5.1 This wipe sampling and indirect analysis test method is used for the general testing of surfaces for asbestos. It is used to assist in the evaluation of surfaces in buildings, such as ceiling tiles, shelving, electrical components, duct work, and so forth. This test method provides an index of the concentration of asbestos structures per unit area sampled as derived from a quantitative measure of the number of asbestos structures detected during analysis.5.1.1 This test method does not describe procedures or techniques required for the evaluation of the safety or habitability of buildings with asbestos-containing materials, or compliance with federal, state, or local regulations or statutes. It is the user's responsibility to make these determinations.5.1.2 At present, a single direct relationship between asbestos sampled from a surface and potential human exposure does not exist. Accordingly, the user should consider these data in relationship to other available information (for example, air sampling data) in their evaluation.5.2 One or more large asbestos-containing particles dispersed during sample preparation may result in large asbestos surface loading results in the TEM analyses of that sample. It is, therefore, recommended that multiple replicate independent samples be secured in the same area, and that a minimum of three such samples be analyzed by the entire procedure.1.1 This test method covers a procedure to identify asbestos in samples wiped from surfaces and to provide an estimate of the concentration of asbestos reported as the number of asbestos structures per unit area of sampled surface. The procedure outlined in this test method employs an indirect sample preparation technique. It is intended to disperse aggregated asbestos into fundamental fibrils, fiber bundles, clusters, or matrices. However, as with all indirect sample preparation techniques, the asbestos observed for quantification may not represent the physical form of the asbestos as sampled. More specifically, the procedure described neither creates nor destroys asbestos, but it may alter the physical form of the mineral fiber aggregates.1.2 This test method describes the equipment and procedures necessary for wipe sampling of surfaces for levels of asbestos structures. The sample is collected onto a particle-free wipe material (wipe) from the surface of a sampling area that may contain asbestos.1.2.1 The collection efficiency of this wipe sampling technique is unknown and will vary among substrates. Properties influencing collection efficiency include surface texture, adhesiveness, and other factors.1.2.2 This test method is generally applicable for an estimate of the surface loading of asbestos structures starting from approximately 1000 asbestos structures per square centimetre.1.3 Asbestos identification by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is based on morphology, electron diffraction (ED), and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA).1.4 This test method allows determination of the type(s) of asbestos fibers present.1.4.1 This test method cannot always discriminate between individual fibers of the asbestos and nonasbestos analogues of the same amphibole mineral.1.4.2 There is no lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers that can be detected. However, in practice, the lower limit to the dimensions of asbestos fibers, that can be detected, is variable and dependent on individual microscopists. Therefore, a minimum length of 0.5 μm has been defined as the shortest fiber to be incorporated in the reported results.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

AbstractThese test methods cover the testing of fine wire, flat or round, approximately 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) and smaller in diameter or thickness, used in electronic devices and lamps. Chemical analysis of the material shall be made in accordance with the requirements prescribed. The procedures in determining the out-of-roundness, edgewise curvature of ribbon, and straightness of straightened round wire are presented in details. Tension test and electrical resistivity test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 These test methods cover the testing of fine wire, flat or round, approximately 0.010 in. (0.25 mm) and smaller in diameter or thickness, used in electronic devices and lamps.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 Food products may be treated with acceleratorgenerated radiation (electrons and X-rays) for numerous purposes, including control of parasites and pathogenic microorganisms, insect disinfestation, growth and maturation inhibition, and shelf-life extension. Food irradiation specifications almost always include a minimum or a maximum limit of absorbed dose, sometimes both: a minimum limit may be set to ensure that the intended beneficial effect is achieved and a maximum limit may be set for the purpose of avoiding product or packaging degradation. For a given application, one or both of these values may be prescribed by government regulations that have been established on the basis of scientific data. Therefore, prior to the irradiation of the food product, it is necessary to determine the capability of an irradiation facility to consistently deliver the absorbed dose within any prescribed limits. Also, it is necessary to monitor and document the absorbed dose during each production run to verify compliance with the process specifications at a predetermined level of confidence.NOTE 3 - The Codex Alimentarius Commission has developed an international General Standard and a Code of Practice that address the application of ionizing radiation to the treatment of foods and that strongly emphasize the role of dosimetry for ensuring that irradiation will be properly performed (1).44.2 For more detailed discussions of radiation processing of various foods, see Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736, and F 1885 and Refs (2-15).4.3 Accelerator-generated radiation can be in the form of electrons or X-rays produced by the electrons. Penetration of radiation into the product required to accomplish the intended effect is one of the factors affecting the decision to use electrons or X-rays.4.4 To ensure that products are irradiated within a specified dose range, routine process control requires routine product dosimetry, documented product handling procedures (before, during and after the irradiation), consistent orientation of the products during irradiation, monitoring of critical operating parameters, and documentation of all relevant activities and functions.1.1 This practice outlines the installation qualification program for an irradiator and the dosimetric procedures to be followed during operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing in facilities that process food with high-energy electrons and X-rays (bremsstrahlung) to ensure that product has been treated within a predetermined range of absorbed dose. Other procedures related to operational qualification, performance qualification and routine processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products, and appropriate energy limits for electron beams used directly or to generate X-rays is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F 1355, F 1356, F 1736, and F 1885).Note 1Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in the production of safe and wholesome food.Note 2ISO/ASTM Practice 51204 describes dosimetric procedures for gamma irradiation facilities for food processing.1.2 For guidance in the selection and calibration of dosimetry systems, and interpretation of measured absorbed dose in the product, see ISO/ASTM Guide 51261 and ASTM Practice E 666. For the use of specific dosimetry systems, see ASTM Practices E 1026 and E 2304, and ISO/ASTM Practices 51205, 51275, 51276, 51310, 51401, 51538, 51540, 51607, 51650 and 51956. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for electrons and X-rays also see ICRU Reports 35 and 14. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.1.3 While gamma radiation from radioactive nuclides has discrete energies, X-rays (bremsstrahlung) from machine sources cover a wide range of energies, from low values (about 35 keV) to the energy of the incident electron beam. For information concerning electron beam irradiation technology and dosimetry, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51649. For information concerning X-ray irradiation technology and dosimetry, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51608.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This practice is useful for assessing the source for an oil spill. Other less complex analytical procedures (Test Methods D3328, D3414, D3650, and D5037) may provide all of the necessary information for ascertaining an oil spill source; however, the use of a more complex analytical strategy may be necessary in certain difficult cases, particularly for significantly weathered oils. This practice provides the user with a means to this end.4.1.1 This practice presumes that a “screening” of possible suspect sources has already occurred using less intensive techniques. As a result, this practice focuses directly on the generation of data using preselected targeted compound classes. These targets are both petrogenic and pyrogenic and can constitute both major and minor fractions of petroleum oils; they were chosen in order to develop a practice that is universally applicable to petroleum oil identification in general and is also easy to handle and apply. This practice can accommodate light oils and cracked products (exclusive of gasoline) on the one hand, as well as residual oils on the other.4.1.2 This practice provides analytical characterizations of petroleum oils for comparison purposes. Certain classes of source-specific chemical compounds are targeted in this qualitative comparison; these target compounds are both unique descriptors of an oil and chemically resistant to environmental degradation. Spilled oil can be assessed in this way as being similar or different from potential source samples by the direct visual comparison of specific extracted ion chromatograms (EICs). In addition, other, more weathering-sensitive chemical compound classes can also be examined in order to crudely assess the degree of weathering undergone by an oil spill sample.4.2 This practice simply provides a means of making qualitative comparisons between petroleum samples; quantitation of the various chemical components is not addressed.1.1 This practice covers the use of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to analyze and compare petroleum oil spills and suspected sources.1.2 The probable source for a spill can be ascertained by the examination of certain unique compound classes that also demonstrate the most weathering stability. To a greater or lesser degree, certain chemical classes can be anticipated to chemically alter in proportion to the weathering exposure time and severity, and subsequent analytical changes can be predicted. This practice recommends various classes to be analyzed and also provides a guide to expected weathering-induced analytical changes.1.3 This practice is applicable for moderately to severely degraded petroleum oils in the distillate range from diesel through Bunker C; it is also applicable for all crude oils with comparable distillation ranges. This practice may have limited applicability for some kerosenes, but it is not useful for gasolines.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Carbon black morphology significantly affects the transient and end-use properties of carbon black loaded polymer systems. A carbon black’s particle size distribution is its single most important property, and it relates to degree of blackness, rubber reinforcement, and ability to impart UV protection. For a given loading of carbon black, blackness, reinforcement, and UV protection increase with smaller particle size. Aggregate size and shape (structure) also affect a carbon black's end-use performance, as higher carbon black structure increases viscosity and improves dispersion. The stiffness (modulus) of elastomer systems becomes significantly higher with increasing structure. The preferred method for measuring carbon black morphology (for example, size and shape) is transmission electron microscopy (TEM), but due to the semi-quantitative nature of TEM, it is not suited for mean particle size (MPS) certification. While useful morphological information can be obtained from TEM measurements within a laboratory, due to their inherent between-laboratory variability, TEM generated values should not be used for specification purposes.4.2 Certification of carbon blacks for UV protection (weatherability) in certain plastics applications has historically been performed using TEM generated mean particle size values. ASTM Committee D24 has demonstrated that due to challenges with obtaining quantitative primary particle size data, particularly between laboratories, a qualification test based on surface area has been implemented, as detailed in Test Method B.4.3 Carbon black aggregate dimensional and shape properties are dependent upon the nature of the system in which the sample is dispersed, as well as the mixing procedure.1.1 This test method covers (1) the morphological (for example, size and shape) characterization of carbon black from transmission electron microscope images which are used to derive the mean particle and aggregate size of carbon black in the dry (as manufactured) state, from CAB chip dispersion or removed from a rubber compound and (2) the certification of mean particle size using a correlation based on statistical thickness surface area measurements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice is applicable to the use of calorimetric dosimetry systems for the measurement of absorbed dose in electron beams, the qualification of electron irradiation facilities, periodic checks of operating parameters of electron irradiation facilities, and calibration of other dosimetry systems in electron beams. Calorimetric dosimetry systems are most suitable for dose measurement at electron irradiation facilities utilizing conveyor systems for transport of product during irradiation.NOTE 1: For additional information on calorimetric dosimetry system operation and use, see ICRU Report 80. For additional information on the use of dosimetry in electron accelerator facilities, see ISO/ASTM 51649, and ICRU Reports 34 and 35, and Refs (1-3).64.2 The calorimetric dosimetry systems described in this practice are not primary standard dosimetry systems. The calorimeters are classified as Type II dosimeters (ISO/ASTM 52628). They might be used as internal standards at an electron beam irradiation facility, including being used as transfer standard dosimetry systems for calibration of other dosimetry systems, or they might be used as routine dosimeters. The calorimetric dosimetry systems are calibrated by comparison with transfer standard dosimeters.4.3 The dose measurement is based on the measurement of the temperature rise (dosimeter response) in an absorber (calorimetric body) irradiated by an electron beam. Different absorbing materials are used, but the response is usually defined in terms of dose to water.NOTE 2: The calorimetric bodies of the calorimeters described in this practice are made from low atomic number materials. The electron fluences within these calorimetric bodies are almost independent of energy when irradiated with electron beams of 1.5 MeV or higher, and the mass collision stopping powers are approximately the same for these materials.4.4 The absorbed dose in other materials irradiated under equivalent conditions can be calculated. Procedures for making such calculations are given in ASTM Practices E666 and E668, and Ref (1).4.4.1 Calorimeters for use at industrial electron accelerators have been constructed using graphite, polystyrene or a Petri dish filled with water as the calorimetric body (4-10). The thickness of the calorimetric body should be less than the range of the incident electrons.4.4.2 Polymeric materials other than polystyrene might also be used for calorimetric measurements. Polystyrene is used because it is known to be resistant to radiation (11) and because almost no exo- or endothermic reactions take place (12).1.1 This practice covers the preparation and use of semi-adiabatic calorimetric dosimetry systems for measurement of absorbed dose and for calibration of routine dosimetry systems when irradiated with electrons for radiation processing applications. The calorimeters are either transported by a conveyor past a scanned electron beam or are stationary in a broadened beam.1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for a calorimetric dosimetry system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.3 The calorimeters described in this practice are classified as Type II dosimeters on the basis of the complex effect of influence quantities. See ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.1.4 This practice applies to electron beams in the energy range from 1.5 to 12 MeV.1.5 The absorbed dose range depends on the calorimetric absorbing material and the irradiation and measurement conditions. Minimum dose is approximately 100 Gy and maximum dose is approximately 50 kGy.1.6 The average absorbed-dose rate range shall generally be greater than 10 Gy·s-1.1.7 The temperature range for use of these calorimetric dosimetry systems depends on the thermal resistance of the calorimetric materials, on the calibration range of the temperature sensor, and on the sensitivity of the measurement device.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 468元 / 折扣价： 398 元 加购物车

4.1 Various products and materials are routinely irradiated at pre-determined doses at electron beam facilities to preserve or modify their characteristics. Dosimetry requirements may vary depending on the radiation process and end use of the product. A partial list of processes where dosimetry may be used is given below.4.1.1 Polymerization of monomers and grafting of monomers onto polymers,4.1.2 Cross-linking or degradation of polymers,4.1.3 Curing of composite materials,4.1.4 Sterilization of health care products,4.1.5 Disinfection of consumer products,4.1.6 Food irradiation (parasite and pathogen control, insect disinfestation, and shelf-life extension),4.1.7 Control of pathogens and toxins in drinking water,4.1.8 Control of pathogens and toxins in liquid or solid waste,4.1.9 Modification of characteristics of semiconductor devices,4.1.10 Color enhancement of gemstones and other materials, and4.1.11 Research on radiation effects on materials.4.2 Dosimetry is used as a means of monitoring the irradiation process.NOTE 2: Dosimetry with measurement traceability and known uncertainty is required for regulated radiation processes such as sterilization of health care products (see ISO 11137-1 and Refs (1-36)) and preservation of food (see ISO 14470 and Ref (4)). It may be less important for other processes, such as polymer modification, which may be evaluated by changes in the physical and chemical properties of the irradiated materials. Nevertheless, routine dosimetry may be used to monitor the reproducibility of the treatment process.NOTE 3: Measured dose is often characterized as absorbed dose in water. Materials commonly found in single-use disposable medical devices and food are approximately equivalent to water in the absorption of ionizing radiation. Absorbed dose in materials other than water may be determined by applying conversion factors (5, 6).4.3 An irradiation process usually requires a minimum absorbed dose to achieve the desired effect. There may also be a maximum dose limit that the product can tolerate while still meeting its functional or regulatory specifications. Dosimetry is essential, since it is used to determine both of these limits during the research and development phase, and also to confirm that the product is routinely irradiated within these limits.4.4 The dose distribution within the product depends on process load characteristics, irradiation conditions, and operating parameters.4.5 Dosimetry systems must be calibrated with traceability to national or international standards and the measurement uncertainty must be known.4.6 Before a radiation facility is used, it must be characterized to determine its effectiveness in reproducibly delivering known, controllable doses. This involves testing and calibrating the process equipment, and dosimetry system.4.7 Before a radiation process is commenced it must be validated. This involves execution of Installation Qualification (IQ), Operational Qualification (OQ), and Performance Qualification (PQ), based on which process parameters are established that will ensure that product is irradiated within specified limits.4.8 To ensure consistent and reproducible dose delivery in a validated process, routine process control requires that documented procedures are established for activities to be carried out before, during and after irradiation, such as for ensuring consistent product loading configuration and for monitoring of critical operating parameters and routine dosimetry.1.1 This practice outlines dosimetric procedures to be followed in installation qualification (IQ), operational qualification (OQ) and performance qualifications (PQ), and routine processing at electron beam facilities.1.2 The electron beam energy range covered in this practice is between 300 keV and 25 MeV, although there are some discussions for other energies.1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for adherence to good manufacturing practices used in radiation processing applications. Other measures besides dosimetry may be required for specific applications such as health care product sterilization and food preservation.1.4 Specific standards exist for the radiation sterilization of health care products and the irradiation of food. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1 (Requirements) and ISO 11137-3 (Guidance on dosimetric aspects). For irradiation of food, see ISO 14470. In those areas covered by these standards, they take precedence. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM Guides F1355, F1356, F1736, and F1885).1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing and utilizing dosimetry in radiation processing. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628, “Practice for Dosimetry in Radiation Processing”.NOTE 1: For guidance in the calibration of routine dosimetry systems, see ISO/ASTM Practice 51261. For further guidance in the use of specific dosimetry systems, see relevant ISO/ASTM Practices. For discussion of radiation dosimetry for pulsed radiation, see ICRU Report 34.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

定价： 1011元 / 折扣价： 860 元 加购物车

5.1 With the common occurrence in water of organic compounds, some of which are toxic, it is often necessary to identify the specific compounds present and to determine the concentration.1.1 This guide covers the identification and quantitation of organic compounds by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) (electron impact) that are present or extracted from water and are capable of passing through a gas chromatograph without alteration. This guide can be used to provide tentative identifications of volatile and semi-volatile organics, but is restricted to (a) compounds for which reference spectra can be obtained and (b) compounds that can be separated by gas chromatography (GC). These restrictions are imposed on the guide, but are not a limitation of the technique. The guide is written for analysis using automated data acquisition and handling.1.2 Guidelines have been included for quantitation using ASTM Test Methods D3871, D3973, and other GC-MS volatile/semivolatile procedures used for environmental analysis2. The actual detection limits for each component must be determined in each laboratory. Actual detection amounts will vary with the complexity of the matrix, the kind and condition of the GC-MS system, the sample preparation technique chosen, and the application of cleanup techniques to the sample extract, if any. Lower levels of detection can be achieved using modern sensitive instruments or with selected ion monitoring (SIM). To determine the interlaboratory detection estimate (IDE) and the interlaboratory quantitation estimate (IQE), follow Practices D6091 and D6512.1.3 The guide is applicable to the identification of many organic constituents of natural and treated waters. It includes all modes of sample introduction, including injection of organic extracts, direct aqueous injection, and purge and trap techniques.1.4 The guide is applicable to capillary column gas chromatography.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers brazing filler metals for use in electron devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere. Material covered by this specification consists of vacuum grade (Grades 1 and 2) brazing filler metals manufactured in the form of strip, wire, or preforms made by blanking the trip or bending the wire. Brazing filler metals in the form of powder are also available. Filler metals in wire form shall be in soft temper condition, most suitable for hand feeding or ring winding in mandrels, while those in strip form shall be in hard as-rolled temper condition to facilitate clean blanking of thin shims or preforms. The surface of the filler metal, whether strip, wire, or preform, shall be as smooth and free of dirt, oxide, pits, deep scratches, seams, slivers, stains, scale, blisters, edge cracks, trimming burrs, waves, wrinkles, and other defects as commercially possible. Melting test for cleanness and spatter shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.1.1 This specification covers requirements or filler metals suitable for brazing internal parts and other critical areas of electron devices in a nonoxidizing atmosphere (Note 1).1.2 These materials are available in strip or wire or preforms made by blanking the strip or bending the wire. Powders are also available.NOTE 1: Brazing filler metals for general applications are specified in AWS Specification A 5.8.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

This specification covers steel strip, nickel-clad or nickel-plated on both sides, for use in electron tubes. The base metal shall be an aluminum-deoxidized low-carbon steel conforming to the prescribed chemical composition requirements for iron, carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur, as determined by chemical analysis. The nickel plating shall conform to the prescribed chemical composition for nickel plus cobalt. The nickel cladding, Grade 1 (UNS N02233), Grade 2 (UNS N02202), and Grade 3 (UNS N02253), shall conform to the prescribed chemical composition for nickel (plus cobalt), carbon, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, silicon, sulfur, and titanium. The requirements for the following are specified: (1) bonding of cladding or plating, (2) thickness of Type I and Type II cladding or plating which shall be determined by metallographic examination, (3) strip temper, and (4) strip mass and dimensions such as width, edgewise bow, edge, and burr. The surface shall be as smooth and free of dirt, oxide, pits, scratches, seams, slivers, streaks, stains, scale, blisters, edge cracks, trimming burrs, and other defects. Requirements for coiling and spoiling, product marking, and packaging are given as well.1.1 This specification covers steel strip, nickel-clad or nickel-plated on both sides, for use in electron tubes.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 Auger electron spectroscopy yields information concerning the chemical and physical state of a solid surface in the near surface region. Nondestructive depth profiling is limited to this near surface region. Techniques for measuring the crater depths and film thicknesses are given in (1).55.2 Ion sputtering is primarily used for depths of less than the order of 1 μm.5.3 Angle lapping or mechanical cratering is primarily used for depths greater than the order of 1 μm.5.4 The choice of depth profiling methods for investigating an interface depends on surface roughness, interface roughness, and film thickness (2).5.5 The depth profile interface widths can be measured using a logistic function which is described in Practice E1636.1.1 This guide covers procedures used for depth profiling in Auger electron spectroscopy.1.2 Guidelines are given for depth profiling by the following:  SectionIon Sputtering  6Angle Lapping and Cross-Sectioning  7Mechanical Cratering  8Mesh Replica Method 9Nondestructive Depth Profiling  101.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Cryo-TEM is a technique used to record high resolution images of samples that are frozen and embedded in a thin layer of vitrified, amorphous ice (2-5). Because vitrification occurs so rapidly, the resultant specimen is almost instantly frozen, yielding a very accurate representation of the specimen at the moment of freezing, without the distortions typically associated with air drying delicate wet samples. Once frozen, images of the specimen are recorded at low temperature using a specially designed electron microscope equipped with a cryo-holder capable of operating under low dose conditions in order to prevent beam induced structural damage to the specimen. The cryo-TEM technique is the consensus choice to directly observe, analyze and accurately measure liposomes suspended in aqueous solutions. Fig. 1 illustrates this by comparing an electron micrograph from an air-dried negatively stained liposomal preparation with an electron micrograph of the same solution imaged by cryo-TEM.FIG. 1 Left—An Electron Micrograph of an Air-Dried Liposomal Preparation that has been Negatively Stained with 2 % Uranyl Acetate for Contrast; Right—An Electron Micrograph of the Same Liposomal Preparation Prepared as a Frozen Vitrified Specimen for Cryo-TEMNOTE 1: Both images are shown to the same scale; scale bar is 200 nm.5.1.1 Fig. 1 demonstrates that liposomes may become distorted and are difficult to measure and analyze when they are air-dried, while the same liposomal preparation is clearly easier to analyze when the specimen is near-instantly preserved by vitrification.5.1.2 Cryo-TEM involves applying a small volume of sample to a specially prepared holey, ultra-thin or continuous carbon grid suspended in a cryo-TEM plunger over a cup of liquid ethane cooled in a container filled with liquid nitrogen (2, 3). These grids can be purchased or prepared in the laboratory using a carbon evaporator with glow discharge capabilities. Once the sample has wet the surface of the grid, and sufficient time allowed for the solution to equilibrate with regard to liposome spreading over the grid surface, the excess is wicked off (blotted) with filter paper and the grid plunged into the liquid ethane, vitrifying the sample. Once frozen, the sample is maintained at a liquid nitrogen temperature while it is imaged in a cryo-TEM operating under low electron dose conditions. There are several limitations associated with implementing this technique to analyze liposomes:5.1.2.1 Thick Ice—The vitrified ice thickness is often determined by the sample or the cryo-TEM procedure itself. Large liposomes, defined to include larger structure and sizes with respect to this practice, are generally associated with thicker ice, while smaller liposomes (structure and sizes) are associated with thinner ice. Generally, thick ice occurs when either excess water forms a thicker ice layer or samples containing larger liposomes are fully covered with water making the ice thicker around the sample. Thicker ice tends to block the electron beam either completely or partially which compromises image quality.5.1.2.2 Larger liposomes (structure and sizes) are preferentially lost during sample preparation.Larger liposomes, defined to include larger structures and sizes with respect to this practice, are more difficult to image for two reasons. The first is the cryo-TEM procedure itself. This procedure requires the use of filter paper to blot away excess aqueous solution from the EM grid just prior to vitrification. The larger liposomes suspended within the sample preferentially wash away from the grid and into the filter paper, ending up in the filter paper. This is perhaps because the larger liposomes have larger surface areas that expose them to relatively larger forces during the rapid flow of the water to the filter paper. This makes them difficult to find and measure in electron micrographs when their relative concentration in the specimen is low, meaning that few are left behind after blotting. The second reason is that larger liposomes that are left behind on the EM grid, are often embedded in thicker ice that is too thick for the electron beam to either penetrate or, if it does, results in images that are too low in quality to provide adequate signal for image processing.5.1.2.3 Liposomal Distortion—Because liposomes are essentially loose membrane bounded fluid compartments, freezing them within a layer of vitrified ice that is thinner than their diameter may cause the surface tension on both sides of the specimen to compress some of the liposomes leading to various levels of flattening distortions. Accurate size measurements of such distorted liposomes would require volumetric measurements of all the liposomes within a field of view through a three-dimensional analysis using electron tomography.1.1 This practice covers procedures for vitrifying and recording images of a suspension of liposomes with a cryo-transmission electron microscope (cryo-TEM) for the purpose of evaluating their shape, size distribution and lamellarity for quality assessment. The sample is vitrified in liquid ethane onto specially prepared holey, ultra-thin, or continuous carbon TEM grids, and imaged in a cryo-holder placed in a cryo-TEM.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The purpose of this test method is to define a procedure for testing components being considered for installation into a high-purity gas distribution system. Application of this test method is expected to yield comparable data among components tested for purposes of qualification for this installation.1.1 This test method covers the testing of interior surfaces of components such as tubing, fittings, and valves for surface morphology.1.2 This test method applies to all surfaces of tubing, connectors, regulators, valves, and any metal component, regardless of size.1.3 Limitations: 1.3.1 This methodology assumes a SEM operator skill level typically achieved over a 12-month period.1.3.2 This test method shall be limited to the assessment of pits, stringer, tears, grooves, scratches, inclusions, stepped grain boundaries, and other surface anomalies. However, stains and particles that may be produced during specimen preparation should be excluded in the assessment of anomalies.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific hazard statements are given in Section 6.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A variety of irradiation processes use low energy electron beam facilities to modify product characteristics. Dosimetry requirements, the number and frequency of measurements, and record keeping requirements will vary depending on the type and end use of the products being processed. Dosimetry is often used in conjunction with physical, chemical, or biological testing of the product, to help verify specific treatment parameters.NOTE 2: In many cases dosimetry results can be related to other quantitative product properties; for example, gel fraction, melt flow, elastic modulus, molecular weight distribution, or degree of cure.4.2 Radiation processing specifications usually include a minimum or maximum absorbed dose limit, or both. For a given application these limits may be set by government regulation or by limits inherent to the product itself.4.3 Critical operating parameters must be controlled to obtain reproducible dose distribution in processed materials. The electron beam energy, beam current, beam width and process line speed (conveying speed) affect absorbed dose.4.4 Before any electron beam facility can be routinely utilized, it must be characterized to determine the relationship between dose to product and the main operating parameters. This involves testing of the process equipment, calibrating the measuring instruments and the dosimetry system, and demonstrating the ability to consistently deliver the required dose within predetermined specifications.4.5 In order to establish metrological traceability for a dosimetry system and to measure doses with a known level of uncertainty, it is necessary to calibrate the dosimetry system under irradiation conditions that are consistent with those encountered in routine use. For example, a dosimetry system calibration conducted using penetrating gamma radiation or high energy electrons may result in significant dose measurement errors when the dosimetry system is used at low energy electron beam facilities. Details of calibration are discussed in Section 5.1.1 This practice covers dosimetric procedures to be followed in installation qualification, operational qualification and performance qualification (IQ, OQ, PQ), and routine processing at electron beam facilities to ensure that the product has been treated with an acceptable range of absorbed doses. Other procedures related to IQ, OQ, PQ, and routine product processing that may influence absorbed dose in the product are also discussed.1.2 The electron beam energy range covered in this practice is between 80 and 300 keV, generally referred to as low energy.1.3 Dosimetry is only one component of a total quality assurance program for an irradiation facility. Other measures may be required for specific applications such as medical device sterilization and food preservation.1.4 Other specific ISO and ASTM standards exist for the irradiation of food and the radiation sterilization of health care products. For the radiation sterilization of health care products, see ISO 11137-1. In those areas covered by ISO 11137-1, that standard takes precedence. For food irradiation, see ISO 14470. Information about effective or regulatory dose limits for food products is not within the scope of this practice (see ASTM F1355 and F1356).1.5 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM 52628. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM 52628.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers three types of drawn pure and thoriated tungsten wire suitable for fabrication into parts for electron tubes, lamps, and other electron devices, and one type of rod for metal-to-glass sealing (grid wire is excepted): Type 1A, Type 1B, Type 2A, and Type 2B. Types 1A and 1B are designated as UNS R07005; Type 2A is designated as UNS R07911; and Type 2B is designated as UNS R07912. The wire and rod shall conform to the prescribed chemical requirements for thoria and tungsten and to the specified physical properties such as tensile strength, ductility, and surface defects. The weight/diameter conversion formulas are given. Wires shall be furnished in the following specified finishes: Finish 1, Finish 2, Finish 3, Finish 4, Finish 5, Finish 6, and Finish 7. The material shall be smooth, free of twists, bends, kinks, curls, and as free of dents, swaging marks, scratches, die marks, laps, seams, splits, slivers, inclusions, bumps, pits, grooves, cracks, and other physical defects Unless black finish is specified, all types of wire shall have a clean finish, free of graphite, grease, oil, and lubricants. Wire for hooks, supports, springs, anchors, and mesh shall have a bright smooth surface free of cracks holes, or craters. The requirements for straightness, and coiling and spooling are detailed as well. The following analysis and tests shall be performed: chemical analysis, tensile test, ductility test, visual inspection, dimensional measurements, and examination for surface flaws.1.1 This specification covers three types of drawn wire suitable for fabrication into parts for electron tubes, lamps, and other devices; and one type of rod for metal-to-glass sealing (grid wire is excepted):1.1.1 Type 1A—Commercially pure nonsag wire (Note 2 and Note 3).1.1.2 Type 1B—Commercially pure rod suitable for metal-to-glass sealing.1.1.3 Type 2A—Thoriated filament wire containing 1 % thoria.1.1.4 Type 2B—Thoriated filament wire containing 2 % thoria.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 Types 1A and 1B are designated as UNS R07005. Type 2A is designated as UNS R07911. Type 2B is designated as UNS R07912.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the Chemical Analysis, Section 12 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: A dimensional measurement method for testing nonsag tungsten wire above 0.030 in. (0.76 mm) in diameter is provided in Test Method F269.NOTE 2: Acceptance of nonsag wire characteristics for particular applications of size shall be by agreement between producer and consumer based on either a flashed microstructure as shown by photomicrographs, or on dimensional measurement limits determined in accordance with Test Method F269.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车