定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元 加购物车

5.1 In any sealant application, the sealant must be capable of maintaining an adhesive bond to the substrate when held in strain for its intended service life.5.2 This test method is an indicator of a sealant’s ability to adhere under strain to a given substrate.5.3 The default test strain is the movement ability (Class in accordance with Specification C920) of the sealant as designated by the manufacturer. The default joint configuration is 12.7 mm by 12.7 mm by 50.8 mm (1/2 in. by 1/2 in. by 2 in.). Other strains and joint configurations may be used and reported as noted in Section 8 and Table 1.1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure for measuring the adhesion/cohesion properties of a sealant when subjected to tensile loads resulting from an applied specified strain. The adhesion/cohesion properties are evaluated before, during, and after water immersion.1.2 This test method examines the adhesive and cohesive performance of a sealant on a specified substrate at a strain equivalent to a multiple of the strain/movement capability (Class in accordance with Specification C920) designated by the manufacturer for the given sealant in accordance with Specification C920.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 Comparable Tests—Other comparable tests are ISO 10590 and 8340.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

1.1 This specification covers generally recognized requirements for the cautionary labeling to be placed on extension poles manufactured or sold, or both, for the use with paint preparation and application tools. This specification does not address any other labeling, construction, or safety requirements.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method for testing loop tension and elongation of elastic fabrics is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of elastic fabrics because the test method is used in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the parties should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using student's t-test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.5.2 This test method specifies the use of the CRE-type tensile testing machine. Users of this test method are cautioned that loop tension test data obtained using this method are not comparable to tension test data obtained using Test Method D1775 because of the differences in testing machines. Test Method D1775 uses a CRL-type tensile testing machine.5.3 The loop tension and extension relationship of an elastic fabric is an important criterion for judging the suitability of the fabric for various end uses, such as: foundation garments, brassieres, and swimsuits.5.4 Data from loop tension-recovery curves can be compared only if the tension testing machine, rate-of-extension, maximum loading (or extension), and specimen specifications are comparable. Since different machine set-ups will cause different results on the same fabric, machine set-ups must always be specified before making a test and be reported with the test results.5.5 The test for measuring loop tension at specified elongation(s) is used to determine the tension of an elastic fabric when subjected to a specified elongation which is less than the elongation required to rupture the fabric. The test prescribes points of measurement on the extending (outgoing) cycle only.5.6 The test for measuring elongation at specified tension(s) is used to determine the elongation of an elastic fabric when subjected to a specified loop tension which is less than the tension required to rupture the fabric. The test prescribes points of measurement on the loading (outgoing) cycle only.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tension and elongation of wide or narrow elastic fabrics made from natural or man-made elastomers, either alone or in combination with other textile yarns, when tested with a constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine.NOTE 1: For determination of similar testing using the constant-rate-of-load (CRL) type tensile testing machine, refer to Test Method D1775.1.2 The use of this test method requires the selection of, or mutual agreement upon, loop tension(s) and elongation(s) at which the test results will be determined.1.3 Laundering procedures require mutual agreement on the selection of temperature and number of washing cycles and drying cycles to be used.1.4 The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this practice relate to the extension of the fire resistance ratings obtained from particular fire tested specimens to constructions that have not been tested.4.2 Users of this practice must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Method E119 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this practice, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.4.4 In Test Method E119, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Substitution of different test conditions or changes in the end use conditions have the ability to change the measured fire-test-response characteristics. Therefore, the extensions of data are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in Test Method E119,.1.1 This practice covers the extension of fire resistance ratings obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E119 to constructions that have not been tested. Test Method E119 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their standard integrity, or both during a predetermined test exposure.1.2 This practice is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst case proposition.1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E119. Test Method E119 is a fire-test-response standard.1.4 The types of building constructions which are the subject of this practice are categorized as follows: beams; floor and roof assemblies; columns; and walls and partitions. Floor and roof assemblies include such assemblies with ceiling protective membranes.1.5 The extension of test data using numerical calculations based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in this practice.1.6 This practice does not cover the substitution of one proprietary material for another proprietary material, or materials for which fire test data are not presently available.1.7 This practice does not purport to be comprehensive in its treatment of non-proprietary modifications of tested constructions. Engineering evaluation or tests are recommended for assessing modifications not specifically covered in this practice.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard is used to determine certain fire-test responses of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions by using results obtained from fire-test-response standards. The results obtained from using this standard do not by themselves constitute measures of fire hazard or fire risk.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This method is used to determine the force required to rupture textile fabric by forcing a steel ball through the fabric with a constant-rate-of-extension tensile tester.5.2 This is a new method and therefore the history of data is very small, however the agreement of within- laboratory data suggest this method may be considered for acceptance testing of commercial shipments with caution.5.2.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative test should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, samples used for such comparative test should be as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing, and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. Other fabrics with established test values may also be used for these comparative tests. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that fabric must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.1.1 This test method describes the measurement for bursting strength of woven and knitted textiles taken from rolls of fabric or fabric taken from garments.NOTE 1: For the measurement of bursting strength with a hydraulic or pneumatic machine, refer to Test Method D3786. For the measurement of the bursting strength by means of a ball burst mechanism, refer to Test Method D3787NOTE 2: Constant Rate of Traverse (CRT) machines and Constant Rate of Extension (CRE) machines have been shown to provide different results. When using a CRT device, refer to Test Method D3787.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or U.S. customary units are to be regarded as standard, but must be used independently of each other. The U.S. customary units may be approximate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This test method covers one procedure for determining fatigue life at various extension-ratios. The strain cycle is characteristic of the type of test apparatus specified. Experience in fatigue testing shows that fatigue life may have a wide, non-normal distribution and, therefore, a large standard deviation that is compound dependent. Natural rubber, for example, has shown a narrower distribution than many synthetic rubbers. A large number of specimens may, therefore, be required to yield the desired precision. Comparison of different rubber compounds should be made with due consideration to the standard deviation for each (see 7.1).5.2 Fatigue data, as generated in this test method, give primarily an estimate of the crack initation behavior of a rubber vulcanizate and only a very approximate measure of the crack propagation rate. The information obtained may be useful in predicting the flex-life performance of a compound in active service; however, the user should be aware that in actual use, products are subjected to many other fatigue factors not measured in this test method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue life of rubber compounds undergoing a tensile-strain cycle. During part of the cycle, the strain is relaxed to a zero value. The specimens are tested without intentionally initiated flaws, cuts, or cracks. Failure is indicated by a complete rupture of the test specimen.1.2 No exact correlation between these test results and service is given or implied. This is due to the varied nature of service conditions. These test procedures do yield data that can be used for the comparative evaluation of rubber compounds for their ability to resist (dynamic) extension cycling fatigue.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The test method is designed to measure the force required to crack the grain of leather by steady hydraulic pressure on a diaphragm of definite diameter applied to the flesh side of the specimen to form a sphere. The cracking of the grain is a result of failure under elongation or stretch. The elongation or stretch of the leather can be measured at different loads or at the failure of the grain to determine if the stress leather will withstand under lasting conditions. Cuts, scratches, and other defects will cause considerable variation in the results by concentration of the applied force to the weak points. This test method is excellent for manufacturing control, specification acceptance, and service evaluation in the lasting property of leather. This test method may not apply when the conditions of the test employed differ widely from those specified in the test method.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the resistance of leather to grain cracking and for measuring the extension of the leather. It is limited to light leathers such as shoe uppers, garment, gloves, and upholstery. This test method does not apply to wet blue or wet white.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable, and the test method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of fabric of the type in question. Test specimens then should be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using the appropriate statistical analysis and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.5.2 The force registered in a tear test is irregular, and as a consequence, empirical methods have had to be developed to obtain usable values related to tear strength. In spite of the empirical nature of the reported values, the values are considered to reflect comparative performance of similar fabrics tested and measured in the same way. No known procedure is available that can be used with all fabrics to determine the minimum tearing strength.5.3 Depending on the nature of the specimen, the data recording devices will show the tearing force in the form of a peak or peaks. The highest peaks appear to reflect the strength of the yarn components, fiber bonds, or fiber interlocks, individually or in combination, needed to stop a tear in a fabric of the same construction. The valleys recorded between the peaks have no specific significance. The minimum tearing force, however, is indicated to be above the lowest valleys.5.4 Most textile fabrics can be tested by this test method. Some modification of clamping techniques may be necessary for a given fabric due to its structure. Strong fabrics or fabrics made from glass fibers usually require special adaptation to prevent them from slipping in the clamps or being damaged as a result of being gripped in the clamps.5.5 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. Consequently, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tester are included in Appendix X1.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the tearing strength of textile fabrics by the tongue (single rip) procedure using a recording constant-rate-of-extension-type (CRE) tensile testing machine.1.1.1 The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength. It is recognized that some constant-rate-of-traverse-type (CRT) tensile testing machines continue to be used. As a consequence, these test instruments may be used when agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier. The conditions for use of the CRT-type tensile tester are included in Appendix X1.1.2 This test method applies to most fabrics including woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics and non-wovens. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.1.3 Tear strength, as measured in this test method, requires that the tear be initiated before testing. The reported value obtained is not directly related to the force required to initiate or start a tear.1.4 Two calculations for tongue tearing strength are provided: the single-peak force and the average of five highest peak forces.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units may be approximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method evaluates the performance of a latex sealant in joints subjected to a limited amount of extension.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for the determination of the extension-recovery and adhesion of latex sealants.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: A related ISO standard is ISO 7389. Users should compare to determine how the ISO standard differs from this test method.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method is used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.1.1 If there are differences or practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, the test samples to be used are as homogeneous as possible, are drawn from the material from which the disparate test results are obtained, and are assigned randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. Other materials with established test values may be used for this purpose. The test results from the two laboratories should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.5.2 Elapsed time between spinning and testing has a marked effect on the results of the draw tension test, especially during the first 24 h. Therefore, if tested within 24 h of spinning, specimens should be compared only if tested after the same elapsed time. No specimen should be tested within 4 h of spinning because the aging process is at its most rapid rate during this period, and the differences in rate due to fiber structure are most pronounced.5.3 The extension force of manufactured filament yarns is related to the alignment of the molecules in the yarn filaments, which influences the yarn processing behavior. Knowledge of this property of partially oriented yarn is useful to determine processing conditions.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of extension force developed while drawing a partially oriented filament yarn between pairs of draw rolls of different surface speeds.1.2 Extension force provides an estimate of the yarn orientation.1.3 This test method applies to partially oriented filament yarns less than 33.3 tex (300 denier), but it can be used for higher deniers by applying the test conditions as directed in Appendix X1.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The methods and procedures set forth in this guide relate to the extension of the fire test results to firestop systems that have not been tested.4.2 Users of this guide must have knowledge and understanding of the provisions of Test Methods E119 and Test Method E814 including those pertaining to conditions of acceptance.4.3 In order to apply some of the principles described in this guide, reference to the original fire test report will be necessary.4.4 In Test Method E814, the specimens are subjected to specific laboratory fire test exposure conditions. Differences between the tested assembly and the as-built assembly impact the fire-test-response characteristics. Substitution of different test conditions also impacts the fire-test-response characteristics.4.5 The extension of data is valid only for the fire test exposure described in Test Method E814.4.6 This guide shall not be used to extrapolate the fire resistance rating to a higher value.4.7 Limitations: 4.7.1 The extension of fire resistance data is to be used only for changes to the tested specimen that fall within normal and reasonable limits of accepted construction practices.4.7.2 Conclusions derived from using this guide are valid only if the identified change is the only change in the construction or properties of the components.4.7.3 Evaluation of changes to the fire-resistive assembly in which the firestop is installed is governed by the Extension of Data principles in Practice E2032.4.8 The statements in this guide are based on a single change to a system.NOTE 2: It is possible that multiple changes have a different cumulative effect than that of individual changes evaluated separately. The principles contained herein may provide useful information for the application of sound engineering principles to evaluate the effect of multiple differences between tested and installed firestops.4.9 Extensions of data using this document shall be done by individuals possessing the following minimum qualifications and attributes:4.9.1 an understanding of the Test Method E814 test procedure,4.9.2 an understanding of the fire behavior of firestop materials,4.9.3 knowledge of the elements of the construction to be protected, and4.9.4 an understanding of the probable behavior of the underlying construction and the recommended firestop system protecting it, were they to be subjected to testing in accordance with Test Method E814.4.10 The person performing evaluations based on tested or listed firestops shall be one of the following:4.10.1 the firestop manufacturer's knowledgeable and qualified technical personnel,4.10.2 a registered professional engineer, or Fire Protection Engineer, knowledgeable in firestopping systems,4.10.3 an independent testing agency or a listing agency, or4.10.4 technical personnel with experience in firestopping.1.1 This guide covers the extension of results obtained from fire tests performed in accordance with Test Method E814 to applications that have not been tested. Test Method E814 evaluates the duration for which test specimens will contain a fire, retain their integrity, or both during a predetermined fire test exposure. Firestops are intended for use in fire-resistive walls and floors that are evaluated in conformance with Test Methods E119.NOTE 1: Data obtained from firestops tested in accordance with Test Methods E119 with positive pressure can also be used.1.2 This guide is based on principles involving the extension of test data using simple considerations. The acceptance of these principles and their application is based substantially on an analogous worst-case proposition.1.3 These principles are only applicable to temperature conditions represented by the standard time-temperature curve described in Test Method E814, for systems falling within the scope of Test Method E814. This test method is a fire-test-response standard.1.4 The types of building constructions which are part of this guide are as follows: floors, walls, partitions, floor/ceiling and roof/ceiling assemblies.1.5 This guide applies to:1.5.1 a single penetrating item, or1.5.2 multiple penetrating items.1.6 This guide does not apply to joints systems tested to Test Methods E119, E1966, E2307, and E2837.1.7 Penetrating items can be one of the following: metallic pipe, non-metallic pipe, metallic tubing, non-metallic tubing, metallic conduit, non-metallic conduit, flexible metal conduit, cables, cable trays, bus ducts, insulated pipes, insulated tubing, insulated conduit, insulated and non-insulated ducts, and structural members.Metallic pipe, tubing or conduit 6.7Insulated pipe, tubing or conduit 6.8Non-metallic pipe, tubing or conduit 6.9 and 6.10Flexible metal conduit 6.11.1.4 and 6.11.1.5Cables 6.11Cable tray 6.12Bus duct 6.13Non-insulated duct 6.14Insulated duct 6.14.2Non-structural or service support member 6.15Mixed penetrations 6.161.8 Assemblies can be one of the following; concrete floors or walls, masonry walls, gypsum walls, wood floor/ceiling assemblies, concrete floor/ceiling assemblies, chase wall in floor/ceiling assemblies and fire-rated insulated walls.Concrete floors or walls 6.1Masonry walls 6.1Gypsum board wall assemblies 6.2Wood floor/ceiling assemblies 6.3Floor/ceiling assembly with concrete floor 6.4Chase wall intersecting a floor/ceiling assembly 6.5Fire-resistance insulated walls 6.61.9 The extension of data using numerical calculations based on empirical data or theoretical models is not covered in this guide.1.10 This guide does not cover the substitution of one proprietary material for another proprietary material, or materials for which fire-test data are not presently available.1.11 This guide is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.1.12 This guide is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.13 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.14 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.15 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method characterizes a metallic material’s resistance to stable crack extension in terms of crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA), ψ and/or crack-opening displacement (COD), δ5 under the laboratory or application environment of interest. This method applies specifically to fatigue pre-cracked specimens that exhibit low constraint and that are tested under slowly increasing displacement.5.2 When conducting fracture tests, the user must consider the influence that the loading rate and laboratory environment may have on the fracture parameters. The user should perform a literature review to determine if loading rate effects have been observed previously in the material at the specific temperature and environment being tested. The user should document specific information pertaining to their material, loading rates, temperature, and environment (relative humidity) for each test.5.3 The results of this characterization include the determination of a critical, lower-limiting value, of CTOA (ψc) or a resistance curve of δ5, a measure of crack-opening displacement against crack extension, or both.5.4 The test specimens are the compact, C(T), and middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens.5.5 Materials that can be evaluated by this standard are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, if the crack-size-to-thickness (a/B) ratio or ligament-to-thickness (b/B) ratio are equal to or greater than 4, which ensures relatively low and similar global crack-front constraint for both the C(T) and M(T) specimens (2, 3).5.6 The values of CTOA and COD (δ5) determined by this test method may serve the following purposes:5.6.1 In research and development, CTOA (ψc) or COD (δ5), or both, testing can show the effects of certain parameters on the resistance to stable crack extension of metallic materials significant to service performance. These parameters include, but are not limited to, material thickness, material composition, thermo-mechanical processing, welding, and thermal stress relief.5.6.2 For specifications of acceptance and manufacturing quality control of base materials.5.6.3 For inspection and flaw assessment criteria, when used in conjunction with fracture mechanics analyses. Awareness of differences that may exist between laboratory test and field conditions is required to make proper flaw assessment.5.6.4 The critical CTOA (ψc) has been used with the elastic-plastic finite-element method to accurately predict structural response and force carrying capacity of simple and complex cracked structural components, see Appendix X1.5.6.5 The δ5 parameter has been related to the J-integral by means of the Engineering Treatment Model (ETM) (10) and provides an engineering approach to predict the structural response and force carrying capacity of cracked structural components.5.6.6 The K-R curve method (Practice E561) is similar to the δ5-resistance curve, in that, the concept has been applied to both C(T) and M(T) specimens (under low-constraint conditions) and the K-R curve concept has been used successfully in industry (11). However, the δ5 parameter has been related to the J-integral and the parameter incorporates the material non-linear effects in its measurement. Comparisons have also been made among various fracture criteria on fracture of C(T), M(T) and a structurally configured crack configuration (12) that were made of several different materials (two aluminum alloys and a very ductile steel), and the K-R curve concept was found to have limited application, in comparison to the critical CTOAc (ψc) concept.1.1 This standard covers the determination of the resistance to stable crack extension in metallic materials in terms of the critical crack-tip-opening angle (CTOA), ψc and/or the crack-opening displacement (COD), δ5 resistance curve (1).2 This method applies specifically to fatigue pre-cracked specimens that exhibit low constraint (crack-size-to-thickness and un-cracked ligament-to-thickness ratios greater than or equal to 4) and that are tested under slowly increasing remote applied displacement. The test specimens are the compact, C(T), and middle-crack-tension, M(T), specimens. The fracture resistance determined in accordance with this standard is measured as ψc (critical CTOA value) and/or δ5 (critical COD resistance curve) as a function of crack extension. Both fracture resistance parameters are characterized using either a single-specimen or multiple-specimen procedures. These fracture quantities are determined under the opening mode (Mode I) of loading. Influences of environment and rapid loading rates are not covered in this standard, but the user must be aware of the effects that the loading rate and laboratory environment may have on the fracture behavior of the material.1.2 Materials that are evaluated by this standard are not limited by strength, thickness, or toughness, if the crack-size-to-thickness (a/B) ratio and the ligament-to-thickness (b/B) ratio are greater than or equal to 4, which ensures relatively low and similar global crack-front constraint for both the C(T) and M(T) specimens (2, 3).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车