goal points, map of the environment), as well as those derived from its own sensors (for example, locations of obstacles in the environment), as opposed to information provided to it from another A-UGV or fleet controller. There may be future standards that address the capabilities of multiple A-UGVs – or fleets – that work together.1.1.7 This test method does not consider the act of acquiring or removing payloads, such as picking up/dropping off a pallet or connecting to/disconnecting from a trailer, during navigation. The A-UGV may have a payload as part of its configuration (see Practice F3327) that will be unchanged during the test. A future standard may address these types of capabilities during navigation.1.1.8 Performing Location—This test method shall be performed in a location where the apparatus and environmental test conditions can be fully implemented. Environmental conditions are specified and recorded (see Practice F3218).1.1.9 Additional test methods within Committee F45 are anticipated to be developed to address additional or advanced mobility capability requirements, such as a fleet of A-UGVs coordinating their movement through a facility.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are not precise mathematical conversions to inch-pound units. They are close approximate equivalents for the purpose of specifying material dimensions or quantities that are readily available to avoid excessive fabrication costs of test apparatuses while maintaining repeatability and reproducibility of the test method results. These values given in parentheses are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Safety standards such as ANSI/ITSDF B56.5, ISO 3691-4:2020, or other safety standards should be followed. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The effects of VOC sources on the indoor air quality in buildings have not been well established. One basic requirement that has emerged from indoor air quality studies is the need for well-characterized test data on the emission factors of VOCs from building materials. Standard test method and procedure are a requirement for the comparison of emission factor data from different products.4.2 This practice describes a procedure for using a small environmental test chamber to determine the emission factors of VOCs from wood-based panels over a specified period of time. A pre-screening analysis procedure is also provided to identify the VOCs emitted from the products, to determine the appropriate GC-MS or GC-FID analytical procedure, and to estimate required sampling volume for the subsequent environmental chamber testing.4.3 Test results obtained using this practice provide a basis for comparing the VOC emission characteristics of different wood-based panel products. The emission data can be used to inform manufacturers of the VOC emissions from their products. The data can also be used to identify building materials with reduced VOC emissions over the time interval of the test.4.4 While emission factors determined by using this practice can be used to compare different products, the concentrations measured in the chamber shall not be considered as the resultant concentrations in an actual indoor environment.1.1 The practice measures the volatile organic compounds (VOC), excluding formaldehyde, emitted from manufactured wood-based panels. A pre-screening analysis is used to identify the VOCs emitted from the panel. Emission factors (that is, emission rates per unit surface area) for the VOCs of interest are then determined by measuring the concentrations in a small environmental test chamber containing a specimen. The test chamber is ventilated at a constant air change rate under the standard environmental conditions. For formaldehyde determination, see Test Method D6007.1.2 This practice describes a test method that is specific to the measurement of VOC emissions from newly manufactured individual wood-based panels, such as particleboard, plywood, and oriented strand board (OSB), for the purpose of comparing the emission characteristics of different products under the standard test condition. For general guidance on conducting small environmental chamber tests, see Guide D5116.1.3 VOC concentrations in the environmental test chamber are determined by adsorption on an appropriate single adsorbent tube or multi-adsorbent tube, followed by thermal desorption and combined gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or gas chromatograph/flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The air sampling procedure and the analytical method recommended in this practice are generally valid for the identification and quantification of VOCs with saturation vapor pressure between 500 and 0.01 kPa at 25°C, depending on the selection of adsorbent(s).NOTE 1: VOCs being captured by an adsorbent tube depend on the adsorbent(s) and sampling procedure selected (see Practice D6196). The user should have a thorough understanding of the limitations of each adsorbent used. Although canisters can be used to sample VOCs, this standard is limited to sampling VOCs from the chamber air using adsorbent tubes.1.4 The emission factors determined using the above procedure describe the emission characteristics of the specimen under the standard test condition. These data can be used directly to compare the emission characteristics of different products and to estimate the emission rates up to one month after the production. They shall not be used to predict the emission rates over longer periods of time (that is, more than one month) or under different environmental conditions.1.5 Emission data from chamber tests can be used for predicting the impact of wood-based panels on the VOC concentrations in buildings by using an appropriate indoor air quality model, which is beyond the scope of this practice.1.6 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as the standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI-10).1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specified hazard statements see Section 6.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This plate format is useful for the routine monitoring of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable and non-potable waters. The significance of finding these bacteria can help with identifying water quality or water system problems or evaluate compliance with maintenance protocols. This test method uses small volumes of water, or dilutions thereof, and provides an easy and reliable method that eliminates media preparation and reduces laboratory waste.1.1 This test method describes a simple procedure for the quantification of culturable, waterborne bacteria in potable water (drinking water, bottled water, and dental water, for example) and non-potable waters (cooling towers, for example).1.1.1 The EasyDisc2, 3 plate format is designed to test 1 mL of a water sample on a 47 mm gridded plate containing a growth reagent embedded to the plate’s inner surface.1.1.2 Detection is based on colorimetric technology in which viable, aerobic, heterotrophic, waterborne bacteria grow when present in the water sample, displaying a color reaction which allows for a simplified visualization of colony growth.1.2 Each plate can accurately detect up to 300 colony forming units per 1 mL (CFU/1 mL) of sample. To increase the quantification range, a sample dilution can be used. Adjust the CFU/mL result to reflect dilutions.1.3 This test method can be used for potable (for example, drinking, bottled, and dental) waters and non-potable waters such as cooling tower waters. It is the user’s responsibility to adhere to all requirements by local regulations and ensure the validity of this test method for waters other than those tested as part of the Interlaboratory Study (ILS).1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The use of plastics aboard ships is on the rise and the use of the sea as a trash dumping site is no longer a possibility; consequently, the disposal of plastic materials while at sea remains a major issue. It is possible that biodegradable plastics will help to allay public concern by allowing for the safe disposal of plastic materials at sea. This test method has been developed to assess the rate and degree of aerobic biodegradation of plastics exposed to marine microorganisms. Aerobic biodegradation is determined by measuring the amount of biogas (carbon dioxide) produced during such an exposure.5.2 It is acceptable to use the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradability of a plastic under the conditions of this test method to estimate the persistence of that plastic in biologically active marine environments, for example, seashore and open-ocean. However, it shall be recognized that predicting long-term environmental fate and effects from the results of short-term exposure to a simulated marine environment is difficult. Thus, caution shall be exercised when extrapolating the results obtained from this or any other controlled-environment test to disposal in the natural environment.1.1 This test method is used to determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials (including formulation additives) exposed to pre-grown population of at least ten aerobic marine microorganisms of known genera or the indigenous population existing in natural seawater. The test method is conducted under controlled laboratory conditions.1.2 This test method is designed to index polymer materials that are possibly biodegradable, relative to a positive reference material, in an aerobic environment.1.3 This test method is applicable to all polymer materials containing at least 20 % carbon that are not inhibitory to the microorganisms present in a marine environment.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.5 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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