定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元

4.1 Rutted pavement surfaces may have an adverse influence on vehicle handling characteristics and may impede surface drainage, which may reduce friction properties and contribute to hydroplaning. Rutting indicates deformation or wear of materials in the pavement and may be indicative of problems such as asphalt flow, consolidation, shear, or loss of pavement materials.4.2 The rut-depth value obtained using this test method may not correlate well with values obtained using other methods.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for the measurement of the depth of the rut at a chosen location in a pavement surface using a straightedge and a gauge.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Although it would be desirable to measure the extent of profile distortion in any unknown sample by using a standard sample and this guide, measurements of interface width (profile distortion) can be unique to every sample composition (1, 2).4 This guide, describes a method that determines the unique width of a particular interface for the chosen set of operating conditions. It is intended to provide a method for checking on proper or consistent, or both, instrument performance. Periodic analysis of the same sample followed by a measurement of the interface width, in accordance with this guide, will provide these checks.5.2 The procedure described in this guide is adaptable to any layered sample with an interface between layers in which a nominated element is present in one layer and absent from the other. It has been shown that for SIMS in particular (3, 4) and for surface analysis in general (5, 6), only rigorous calibration methods can determine accurate interface widths. Such procedures are prohibitively time-consuming. Therefore the interface width measurement obtained using the procedure described in this guide may contain significant systematic error (7). Therefore, this measure of interface width may have no relation to similar measures made with other methods. However, this does not diminish its use as a check on proper or consistent instrument performance, or both.5.3 This guide can be used for both elemental and molecular depth profiles, provided that the materials have constant sputter rates throughout the depth of the overlayer, and minimal interlayer mixing is occurring. For more detailed information regarding measurements of interface widths during organic depth profiling, please see Mahoney (8).1.1 This guide provides the SIMS analyst with a method for determining the width of interfaces from SIMS sputtering data obtained from analyses of layered specimens (both organic and inorganic). This guide does not apply to data obtained from analyses of specimens with thin markers or specimens without interfaces such as ion-implanted specimens.1.2 This guide does not describe methods for the optimization of interface width or the optimization of depth resolution.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Auger electron spectroscopy yields information concerning the chemical and physical state of a solid surface in the near surface region. Nondestructive depth profiling is limited to this near surface region. Techniques for measuring the crater depths and film thicknesses are given in (1).55.2 Ion sputtering is primarily used for depths of less than the order of 1 μm.5.3 Angle lapping or mechanical cratering is primarily used for depths greater than the order of 1 μm.5.4 The choice of depth profiling methods for investigating an interface depends on surface roughness, interface roughness, and film thickness (2).5.5 The depth profile interface widths can be measured using a logistic function which is described in Practice E1636.1.1 This guide covers procedures used for depth profiling in Auger electron spectroscopy.1.2 Guidelines are given for depth profiling by the following:  SectionIon Sputtering  6Angle Lapping and Cross-Sectioning  7Mechanical Cratering  8Mesh Replica Method 9Nondestructive Depth Profiling  101.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Sampling at specified depth(s) within a liquid may be needed to confirm or rule out variations within a target population. This practice describes the design and operation of commercially available grab and discrete depth samplers for persons responsible for designing or implementing sampling programs, or both.4.2 These sampling devices are used for sampling liquids in tanks, ponds, impoundments, and other open bodies of water. Some may be used from the edge or bank of the sampling site, whereas some can only be used from a platform, boat, or bridge over the sampling site. Some of the devices described are suitable for sampling slurries and sludges as well as aqueous and other liquids with few or no suspended solids.4.3 Practice D5743 provides guidance for sampling drums, tanks, or similar containers.4.4 This practice does not address general guidelines for planning waste sampling activities (Guide D4687), development of data quality objectives (Practice D5792), the design of monitoring systems and determination of the number of samples to collect (Practice D6311), in situ measurement of parameters of interest, data assessment and statistical interpretation of resultant data (Guide D6233), sample preservation, sampling and field quality assurance (Guide D5612), or the selection of sampling locations or obtaining a representative sample (Guide D6044).1.1 This practice describes sampling devices and procedures for collecting samples of liquids or sludges, or both, whose upper surface can be accessed by the suitable device. These devices may be used to sample tanks that have an appropriately sized and located sampling port.1.2 This practice describes and discusses the advantages and limitations of the following commonly used equipment, some of which can be used for both grab and discrete depth sampling: dipper, liquid grab sampler, swing jar sampler, Bacon Bomb, Kemmerer sampler, Discrete Level sampler, liquid profiler, peristaltic pump, and the Syringe sampler.1.3 This practice provides instructions on the use of these samplers.1.4 This practice does not address sampling devices for collecting ground water.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The advantages of the depth-integrating samplers are as follows:4.1.1 The samplers provide the only means by which a representative sample of phytoplankton can be obtained from a stream.4.1.2 The variety of sampler designs result in the availability of a sampler that can be used in virtually all velocities of flow.4.1.3 Samples of known volumes can be obtained.4.1.4 A quantitative sample is obtained. Nanno- and ultraplankton are not lost from the sampling device.4.1.5 Some of the samplers can be used in water up to 55 m deep.4.1.6 Many of the samplers are light-weight and can be used without auxiliary equipment.4.2 The disadvantages of the depth-integrating samplers are as follows:4.2.1 The samplers can be used only in flowing streams having a velocity greater than 1.5 ft3/s.4.2.2 Some of the samplers are heavy and require the use of auxiliary equipment, such as a crane with hoist.4.2.3 The collection of samples can be very time-consuming.4.3 There are several special considerations that shall be observed when using depth-integrating samplers. They are as follows:4.3.1 The nozzle of the sampler should be inspected periodically for chips, cracks, or other signs of damage and replaced as necessary.4.3.2 The sample from each vertical profile must be combined with other similar samples in a common container. If the combined sample is subsequently subdivided, it must be thoroughly mixed before doing so.1.1 This practice covers the procedures for obtaining quantitative samples of a phytoplankton community by use of depth-integrating sampler. The method is suitable for use in flowing waters.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This test method is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for the measurement of the in-place water mass per unit volume of soil and rock at desired depths below the surface.5.2 This test method is useful for informational and research purposes. The information acquired from this test method is best used for quality control and acceptance testing when correlated to actual water mass per unit volume using procedures and methods described in A1.2.3.5.3 The non-destructive nature of this test method allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location for statistical analysis and to monitor changes over time.5.4 The fundamental assumptions inherent in this test method are that the material under test is homogeneous and hydrogen present is in the form of water as defined by Test Method D2216.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the water mass per unit volume of soil and rock by thermalization or slowing of fast neutrons, where the neutron source and the thermal neutron detector are placed at the desired depth in the bored hole lined by an access tube.1.1.1 For limitations see Section 6 on Interferences.1.2 The water mass per unit volume, expressed as mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the thermal neutron count rate with previously established calibration data (see Annex A1).1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text of this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound (or other non-SI) units in brackets.1.3.1 Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This practice is used for reporting the experimental conditions as specified in Section 6 in the “Methods” or “Experimental” sections of other publications (subject to editorial restrictions).5.2 The report would include specific conditions for each data set, particularly, if any parameters are changed for different sputter depth profile data sets in a publication. For example, footnotes of tables or figure captions would be used to specify differing conditions.1.1 This practice covers the information needed to describe and report instrumentation, specimen parameters, experimental conditions, and data reduction procedures. SIMS sputter depth profiles can be obtained using a wide variety of primary beam excitation conditions, mass analysis, data acquisition, and processing techniques (1-4).21.2 Limitations—This practice is limited to conventional sputter depth profiles in which information is averaged over the analyzed area in the plane of the specimen. Ion microprobe or microscope techniques permitting lateral spatial resolution of secondary ions within the analyzed area, for example, image depth profiling, are excluded.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for in-place measurements of bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate. Test results may be used for the determination of dry density if the water content of the soil or soil-aggregate is determined by separate means, such as those methods described in Test Methods D2216, D4643, D4944, and D4959.4.2 The test method is used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The nondestructive nature allows repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.4.3 Density—The fundamental assumptions inherent in the method is that Compton scattering is the dominant interaction and that the material is homogeneous.NOTE 3: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method describes the procedures for measuring in-place bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate using nuclear equipment with radioactive sources (hereafter referred to simply as “gauges”). These gauges are distinct from those described in Test Method D6938 insofar as:1.1.1 These gauges do not contain a system (nuclear or otherwise) for the determination of the water content of the material under measurement.1.1.2 These gauges have photon yields sufficiently low as to require the inclusion of background radiation effects on the response during normal operation.1.1.2.1 For the devices described in Test Method D6938, the contribution of gamma rays detected from the naturally-occurring radioisotopes in most soils (hereafter referred to as “background”) compared to the contribution of gamma rays used by the device to measure in-place bulk density is typically small enough to be negligible in terms of their effect on measurement accuracy. However, for these low-activity gauges, the gamma ray yield from the gauge is low enough that the background contribution from most soils compared to the contribution of gamma rays from the gauge is no longer negligible, and changes in this background can adversely affect the accuracy of the bulk density reading.1.1.2.2 In order to compensate for potentially differing background contribution to low-activity gauge measurements at different test sites, a background reading must be taken in conjunction with gauge measurements obtained at a given test site. This background reading is utilized in the bulk density calculation performed by the gauge with the goal of minimizing these background effects on the density measurement accuracy.1.2 For limitations see Section 5 on Interferences.1.3 The bulk density of soil and soil-aggregate is measured by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] and the detector(s) remains on the surface (some gauges may reverse this orientation).1.3.1 The bulk density of the test sample in mass per unit volume is calculated by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.1.3.2 Neither the dry density nor the water content of the test sample is measured by this device. However, the results of this test can be used with the water content or water mass per unit volume value determined by alternative methods to determine the dry density of the test sample.1.4 The gauge is calibrated to read the bulk density of soil or soil-aggregate.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.1.5.1 For purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.1.5.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: Nuclear density gauge manuals and reference materials, as well as the gauge displays themselves, typically refer to bulk density as “wet density” or “WD.”NOTE 2: The term “bulk density” is used throughout this standard. This term has different definitions in Terminology D653, depending on the context of its use. For this standard, however, “bulk density” refers to, as defined in Terminology D653, “the total mass of partially saturated or saturated soil or rock per unit total volume.”1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the total or wet density of soil and soil-rock mixtures by the attenuation of gamma radiation where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) while the detector(s) or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method).1.2 The density in mass per unit volume of the material under test is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma radiation with previously established calibration data.1.3 The values tested in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents may be approximate.1.4 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and a unit of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. These test methods have been written using the gravitational system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft 3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with these test methods.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific Hazard statements, see Section .

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for the P225/60R16 97S radial low tread depth standard reference test tire. The tire covered by this specification is primarily for use as a reference tire for wet braking traction evaluations for tires in a worn state but may also be used for other evaluations.1.2 This specification provides a 16 rim diameter code standard tire design and construction, standard dimensions, and specifies the conditions of storage.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This practice provides a means for the users of ASTM Committee D02 standards to monitor the drift in sensed temperature of liquid-in-glass thermometer (LiG), and digital contact thermometers (DCT). Digital contact thermometers are sometimes referred to as portable electronic thermometers (PET) or simply digital thermometers.5.2 This practice is not suitable for determining the accuracy or calibration of a temperature-measuring device as the error in the ice bath temperature can be greater than 0.02 °C. For greater accuracy, the user should use Practice E563 to prepare the ice bath.5.3 The ice point is a common practical industrial reference point of thermometry. The ice point is relatively simple to realize and provides a readily available natural fixed-point reference temperature.5.4 This practice only checks the measurement drift at a single temperature. It will not detect a change in measurement response with change in temperature. Temperature-measuring devices should be recalibrated at set intervals. See device supplier for recommendations.5.5 This practice provides a technique to determine minimum immersion depth of the sensing probe of the thermometer using an ice bath. The minimum immersion depth determined by this practice may change when the differential temperature differs significantly from the conditions described. A greater differential will likely increase the minimum immersion depth.1.1 This practice describes two procedures for use with temperature measurement devices. Methodology is described for determining minimum immersion depth for thermal sensors, in particular RTDs or similar temperature sensors. Included is a procedure for consistently preparing a reference bath for the purpose of monitoring measurement drift of thermal sensors such as liquid-in-glass or digital contact thermometers.1.2 This practice focuses on temperature measurement drift in a laboratory. If the user requires greater measurement accuracy, then they should follow the instructions in Practice E563.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The engineering function of many PM parts may require an exterior portion of the part to have a hardened layer. Where case hardening produces a distinct transition in the microstructure, metallographic estimation of the observed case depth may be used to check the depth to which the surface has been hardened.1.1 A metallographic method is described for estimating the observed case depth of ferrous powder metallurgy (PM) parts. This method may be used for all types of hardened cases where there is a discernible difference between the microstructure of the hardened surface and that of the interior of the part.1.2 With the exception of the values for grit size for which the U.S. standard designation is the industry standard, the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The engineering function of many PM parts may require an exterior portion of the part to have a specified case depth and microindentation hardness. Measurement of effective case depth is used to determine the depth to which the microindentation hardness of the exterior portion of a part has been increased over that of the interior of the part.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determination of the effective case depth of powder metallurgy (PM) parts.1.2 A microindentation hardness traverse procedure is described to determine effective case depth. This test method may be used to determine the effective case depth for all types of hardened cases.1.3 The procedure for determining the microindentation hardness of powder metallurgy materials, as described in Test Method B933, shall be followed.1.4 Units—With the exception of the unit for density, for which the grams per cubic centimeter unit is the long-standing industry practice, the values in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车