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ASTM D1230-22a Standard Test Method for Flammability of Apparel Textiles Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

5.1 Test Method D1230 cannot be recommended for the acceptance testing of commercial shipments since Federal regulations require apparel fabrics to meet the criteria of 16 CFR Part 1610 and correlation of test results with actual performance has not been established. Although Test Method D1230 is not recommended for acceptance testing, it is useful because it provides a method to test general non-regulated textile fabrics.5.1.1 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using Test Method D1230 for testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias. At a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using a nonparametric test for unpaired data and an acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the known bias.5.2 All fabrics made of natural or regenerated cellulose, as well as many made from other natural or man-made fibers, are combustible. Some combustible fabrics when used for clothing are potentially dangerous to the wearer because of such factors as ease of ignition, burn time, amount of heat released, and design of the garment. This test measures two such factors: ease of ignition and burn time.5.3 In order to place fabrics in one of the three flammability classes, arbitrary limits have been selected for time of application of the flame and for the burn time. These limits are based on extensive testing experience and are believed to be a useful guide in judging the relative flammability of apparel textiles. It must be understood, however, that no guarantee can be given and none is implied that garments made from a fabric or product falling into any one of the flammability classes will not be hazardous under some conditions.5.3.1 Because of the sensitivity of fabrics to ambient atmospheric conditions, technique of specimen preparation, and inherent variability in the cloth itself, test results are not always closely reproducible either in the same laboratory or among several laboratories.5.4 Finishes and fabric surface changes can exert a large effect on flammability. Therefore, fabrics are tested before as well as after one cycle of dry cleaning followed by laundering.1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the flammability of textile fabrics as they reach the consumer for apparel. This test method sets forth a classification system for apparel textiles and identifies textiles which have burning characteristics that make them unsuitable for use in clothing, by using as the ignition source a 26-gauge hypodermic needle.1.1.1 This test method shall be used for the flammability of specific categories of tight fitting children’s sleepwear in accordance with 16 CFR 1615 and 16 CFR 1616 which are accessed by the test procedure in 16 CFR 1610 (or ASTM D1230 equivalent).1.1.2 This test method shall not be used for the evaluation of the flammability of textiles used in children's sleepwear, to which 16 CFR 1615 and 16 CFR 1616 apply. These items are addressed in Test Method D6545.1.1.3 This test method shall not be used for the evaluation of the flammability of decorative fabrics or of textiles not intended for use as apparel. Suitable test methods for such applications include Test Method D6413/D6413M or NFPA 701.1.1.4 This test method shall not be used for the evaluation of the flammability of protective clothing, such as those worn by individuals in the fire service or in other occupations where exposure to heat, flame, or electric arc is likely. Suitable test methods for such applications have been developed by ASTM Committee F23, on Personal Protective Clothing and Equipment.1.2 This test method is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.NOTE 1: This test method is not identical to 16 CFR Part 1610, Flammability of Clothing Textiles. Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations require that clothing fabrics introduced into commerce meet the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1610.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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AS 1441.13-1973 Methods of test for coated fabrics Flammability of coated fabrics 被代替 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

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4.1 There are numerous flammability ratings and tests. Almost without fail, these standards and tests are focused on very specific industries or results, many of which are not applicable to the membrane switch/human machine interface assembly. This test is designed to provide relative results between membrane switches that have been assembled to the unit's final enclosure, housing, etc.4.2 In addition to the test's measurement of the rate of burn, a laboratory can also observe the effects of burning material falling from the test specimen onto other materials (typically a gauze test area) not directly part of the test specimen. The indirect burning is an issue of interest to see if the test specimen will be able to act as an initiator for a far greater and more damaging flame event (fire). Observations should be noted, as qualitative descriptions, as appropriate.4.3 This test can measure the flammability via the use of high-speed photographic or video equipment.4.4 Temperature of the ignition source can be measured via a calibrated thermocouple pyrometer, calorimeter or IR thermometer with an appropriate range.4.5 This test is not designed to provide a PASS or NO PASS status for a switch, rather, it is designed to provide a “grade” for the level of flammability of a membrane switch assembly (as defined in 3.1.10). The end user should make the final determination if the level of flammability is acceptable for the particular application.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the flammability characteristics of a membrane switch.1.2 This test method defines the MSB rating of a membrane switch. Each character of the MSB rating represents a discrete characteristic of a membrane switch performance under destructive thermal loading.1.3 This test procedure will be destructive, but should provide an insight into the relative performance flame-resistance characteristics of differing designs or assemblies, or both.1.4 This test method will focus on the use of convective contact (burner flame) method for ignition, though other methods of ignition are available.1.5 This test method is designed to determine if the membrane switch assembly will add (or detract) from the flame propagation from an exterior flame/fire source.1.6 If this test is intended to be used for an internal flammability source then set up the unit under test (UUT) appropriately and note it in the test scope and results.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers requirements and contains test methods for outdoor recreational camping tents for persons. These requirements include controlled small flame test methods for materials used to manufacture tents. The requirements are intended to specify materials that do not present an unreasonable risk of flammability and injury to occupants.1.2 This specification does not apply to products intended for indoor use only, products that are not intended to shelter people, products used principally for commercial purposes only, or products subject to the requirements of the NFPA Fire Code (NFPA 1), NFPA Life Safety Code (NFPA 101), or the International Fire Code, as adopted by certain U.S. states. Additional articles not covered by this specification are:1.2.1 Baby boat with sunshade;1.2.2 Bivouac sack;1.2.3 Car port;1.2.4 Children’s indoor play tent, toy tent, toy bed canopy, and similar products;1.2.5 Garden green house;1.2.6 Hammock, hammock with insect nets, hammock with shades, hammock shelter, and similar products;1.2.7 Packaging material, such as tent bags, pole bags, bivouac sacks, stake bags, carrying bags or rope, shock cord, or cordage material used for anchoring;1.2.8 Tarp cover;1.2.9 Sun or beach umbrella with or without a sidewall; and1.2.10 Other similar items that are not primarily designed to provide shelter to persons for outdoor use, which do not have sides which are fully enclosed to the ground, and which do not have limited means of egress.1.3 This performance specification relies on test methods from (established) consensus flammability test standards for outdoor recreational camping tents, specifically Sections 2-5 of CAN/CGSB-182.1.1.4 This consumer safety specification is intended to deal with reasonably foreseeable use and misuse of the products. This consumer safety specification does not apply to products that are blatantly misused, nor does it apply to products used by consumers in a careless manner that violate normal practice or disregard the instructions or warnings provided with the product or both.1.5 This specification is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This specification is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires that involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.1.7 This specification is used to establish a means of combining the potential for harm in fire scenarios with the probabilities of occurrence of those scenarios. Assessment of fire risk using this specification depends on many factors, including the manner in which the user selects scenarios and uses them to represent all scenarios relevant to the application. This specification cannot be used to assess fire risk if any conditions are different from those contained in this specification.1.8 This specification revises CPAI-84, Specification for Flame-Resistant Materials Used in Camping Tentage as it relates to recreational camping tents.21.9 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This laboratory test method measures thermal combustion properties of materials (1-9).45.2 The test uses controlled thermal and thermal-oxidative decomposition of specimens and thermal oxidation of the specimen gases as they are released from the specimen to simulate the condensed and gas phase processes of flaming combustion, respectively, in a small-scale laboratory test (1-9).5.3 The thermal combustion properties measured in the test are related to flammability characteristics of the material (4-9).5.4 The amount of heat released in flaming combustion per unit mass of material is the fire load and the potential fire load (complete combustion) is estimated in Method A as hc.5.5 The net calorific value of the material (see Test Method D5865) is determined directly using Method B as hco without the need to know the atomic composition of the specimen to correct for the latent heat of evaporation of the water produced by combustion, or to perform titrations to correct for the heat of solution of acid gases. See Table X1.2 for comparison of Microscale Combustion Calorimetry (MCC) data with Test Method D5865.5.6 The temperature T5 % of Method A measured at a heating rate β = 1K/s approximates the surface temperature at piloted ignition in accordance with Ref. (8 and 9) for purposes of fire modeling (see Guide E1591).5.7 The heat release capacity ηc (J/g-K) is a flammability parameter measured in Method A that is unique to this test method.5.8 The fire growth capacity FGC (J/g-K) is a flammability parameter measured in Method A at heating rate β = 1K/s that is unique to this test method.1.1 This test method, which is similar to thermal analysis techniques, establishes a procedure for determining flammability characteristics of combustible materials such as plastics.1.2 The test is conducted in a laboratory environment using controlled heating of milligram specimens and complete thermal oxidation of the specimen gases.1.3 Specimens of known mass are thermally decomposed in an oxygen-free (anaerobic) or oxidizing (aerobic) environment at a constant heating rate between 0.2 and 2 K/s.1.4 The heat released by the specimen is determined from the mass of oxygen consumed to completely oxidize (combust) the specimen gases.1.5 The rate of heat released by combustion of the specimen gases produced during controlled thermal or thermoxidative decomposition of the specimen is computed from the rate of oxygen consumption.1.6 The specimen temperatures over which combustion heat is released are measured.1.7 The mass of specimen remaining after the test is measured and used to compute the residual mass fraction.1.8 The specimen shall be a material or composite material in any form (fiber, film, powder, pellet, droplet). This test method has been developed to facilitate material development and research.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM F1955-22 Standard Test Method for Flammability of Sleeping Bags Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

5.1 This test method is suitable to assess the fabric burn rate of sleeping bag fabrics.5.2 This test method is applicable to all sleeping bags.5.3 This test method is technically equivalent to CPAI-75, which is used for the acceptance of commercial shipments of sleeping bags.5.4 Most materials used to make sleeping bags are organic materials and are combustible (see 3.2.2). Sleeping bag materials can be combustible due to the inherent chemical composition of the material or due to the finishing processes used, or both.5.5 When exposed to fire, combustible sleeping bag materials are potentially dangerous to the user because of their ease of ignition and because it is possible that they will exhibit a high burning rate.5.5.1 If the sleeping bag material is noncombustible, it shall be deemed to meet the performance requirements of this test method. One way of demonstrating noncombustibility is by meeting the requirements of Test Method E136.5.6 Changes in finishes or in fabric surface treatments can exert a large effect on the fabric flammability. Therefore, sleeping bags shall be tested both before and after cleaning or aging in accordance with one of the procedures in 7.3, in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.5.8 It must be understood, moreover, that no guarantee can be given and none is implied that sleeping bags complying with the performance requirements of this test method will not be hazardous under certain conditions.5.9 It is feasible that the fabric will pass the test requirements as received but fail the requirements after cleaning. In that case, the report shall indicate that the fabric is not suitable for cleaning or aging (as appropriate).1.1 This fire-test response test method contains a method to assess the flammability, expressed as a burn rate, of sleeping bags which use various materials and constructions in their manufacture.1.2 Sleeping bags that comply with the requirements in this test method shall be permitted to be labeled as complying with the appropriate requirements, to facilitate the identification of products conforming to this test method.1.3 This test method is technically equivalent to the flammability standard CPAI-75, issued by the Industrial Fabrics Association International (see 2.2), and which has been in use as a flammability requirement for the sleeping bag industry in the U.S.NOTE 1: CPAI-75 expresses burn rate in units of inches/minute while this test method expresses burn rate in units of centimetres/minute.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4151-23 Standard Test Method for Flammability of Blankets Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

5.1 This test method for the determination of the flammability of blankets is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of blankets since this test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.5.2 This test method is intended to evaluate fabrics used in electric blankets without the resistance heating wires.5.3 Fabrics are potentially combustible. Some fabrics when used for blankets are potentially dangerous to the user depending on the ease of ignition, rapidity, and intensity of burning. This test method addresses some of these characteristics.1.1 This test method provides a means to identify blanket fabrics which ignite easily and propagate flame across the surface.1.2 This test method specifies the procedures described in the “Voluntary Blanket Flammability Standard” which has been used by the blanket industry in the United States since 1972.1.3 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions.NOTE 1: This test method is not identical to 16 CFR Part 1610, Flammability of Clothing Textiles. Consumer Product Safety Commission regulations require that fabrics introduced into commerce meet the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1610.1.4 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are intended for use by those in the waste management industries to aid in identifying the flammability potential or waste materials. In addition to the test methods described here, flash points specific to liquid waste can be determined according to Test Method D8174 or D8175.1.1 These test methods are used to indicate the fire-producing or fire-sustaining potential of wastes. The following test methods can be applied to waste liquids, sludges, or solids:  SectionsTest Method A—Test Specimen Exposed to Heat and Flame 8 – 10Test Method B—Test Specimen Exposed to Spark Source 11 and 121.2 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.3 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.4 These test methods are designed and intended as preliminary tests to complement quantitative analytical techniques that are useful to determine flammability. These test methods offer the option and the ability to screen waste for hazardous flammability potential when the analytical techniques are not available or the total waste composition is unknown.1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard information is given in Section 6, 9.3.1, and 10.4.3.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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