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AS 2192-2002 Sterilizers - Steam - Downward-displacement 被代替 发布日期 :  2002-07-25 实施日期 : 

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4.1 From the light ship characteristics one is able to calculate the stability characteristics of the vessel for all conditions of loading and thereby determine whether the vessel satisfies the applicable stability criteria. Accurate results from a stability test may in some cases determine the future survival of the vessel and its crew, so the accuracy with which the test is conducted cannot be overemphasized. The condition of the vessel and the environment during the test is rarely ideal and consequently, the stability test is infrequently conducted exactly as planned. If the vessel is not 100 % complete and the weather is not perfect, there ends up being water or shipyard trash in a tank that was supposed to be clean and dry and so forth, then the person in charge must make immediate decisions as to the acceptability of variances from the plan. A complete understanding of the principles behind the stability test and a knowledge of the factors that affect the results is necessary.1.1 This guide covers the determination of a vessel’s light ship characteristics. In this standard, a vessel is a traditional hull-formed vessel. The stability test can be considered to be two separate tasks; the lightweight survey and the inclining experiment. The stability test is required for most vessels upon their completion and after major conversions. It is normally conducted inshore in calm weather conditions and usually requires the vessel be taken out of service to prepare for and conduct the stability test. The three light ship characteristics determined from the stability test for conventional (symmetrical) ships are displacement (“displ”), longitudinal center of gravity (“LCG”), and the vertical center of gravity (“KG”). The transverse center of gravity (“TCG”) may also be determined for mobile offshore drilling units (MODUs) and other vessels which are asymmetrical about the centerline or whose internal arrangement or outfitting is such that an inherent list may develop from off-center weight. Because of their nature, other special considerations not specifically addressed in this guide may be necessary for some MODUs. This standard is not applicable to vessels such as a tension-leg platforms, semi-submersibles, rigid hull inflatable boats, and so on.1.2 The limitations of 1 % trim or 4 % heel and so on apply if one is using the traditional pre-defined hydrostatic characteristics. This is due to the drastic change of waterplane area. If one is calculating hydrostatic characteristics at each move, such as utilizing a computer program, then the limitations are not applicable.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3.1 Exceptions—Other units may be used for the stability test, but the test results should be reported in the same units and coordinate system as the vessel’s draft marks and Trim and Stability Book or similar stability information provided.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This test method offers a means to compare the barrel compression of softball and baseball bats. This test is not intended for wood or solid bats.1.1 This test method describes a comparative measurement method for determining the compression force of softball and baseball bat barrels as defined by a static compression displacement test.1.2 This standard is not intended to define the performance of softball or baseball bats but to determine the intrinsic barrel compression of a specific bat.1.3 This standard can be used to compare the relative barrel compression force of bats using a relatively slow, non-impact loading rate.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Linear displacement sensor systems play an important role in orthopedic applications to measure micromotion during simulated use of joint prostheses.4.2 Linear displacement sensor systems must be calibrated for use in the laboratory to ensure reliable conversions of the system’s electrical output to engineering units.4.3 Linear displacement sensor systems should be calibrated before initial use, at least annually thereafter, after any change in the electronic configuration that employs the sensor, after any significant change in test conditions using the sensor that differ from conditions during the last calibration, and after any physical action on the sensor that might affect its response.4.4 Verification of sensor performance in accordance with calibration should be performed on a per use basis both before and after testing. Such verification can be done with a less accurate standard than that used for calibration, and may be done with only a few points.4.5 Linear displacement sensor systems generally have a working range within which voltage output is linearly proportional to displacement of the sensor. This procedure is applicable to the linear range of the sensor. Recommended practice is to use the linear displacement sensor system only within its linear working range.1.1 This practice covers the procedures for calibration of linear displacement sensors and their corresponding power supply, signal conditioner, and data acquisition systems (linear displacement sensor systems) for use in measuring micromotion. It covers any sensor used to measure displacement that gives an electrical voltage output that is linearly proportional to displacement. This includes, but is not limited to, linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs) and differential variable reluctance transducers (DVRTs).1.2 This calibration procedure is used to determine the relationship between output of the linear displacement sensor system and displacement. This relationship is used to convert readings from the linear displacement sensor system into engineering units.1.3 This calibration procedure is also used to determine the error of the linear displacement sensor system over the range of its use.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The force and displacement values when converted to a slope are useful in quantifying the differences in tactile response among membrane switches.3.2 Specified resistance is useful to manufacturers and users when designing membrane switch interface circuitry.3.3 Actuation force and contact force are useful to manufacturers and users in determining the suitability, reference and aesthetics of a membrane switch in a given application.3.4 The tendency of a switch to make or break electrical contact at unexpected moments during closure or release can be a sign of a poor design. The degree of teasing can range from a simple annoyance to a failure of critical control process.3.5 The amount of switch sensitivity or teasing can also be a result of poor surface conductivity that will prevent an electrical event even when switch poles are in partial contact.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of force displacement characteristics of a membrane switch.1.1.1 This test method replaces Test Method F1570 (Tactile Ratio). Tactile Actuating Slope Angle and Tactile Recovery Slope Angle better represent the characterization of tactile sensation, previously called “Tactile Ratio” in Test Method F1570.1.1.2 This test method replaces Test Method F1682 (Travel).1.1.3 This test method replaces Test Method F1597 (Actuation and Contact Force).1.1.4 This test method replaces Test Method F1997 (Switch Sensitivity).1.2 Force displacement hysterisis loop curve can be used in the determination of Actuation Force, Displacement, Contact Force, Return Force, and Tactile Actuating Slope Angle and Tactile Recovery Slope Angle.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Testing machines that apply and measure displacement are used in many industries. They may be used in research laboratories to determine material properties, and in production lines to qualify products for shipment. The displacement measuring devices integral to the testing machines may be used for measurement of crosshead or actuator displacement over a defined range of operation. The accuracy of the displacement value shall be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) or another recognized National Laboratory. Practices E2309 provides a procedure to verify these machines and systems, in order that the measured displacement values may be traceable. A key element to having traceability is that the devices used in the verification produce known displacement characteristics, and have been calibrated in accordance with adequate calibration standards.1.1 These practices cover procedures and requirements for the calibration and verification of displacement measuring systems by means of standard calibration devices for static and quasi-static testing machines. This practice is not intended to be complete purchase specifications for testing machines or displacement measuring systems. Displacement measuring systems are not intended to be used for the determination of strain. See Practice E83.1.2 These procedures apply to the verification of the displacement measuring systems associated with the testing machine, such as a scale, dial, marked or unmarked recorder chart, digital display, etc. In all cases the buyer/owner/user must designate the displacement-measuring system(s) to be verified.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 Displacement values indicated on displays/printouts of testing machine data systems—be they instantaneous, delayed, stored, or retransmitted—which are within the Classification criteria listed in Table 1, comply with Practices E2309/E2309M.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The specific gravity of soil solids is used in calculating the phase relationships of soils, such as void ratio and degree of saturation.5.1.1 The specific gravity of soil solids is used to calculate the density of the soil solids. This is done by multiplying the specific gravity by the density of water at 20°C. The soil solids density is nearly independent of temperature.5.2 The term soil solids is typically assumed to mean naturally occurring mineral particles or soil like particles that are not readily soluble in water. Therefore, the specific gravity of soil solids containing extraneous matter, such as cement, lime, and the like, water-soluble matter, such as sodium chloride, and soils containing matter with a specific gravity less than one, typically require special treatment (see Note 2) or a qualified definition of their specific gravity.NOTE 2: For some soils containing a significant fraction of organic matter, kerosene is a better wetting agent than water and may be used in place of test water for oven-dried specimens. Kerosene is a flammable liquid that must be used with extreme caution. This standard should not be used when using kerosene as the test fluid.5.3 The balances, pycnometer sizes, and specimen masses are specified to obtain test results reportable to four significant digits.NOTE 3: The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.AbstractThese test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids passing a sieve by means of a water pycnometer. Soil solids for these test methods do not include solids which can be altered by these methods, contaminated with a substance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic soil solids, such as fibrous matter which floats in water. Procedures for moist specimens such as organic soils, highly plastic fine grained soils, tropical soils, and soils containing halloysite and oven-dry specimens are provided. The apparatus is comprised of water pycnometer which shall be a stoppered flask, stoppered iodine flask, or volumetric flask; balance; drying oven; thermometer; dessicator; a system for entrapped air removal which shall be a hot plate or Bunsen burner or a vacuum pump or water aspirator; insulated container; non-corrosive smooth surface funnel; pycnometer filling tube with lateral vents; sieve; and blender with mixing blades. The specific gravity of the soil solids at the test temperature shall be calculated from the density of the soil solids and the density of water at the test temperature or from the mass of the oven dry soil solids; mass of pycnometer, water, and soil solids at the test temperature; and mass of the pycnometer and water at the test temperature. Precision and bias shall be determined to judge for the acceptability of the test results.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the specific gravity of soil solids that pass the 3/8-in. (9.5-mm) or smaller sieve by means of the water displacement method. When the total sample contains larger particles, it is separated into a coarser and finer portion using a 3/8-in. (9.5-mm) or No. 4 (4.75-mm) or finer sieve. Separation on the No. 4 sieve is the referee method. Test Method C127 shall be used to obtain the specific gravity of the coarser portion. The D854 test methods shall be used to obtain the specific gravity of the finer portion. The total sample specific gravity is computed from the two portions as described in 12.5.1.1.1 These test methods do not apply to solids which can be altered by these methods, contaminated with a substance that prohibits the use of these methods, or are highly organic, such as fibrous matter which floats in water (see Note 1).NOTE 1: Test Method D5550 may be used to determine the specific gravity of soil solids having solids, which readily dissolve in water or float in water, or where it is impracticable to use water.1.2 This standard provides two methods for performing the specific gravity test. The method to be used shall be specified by the requesting authority, except when testing the types of soils listed in 1.2.1.1.2.1 Method A—Procedure for Moist Specimens, described in 11.1. This procedure is the preferred method. Method A shall be used for organic soils; highly plastic, fine-grained soils; tropical soils; and soils containing halloysite.1.2.2 Method B—Procedure for Oven-Dry Specimens, described in 11.2. This procedure requires less time and may be used for clean sands.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard, except the sieve designations. The sieve designations are identified using the “alternative” system in accordance with Practice E11, such as 3-in. and No. 200, instead of the “standard” designation of 75-mm and 75-µm, respectively. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as non-conformance with this test method. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Glassware under vacuum has the potential for implosion. Proper personal protective equipment shall be used at all times. See Section 8.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers the design and construction requirements of rotary positive displacement distillate fuel pumps intended for use in shipboard. Pumps covered by this specification are of Types II, III, IV, V, VIII, X, and XI and of sizes A-H. The pump shall be manufactured capable of sustaining operation in any direction up to a certain inclination, shall withstand environmental vibration induced by shipboard machinery and equipment, shall be driven by an electric motor, and besides distillate fuel, the pump shall also be used to pump aviation turbine fuel. Performance acceptance tests shall be performed, including mechanical running test, noise test, and hydrostatic test, and shall conform to the requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers the requirements applicable to the design and construction of rotary positive displacement distillate fuel pumps for shipboard use.1.2 Lineal dimensions and units of force in this specification are expressed as inches and pounds respectively. A companion metric standard is in the process of preparation.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The density of petroleum coke directly influences the physical and chemical properties of the manufactured carbon and graphite artifacts for which it is used. Density, therefore, is a major quality specification of calcined petroleum coke and is used as a control in coke calcination.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the real density (RD) of calcined petroleum coke. Real density, by definition, is obtained when the particle size of the test specimen is smaller than 75 μm (No. 200 sieve).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 10 and 11.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property that is conveniently measured to identify a material, to follow physical changes in a sample, to indicate degree of uniformity among different sampling units or specimens, or to indicate the average density of a large item.5.2 Changes in density of a single material are due to localized differences in crystallinity, loss of plasticizer, absorption of solvent, or to other causes. It is possible that portions of a sample differ in density because of their differences in crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types or proportions of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler).5.3 Density is useful for calculating strength-weight and cost-weight ratios.1.1 These test methods describe the determination of the specific gravity (relative density) and density of solid plastics in forms such as sheets, rods, tubes, or molded items.1.2 Two test methods are described:1.2.1 Test Method A—For testing solid plastics in water, and1.2.2 Test Method B—For testing solid plastics in liquids other than water.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard is not equivalent to ISO 1183–1 Method A. This test method provides more guidelines on sample weight and dimension. ISO 1183-1 allows testing at an additional temperature of 27 ± 2°C.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Electrical insulating liquids, in many applications, require low gas content. This is the case with capacitors and certain types of cable, for example. This test is used as a factory control test and as a control and functional test in installation and maintenance work by utilities. This test requires care in manipulation and trained, careful personnel.FIG. 1 Semimicro Apparatus for Determination of Gas Content of Insulating Liquids1.1 This test method describes the determination of the gas content of electrical insulating liquids with a viscosity of 216 cSt or less at 100°C. Any gas that is nonreactive with a strong caustic solution may be determined.Note 1—The test method has a bias for samples containing gases other than oxygen and nitrogen in atmospheric ratios due to differential solubility effects. Gases which react with KOH such as carbon dioxide will not be measured. Unsaturated hydrocarbons such as acetylene, if present, will react with KOH to a small degree and will result in an underestimation of the total gas present.1.2 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Electronic circuits used in many space, military, and nuclear power systems may be exposed to various levels and time profiles of neutron radiation. It is essential for the design and fabrication of such circuits that test methods be available that can determine the vulnerability or hardness (measure of survivability) of components to be used in them. A determination of hardness is often necessary for the short term (≈100 μs) as well as long term (permanent damage) following exposure. See Practice E722.1.1 This guide defines the requirements and procedures for testing silicon discrete semiconductor devices and integrated circuits for rapid annealing effects from displacement damage resulting from neutron radiation. This test will produce degradation of the electrical properties of the irradiated devices and should be considered a destructive test. Rapid annealing of displacement damage is usually associated with bipolar technologies.1.1.1 Heavy ion beams can also be used to characterize displacement damage annealing (1),2 but ion beams have significant complications in the interpretation of the resulting device behavior due to the associated ionizing dose. The use of pulsed ion beams as a source of displacement damage is not within the scope of this standard.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The displacement transducer plays an important role in geotechnical applications to measure change in dimensions of specimens.5.2 The displacement transducer must be calibrated/verified for use in the laboratory to ensure reliable conversions of the sensor's electrical output to engineering units.5.3 The displacement transducer should be calibrated/verified before initial use, at least annually thereafter, after any change in the electronic configuration that employs the sensor, after any significant change in test conditions using the transducer that differ from conditions during the last calibration/verification, and after any physical action on the transducer that might affect its response.5.4 Displacement transducer generally has a working range within which voltage output is linearly proportional to displacement of the transducer. This procedure is applicable to the linear range of the transducer. Recommended practice is to use the displacement transducer only within its linear working range.NOTE 1: Verification as in Practices E2309/E2309M should not be confused with calibration1.1 This practice outlines the procedure for calibration/verification of displacement transducers and their readout systems for geotechnical purposes. It covers any transducer used to measure displacement, which gives an electrical output that is linearly proportional to displacement. This includes linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs), linear displacement transducers (LDTs) and linear strain transducers (LSTs).1.2 This calibration/verification procedure is used to determine the relationship between output of the transducer and its readout system and change in length. This relationship is used to convert readings from the transducer readout system into engineering units.1.3 This calibration/verification procedure also is used to determine the accuracy of the transducer and its readout system over the range of its use to compare with the manufacturer’s specifications for the instrument and the suitability of the instrument for a specific application.1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as the standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combination values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with standard.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard.1.5.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consideration for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This standard cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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