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4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building maintenance or modification activities in multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel requirements are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices for its conduct.4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures required in this standard are found in Practice E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for multifamily dwellings, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work were done properly.1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites.1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, consequently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance examination.NOTE 1: This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dust sampling as described therein is not used.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice sets forth the minimum requirements for calibration and functionality checks when conducting PDD examinations and related activities. For additional information see Practice E1954 and Guide E2000.1.1 This practice provides guidelines for calibration and instrumentation (both analog and computerized systems) actively used in the psychophysiological detection of deception (verification of truth). As a minimum, such instrumentation shall simultaneously record an individual’s respiratory, exosomatic electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity.1.2 Analog polygraphs shall be calibrated by the psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) examiner, manufacturer, or factory-authorized individual.1.3 Computerized instrumentation shall be calibrated by the manufacturer or factory-authorized individual.1.4 The PDD examiner or factory-authorized individual shall perform functionality checks to ensure instrumentation is operating properly.1.5 This practice does not prohibit additional components which may be offered as supplemental measurements of physiological change. Additional recording components (such as movement sensors) may be used in addition to, but not replace, the required minimum components and these additional components shall meet the manufacturer’s specifications for calibration.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Clinical PDD examinations refer to the employment of polygraph instrumentation for the purpose of detecting deception or verifying truthfulness of statements of individuals under court supervision, or in treatment for the commission of a sex offense.4.2 Clinical PDD examinations are specifically intended to assist in the detection, treatment, or supervision of sex offenders.4.3 Clinical PDD testing should be regarded as a decision-support tool intended to assist professionals in making important decisions regarding risk and safety assessments. Clinical PDD testing should not replace the need for other forms of behavioral monitoring or traditional forms of supervision and field investigations.1.1 This guide establishes procedures for conducting a clinical polygraph examination (CPE), to include, but not limited to, post conviction sex offender testing (PCSOT). This PDD model is specifically intended to assist in the treatment and supervision of sex offenders on probation, parole, or a deferred prosecution alternative.1.2 This guide also applies to the conduct of clinical polygraph examinations for therapeutic purposes when requested by a presiding legal authority.1.3 This guide directs that such examiners for this application are specifically trained in issues associated with supervision and treatment of sex offenders.

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5.1 FTIR spectroscopy can be employed for the classification of paint binder types and pigments as well as for the comparison of spectra from known and questioned coatings. When used for comparison purposes, the goal of the forensic examiner is to determine whether any meaningful differences exist between the known and questioned samples.5.2 This guide is designed to assist an examiner in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison or identification of paint binders and pigments.5.3 It is not the intent of this guide to present comprehensive theories and methods of FTIR spectroscopy. It is necessary that the examiner have an understanding of FTIR and general concepts of specimen preparation prior to using this guide. This information is available from manufacturers’ reference materials, training courses, and references such as: Forensic Applications of Infrared Spectroscopy (Suzuki, 1993) (4), Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic Paint Evidence (Ryland, 1995) (5), Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the Characterization of Paint Fragments (Beveridge, 2001) (6), and An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (2).1.1 This guide applies to the forensic IR analysis of paints and coatings and is intended to supplement information presented in the Forensic Paint Analysis and Comparison Guidelines (1)2 written by Scientific Working Group on Materials Analysis (SWGMAT). This guideline is limited to the discussion of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) instruments and provides information on FTIR instrument setup, performance assessment, sample preparation, analysis and data interpretation. It is intended to provide an understanding of the requirements, benefits, limitations and proper use of IR accessories and sampling methods available for use by forensic paint examiners. The following accessory techniques will be discussed: FTIR microspectroscopy (transmission and reflectance), diamond cell and attenuated total reflectance. The particular methods employed by each examiner or laboratory, or both, are dependent upon available equipment, examiner training, specimen size or suitability, and purpose of examination. This guideline does not cover the theoretical aspects of many of the topics presented. These can be found in texts such as An Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas for the Coatings Industry (Federation of Societies for Coatings, 1991) (2) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (Griffiths and de Haseth, 1986) (3).1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice establishes essential and recommended procedures for the conduct of quality control for a Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (PDD) examination, or polygraph examinations. The procedures state that all PDD examinations may be subjected to a quality control review. Experienced examiners who are trained in the PDD format utilized by the original examiner are qualified to conduct a quality control review of an examination. A quality control review shall be independent and objective and meet all applicable ASTM standards. The quality control process should involve the review of test data analysis of all charts collected, questions and answers utilized, the PDD report, among others. The person conducting the quality control review shall attest, in writing, as to whether the test data supports the conclusion rendered by the original examiner. All PDD documents and test data shall remain available for a quality control review for no less than a year or until the incident or circumstance requiring the examination to be conducted has been completely adjudicated.1.1 This practice establishes essential and recommended procedures for the conduct of quality control for a Psychophysiological Detection of Deception (PDD) examination.

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4.1 µ-XRF is a nondestructive qualitative elemental analysis technique used for polymers. It involves excitation of a sample by an X-ray source resulting in the emission of characteristic X-rays detected using an energy dispersive X-ray detector. Results are displayed simultaneously as a spectrum of intensity as a function of energy for elements of atomic number 11 or greater.4.2 µ-XRF enables the determination of the elemental composition of a specimen and can be utilized for comparisons of components of polymeric materials (for example, tape backings, tape adhesives, paint layers).4.3 Comparisons of X-ray spectra acquired from polymer samples are conducted for source discrimination or potential association.4.4 Quantitative processes for µ-XRF analysis are available but are not used for polymer analyses because of the lack of prepared polymer standard reference samples.4.5 In general, information available from a heterogeneous specimen diminishes as its size is reduced or its condition degrades, which lessens its likelihood of being representative of the source material.4.6 µ-XRF data collected from polymers is limited to specific information (for example, elements detected, relative elemental abundance); additional analytical procedures are required to further characterize and identify the chemical composition of the polymer sample.4.7 Limitations of µ-XRF include the inability to detect some elements in trace concentrations, the inability to analyze individual particles, the potential interference related to the penetration depth of the beam relative to the sample thickness, the inability to resolve the peaks of some elements (for example, Ba Lα / Ti Kα), and the potential for discoloration of some materials due to exposure to radiation.1.1 This guide covers recommended techniques and procedures intended for use by forensic laboratory personnel that perform µ-XRF analysis of polymer samples.1.2 This guide describes various techniques and procedures used in the µ-XRF analysis of polymers that include sample handling and preparation, instrument operating conditions, and spectral data collection, evaluation and interpretation.1.3 This guide describes the application of µ-XRF systems equipped with either mono- or poly- capillary optics and an energy dispersive X-ray detector (EDS).1.4 This guide is intended to be applied within the scope of a broader analytical scheme (for example, Guide E1610, Guide E3260) for the forensic analysis of a polymer sample (1-6).2 A µ-XRF analysis can provide additional information regarding the potential relationships between the sources of polymeric materials.1.5 The fundamental aspects of the composition and manufacture of polymeric materials or theory of X-ray fluorescence can be found in various texts (7-18).1.6 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917, E3233, E3234), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2386-04(2017) Standard Guide for Conduct of PDD Screening Examinations Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

This guide establishes the essential and recommended elements in the procedures for conducting a psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) screening examination. Covered here are the appropriate location and test conditions, the proper pretest, intest and posttest practices, and the correct evaluation procedures.1.1 This guide establishes essential and recommended elements in the procedures for the conduct of a psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD) screening examination.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide provides guidance in the selection of appropriate sample preparation methods and instrumental parameters for the analysis, comparison, or identification of various polymeric materials by PGC and PGC/MS.4.1.1 PGC/MS can differentiate between classes of fibers (for example, acrylic, polyester, nylon) and within classes of fibers (for example, acrylics) (1-3).54.1.2 Paint binders are differentiated based upon the variety of monomers used in paint formulations which could be difficult to identify by other analytical techniques. In addition, some additives can be detected or identified.4.1.3 Differentiation can be achieved by the separation and identification of organic components in the adhesive portion of tapes (4, 5) and in the backings of electrical tapes (6).4.1.4 PGC/MS can provide additional discrimination for other types of polymers such as automotive lenses, automotive body fillers, cosmetics, plastics, and rubbers (7-9).4.2 Pyrolysis breaks a large molecule into many smaller molecules in a reproducible fashion through the breaking of bonds by means of the application of thermal energy. Analytical pyrolysis is used to provide chemical information on organic-containing solids that cannot be dissolved or otherwise introduced into a chromatographic system. It is also used to analyze and compare solvents bound in a solid material (such as tape adhesives) (10). When analyzed using a separation technique such as gas chromatography, the smaller molecules produced through the action of pyrolysis form a pattern of separated fragments. Mass and structural information indicative of the original molecule are also available when a mass spectral detector is used.4.3 Although a destructive method, and therefore often placed at the end of an analytical scheme, the pyrograms produced from different polymer compositions form characteristic patterns that are useful for both identification of polymer type and comparisons between samples (4, 6, 9-23). When used for comparison purposes, the goal is to determine whether any exclusionary differences exist between the samples.1.1 This guide covers information and recommendations for the selection and application of various PGC and PGC/MS procedures and methods in the forensic examination of polymeric materials (for example, fibers, paint, tape). PGC and PGC/MS methods are used for the identification and comparison of the organic components of these materials. Refer to Practice D3452 for further information on the preparation of the pyrolysis system for polymeric analyses.1.2 This guide is to be used in conjunction with a broader analytical scheme such as Guides E1610 or E3260, or the SWGMAT Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines.1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practices E2917, E3233, E3234), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide sets forth the minimum requirements for instrumentation and software when conducting PDD examinations. For additional information see Practice E1954 and Guide E2000.1.1 This guide covers the minimum requirements for instrumentation (both analog and computerized systems), sensors and operating software used in the forensic psychophysiological detection of deception (PDD). As a minimum, such instrumentation shall simultaneously record an individual’s respiratory, electrodermal, and cardiovascular activity.1.2 This guide does not prohibit additional components, which may be offered as supplemental measurements of physiological change. Additional recording components may be used in addition to but not to replace the required minimum components.

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ASTM E1316-24 Standard Terminology for Dtl?Nondestructive Examinations Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

3.1 The terms found in this standard are intended to be used uniformly and consistently in all nondestructive testing standards. The purpose of this standard is to promote a clear understanding and interpretation of the NDT standards in which they are used.1.1 This standard covers the terminology used in the standards prepared by the E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing. These nondestructive testing (NDT) methods include: acoustic emission, electromagnetic testing, gamma- and X-radiology, leak testing, liquid penetrant testing, magnetic particle testing, neutron radiology and gauging, ultrasonic testing, and other technical methods.1.2 Committee E07 recognizes that the terms examination, testing, and inspection are commonly used as synonyms in nondestructive testing. For uniformity and consistency in E07 nondestructive testing standards, Committee E07 encourages the use of the terms examination or inspection and their derivatives when describing the application of nondestructive test methods. In a specific standard, either examination or inspection shall be used consistently throughout the document. Similarly, E07 encourages the use of the term test and its derivatives when referring to the body of knowledge of a nondestructive testing method. There are, however, appropriate exceptions when the term test and its derivatives may be used to describe the application of a nondestructive test, such as measurements which produce a numeric result (for example, when using the leak testing method to perform a leak test on a component, or an ultrasonic measurement of velocity). Additionally, the term test should be used when referring to the NDT method, that is, Radiologic Testing (RT), Ultrasonic Testing (UT), and so forth. (Example: Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to examine material to detect internal discontinuities.)NOTE 1: The following sentences clarify this policy and illustrate its use:(a) Nondestructive testing methods are used extensively for the examination or inspection of materials and components.(b) The E07 Committee on Nondestructive Testing has prepared many documents to promote uniform usage of the nondestructive testing methods that are applied to examine or inspect materials and components.(c) Radiologic Testing (RT) is often used to inspect material to detect internal discontinuities.(d) Magnetic Particle Testing (MT), Liquid Penetrant Testing (PT), and Visual Testing (VT) are often used to examine the surface of a component.(e) The Bubble Leak Testing (BLT) method is sometimes used to leak test a pressure containing component to detect leaks.(f) A guide for Nondestructive Testing of additively manufactured materials will describe several methods but a practice will focus on a single inspection method.1.3 Section A defines terms that are common to multiple NDT methods, whereas the subsequent sections define terms pertaining to specific NDT methods.1.4 As shown on the chart below, when a nondestructive examination or inspection produces an indication, the indication is subject to interpretation as false, nonrelevant, or relevant. If it has been interpreted as relevant, the necessary subsequent evaluation will result in the decision to accept or reject the material. With the exception of accept and reject, which retain the meaning found in most dictionaries, all the words used in the chart are defined in Section A.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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