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5.1 These test methods are used to chemically determine the maximum quantity of oxygen that could be consumed by biological or natural chemical processes due to impurities in water. Typically this measurement is used to monitor and control oxygen-consuming pollutants, both inorganic and organic, in domestic and industrial wastewaters.5.2 The relationship of COD to other water quality parameters such as TOC and TOD is described in the literature.31.1 These test methods cover the determination of the quantity of oxygen that certain impurities in water will consume, based on the reduction of a dichromate solution under specified conditions. The following test methods are included:  Test Method A — Macro COD by Reflux Digestion and Titration  Test Method B — Micro COD by Sealed Digestion and Spectrometry1.2 These test methods are limited by the reagents employed to a maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 800 mg/L. Samples with higher COD concentrations may be processed by appropriate dilution of the sample. Modified procedures in each test method (Section 15 for Test Method A, and Section 24 for Test Method B) may be used for waters of low COD content (<50 mg/L).1.3 As a general rule, COD results are not accurate if the sample contains more than 1000 mg/L Cl−. Consequently, these test methods should not be applied to samples such as seawaters and brines unless the samples are pretreated as described in Appendix X1.1.4 This test method was used successfully on a standard made up in reagent water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 15.6, and 24.5.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The measurement of oxygen demand parameters is critical to the control of process wastewaters. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyzers have long time cycles and in the case of COD analyzers use corrosive reagents with the inherent problem of disposal. Total oxygen demand analysis is faster, approximately 3 min, and uses no liquid reagents in its analysis.5.2 TOD can be correlated to both COD and BOD, providing effective on-line control.5.3 TOD offers several features which make it a more attractive measurement than carbon monitoring using total carbon (TC) or total organic carbon (TOC) analyzers. TOD is unaffected by the presence of inorganic carbon. TOD analysis will also indicate noncarbonaceous materials that consume or contribute oxygen. For example, the oxygen demand of ammonia, sulfite and sulfides will be reflected in the TOD measurement. Also, since the actual measurement is oxygen consumption, TOD reflects the oxidation state of the chemical compound (that is, urea and formic acid have the same number of carbon atoms, yet urea has five times the oxygen demand of formic acid).1.1 This test method covers the determination of total oxygen demand in the range from 100 to 100 000 mg/L, in water and wastewater including brackish waters and brines (see 6.5). Larger concentrations, or samples with high suspended solids, or both, may be determined by suitable dilution of the sample.1.1.1 Since the analysis is based on the change in oxygen reading of the carrier gas compared to that when a sample is introduced (see 4.1), the measurement range is a function of the amount of oxygen in the carrier gas. The higher the desired concentration range, the more oxygen required in the carrier gas. Under recommended conditions, the carrier gas concentration should be between two to four times the maximum desired oxygen demand.1.1.2 The lower measurement range is limited by the stability of the baseline oxygen detector output. This signal is a function of the permeation system temperature, carrier gas flow rate, oxygen detector temperature, and reference sensor voltage. Combined, these variables limit the minimum recommended range to 2 to 100 mg/L.1.1.3 The upper measurement range is limited by the maximum oxygen concentration in the carrier gas (100 %). With the recommended conditions of carrier gas concentration being two to four times the maximum oxygen demand, this limits the maximum possible oxygen demand to between 250 000 to 500 000 mg/L. However, as a practical application to water analysis, this test method will consider a maximum range of 100 000 mg/L.1.2 This test method is applicable to all oxygen-demanding substances under the conditions of the test contained in the sample that can be injected into the reaction zone. The injector opening limits the maximum size of particles that can be injected. If oxygen-demanding substances that are water-insoluble liquids or solids are present, a preliminary treatment may be desired. These pretreatment methods are described in Annex A2.1.3 This test method is particularly useful for measuring oxygen demand in certain industrial effluents and process streams. Its application for monitoring secondary sewage effluents is not established. Its use for the monitoring of natural waters is greatly limited by the interferences defined in Section 6.1.4 In addition to laboratory analysis, this test method is applicable to on-stream monitoring. Sample conditioning techniques for solids pretreatment applications are noted in Annex A2.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice establishes a standard control methodology to aid in fulfillment of shortages derived from production requirements or equipment failures.4.2 This practice encourages an inclusive understanding and communication of the control and tracking of assets, and enables meaningful discussion between parties with interest in the asset.4.3 This practice is intended to foster and enable additional standard practices related to or based on these terms and concepts.1.1 This practice covers the process by which open production and failure related demand requirements are fulfilled using existing equipment components.NOTE 1: Differing approval requirements are generally dictated by ownership issues. For example, approvals for cannibalization/reclamation of company-owned property assets may vary substantially from that required for customer-owned assets. In all cases, the specific approach to approvals and the levels of approval required are prescribed by the entity with title to/ownership of the asset. These requirements are internal to the owning entity. In general, company-owned assets are handled in accordance with established practice specific to each individual entity while customer-owned property is handled based upon established practices specific to each entity or as specified within a contractual document.1.2 This practice is intended to be applicable and appropriate for all asset-holding entities.1.3 This practice covers property assets categorized as equipment.1.4 This practice can be applied to an individual asset, groupings of assets, or to all, or a subset of an entity’s assets.1.5 This practice clarifies and enables effective and efficient support of assets in accordance with the provisions of Practice E2279.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Chlorine is added to potable water, waste water, and industrial water for a variety of purposes. Some of these purposes are:5.1.1 To eliminate or reduce the growth of microorganisms in water,5.1.2 To destroy or modify decomposable organic substances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the water,5.1.3 To eliminate or reduce taste, odors, and color in the water,5.1.4 To separate grease in waste water by eliminating the protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and5.1.5 To destroy or modify substances in the waste water that react directly by oxidation, such as ammonia, cyanates, cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, phosphorus, sulfides, sulfites, thiocyanates, and other oxidizable constituents.5.2 It is important to avoid over-chlorination in order to minimize chemical consumption, meet restrictions specified by regulatory agencies, and minimize equipment degradation.1.1 This practice provides a means of estimating the quantity of chlorine required to be added to a unit volume of water to accomplish a predetermined treatment objective or to completely react with all chlorine reactable substances in the water, or both.1.2 Temperature, pH, and initial chlorine dosage are all variables in estimating the optimum chlorination practice. The effects of these variables can be evaluated using this practice.1.3 Chlorine residual is determined using Test Method D1253.1.4 This practice is applicable to all types of water in which the stated treatment objective can be evaluated or residual chlorine can be measured, or both.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.5.1.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Fan Energy—This standard practice determines the fan energy requirements for a constant speed and demand controlled kitchen ventilation system and estimates the savings. It can be used to compare systems' fan savings potential.5.2 Heating and Cooling Energy—This standard practice determines the heating and cooling energy requirements for a constant speed and demand controlled kitchen ventilation system and estimates the savings. It can be used to compare systems' heating and cooling savings potential.1.1 This practice determines the energy savings potential of Commercial Kitchen Demand Control Ventilation (CKDCV) systems by outlining a procedure to measure system performance.1.1.1 Fan energy savings potential of a Commercial Kitchen Demand Control Ventilation system will be determined.1.1.2 Thermal energy savings potential of a Commercial Kitchen Demand Control Ventilation system will be determined.1.2 This Standard Practice applies to commercial kitchen exhaust and supply demand control ventilation system in the following foodservice establishments: Casino hotel foodservice facilities, commercial cafeterias, full service restaurant, hotel foodservice facility, quick service restaurant, school cafeteria, supermarket, health care foodservice facility. See Appendix X1 for descriptions of facilities.1.3 This CKDCV field test protocol does not apply to other demand control ventilation applications such as building heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) applications or laboratory applications.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 For a specific mixture of cementitious material and AEA solution, the foam index or the absolute volume of AEA determined by this test method provides a measure of effectiveness in producing a stable air-void system for that specific mixture. Values of foam index can be compared only if the AEA solutions used in each test have the same concentration of AEA, the same type of AEA is used, and the same cementitious materials are used. Values of absolute volume of AEA can be compared only if the AEA solutions used in each test are prepared using the same AEA type.5.2 The foam index or the absolute volume of AEA of a cementitious mixture can be expressed as an absolute value, or as a ratio with the foam index or the absolute volume of AEA, respectively, obtained using a slurry of only portland cement and water.5.3 When successive foam index or absolute volume of AEA test results are compared, changes can be detected in the effectiveness of the AEA with a specific mixture of cementitious material in producing concrete with a suitable entrained air-void system.5.4 The foam index and the absolute volume of AEA are not a quantitative measure of AEA dosage for a concrete mixture.1.1 This test method is for the determination of the air-entraining admixture (AEA) demand of a mixture of cementitious materials, AEA, and water.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.21.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The current hip simulator wear test standards (ISO 14242-1 or ISO 14242-3) stipulate only one load waveform and one set of articulation motions. There is a need for more versatile and rigorous wear test regimes, but the knowledge of what represents realistic high demand wear test features is limited. More research is clearly needed before a standard that defines what a representative high demand wear test should include can be written. The objective of this guide is to advise researchers on the possible high demand wear test features that should be included in evaluation of hard-on-hard articulations.5.2 This guide makes suggestions of what high demand test features may need to be added to an overall high demand wear test regime. The features described here are not meant to be all inclusive. Based on current knowledge they appear to be relevant to adverse conditions that can occur in clinical use.5.3 All the test features, both conventional and high demand, could have interactive effects on the wear of the components.1.1 The objective of this guide is to advise researchers on the possible high demand wear test features that should be included in evaluation of hard-on-hard articulations. This guide makes suggestions for high demand test features that may need to be added to an overall wear test regime. Device articulating components manufactured from other metallic alloys, ceramics, or with coated or elementally modified surfaces without significant clinical use could possibly be evaluated with this guide. However, such materials may include risks and failure mechanisms that are not addressed in this guide.1.2 Hard-on-hard hip bearing systems include metal-on-metal (for example, Specifications F75, F799, and F1537; ISO 5832-4, ISO 5832-12), ceramic-on-ceramic (for example, ISO 6474-1, ISO 6474-2, ISO 13356), ceramic-on-metal, or any other bearing systems where both the head and cup components have high surface hardness. An argument has been made that the hard-on-hard THR articulation may be better for younger, more active patients. These younger patients may be more physically fit and expect to be able to perform more energetic activities. Consequently, new designs of hard-on-hard THR articulations may have some implantations subjected to more demanding and longer wear performance requirements.1.3 Total Hip Replacement (THR) with metal-on-metal articulations have been used clinically for more than 50 years (1, 2).2 Early designs had mixed clinical results. Eventually they were eclipsed by THR systems using metal-on-polyethylene articulations. In the 1990s the metal-on-metal articulation again became popular with more modern designs (3), including surface replacement.1.4 In the 1970s the first ceramic-on-ceramic THR articulations were used. In general, the early results were not satisfactory (4, 5). Improvement in alumina, and new designs in the 1990s improved the results for ceramic-on-ceramic articulations (6).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This and other COD test methods are used to chemically determine the quantity of oxygen that certain impurities in water will consume. Typically this measurement is used to monitor and control oxygen-consuming pollutants, both inorganic and organic, in domestic and industrial wastewater applications.For samples from a specific source, COD can be related empirically to BOD, organic carbon, or organic matter. The COD value is useful for monitoring and process control after this correlation has been established.1.1 This test method covers the colorimetric determination of the quantity of oxygen that certain impurities in water will consume, based on the reduction of a manganese III solution under specified conditions. This standard method does not use characteristic heavy metal reagents, thus eliminating environmental and disposal concerns apparent in other methods.1.2 This test method determines chemical oxygen demand colorimetrically using manganese III to obtain a visible color intensity inversely proportional to the chemical oxygen demand of the sample. Analytical test kits conforming to these methods are available commercially in ranges from 80 to 1,000 mg/L (ppm) chemical oxygen demand. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for their specific samples and matrices.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 9 and 12.

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5.1 Test methods A and B are used to estimate the permanganate natural oxidant demand exerted by the soil or aquifer solids by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by naturally occurring species as a function of time. Test Method C is used to estimate the permanganate total oxidant demand exerted by soil, aquifer solids, chemical contaminants or any other reduced species by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by all components of the bulk aquifer as a function of time. Typically, the measurement of oxidant demand is used to screen potential sites for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate (Test Methods A and C) and provide information to aid in the design of remediation systems (Test Methods B and C).5.2 While some oxidizable species react relatively quickly (that is, days to weeks), others react more slower (weeks to months). Consequently, the PNODt is expected to be some fraction of the PNODmax.5.3 For ISCO injection applications, the PNOD may overestimate the demand exerted due to mass transport related issues. For soil blending applications, the PNOD is a more accurate measure of the demand exerted due to better mass to oxidant contact.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and so forth.1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) through the determination of the quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) that organic matter and other naturally occurring oxidizable species present in soil or aquifer solids will consume under specified conditions as a function of time. Oxidizable species may include organic constituents and oxidizable inorganic ions, such as ferrous iron and sulfides. The following test methods are included:Test Method A—48-hour Permanganate Natural Oxidant DemandTest Method B—Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand KineticsTest Method C—Permanganate Total Oxidant Demand1.2 These test methods are limited by the reagents employed to a permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) of 40 g KMnO4 per kg soil or aquifer solids after a period of 48 hours (Methods A and C) or two weeks (Method B).1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to interpret the results of the data. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to interpret the results obtained and to determine the applicability of these results prior to use.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method describes a rapid method to determine the maximum quantity of oxygen that may be consumed by impurities in water. As outlined in Test Methods D1252, chemical oxygen demand is typically used to monitor and control oxygen-consuming pollutants, both organic and inorganic, in domestic and industrial wastewaters. This photoelectrochemical oxygen demand test method is specific for measuring organics and inorganics in freshwater sources for drinking water treatment plants and treated drinking water matrices. This photoelectrochemical oxygen demand test method is not intended for domestic and industrial wastewaters to replace Test Methods D1252.5.2 This test method does not require the use of the hazardous reagents, such as mercuric sulfate, potassium dichromate and silver sulfate, that are associated with chemical oxygen demand. It can also provide a result more rapidly than chemical oxygen demand as samples do not require reflux.1.1 This test method covers a protocol for the determination of the photoelectrochemical oxygen demand of freshwater sources for drinking water treatment plants and treated drinking water in the range of 0.7 mg/L to 20 mg/L. Higher levels may be determined by sample dilution.1.2 Photoelectrochemical oxygen demand is determined using the current generated from the photoelectrochemical oxidation of the sample using titanium dioxide (TiO2) irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) light from a light-emitting diode (LED).1.3 This test method does not require the use of the hazardous reagents, such as mercuric sulfate, potassium dichromate and silver sulfate, that are often associated with the determination of chemical oxygen demand (that is, Test Methods D1252). It can also provide a result rapidly, as samples do not require reflux.1.4 Determination of photoelectrochemical oxygen demand in freshwater sources for drinking water treatment plants and treated drinking water matrices has important implications for assessing treatment efficacy. Photoelectrochemical oxygen demand can be used as a bulk surrogate measure of natural organic matter, a key target for drinking water treatment. In aerobic biological treatment processes, determination of photoelectrochemical oxygen demand can provide an estimation of the oxygen required by microorganisms to degrade organic matter. This test method is complementary to existing natural organic matter (NOM) monitoring techniques and will help scientists and engineers further the understanding of NOM in water with a rapid oxygen demand test.1.5 This test method was used successfully with reagent grade water spiked with pure compounds, freshwater sources for drinking water treatment plants and treated drinking water. It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.1.6 This test method is applicable to oxidizable matter, <50 µm that can be introduced into the sensor.NOTE 1: This test method can be performed (1) immediately in the field or laboratory on an unpreserved sample, and (2) in the laboratory on a properly preserved sample following the stated hold times.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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