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5.1 This practice provides a means of collecting fluoride and chloride from plutonium test materials for analysis by ISE or IC. The results can be used to determine whether the material meets the requirements of Specifications C757 or C833, or other specification agreed by a supplier and customer, for fluoride or chloride content, or both.1.1 This practice provides a procedure for the preparation of samples of plutonium (Pu) materials, using pyrohydrolysis, for subsequent measurement of fluoride, chloride, or both, by ion chromatography (IC) or ion-selective electrode (ISE).1.2 This practice utilizes a sample size of 0.3 ± 0.1 g and is therefore suitable when the larger sample size used in Test Methods C697 and C698 is not available.1.3 Test materials within the scope of this practice include plutonium dioxide powder and mixed (U, Pu) oxide powder. Pellets of plutonium dioxide and mixed (U, Pu) oxide may also be treated after pulverization and with use of an accelerant. Samples of neptunium oxide may also be prepared using this practice.1.4 Full recovery may not be achieved for levels above 50 μg/g fluoride or 50 μg/g chloride (1).2 At higher levels precipitation may occur in the reaction vessel or condenser, or both. The user should validate suitability of the method above these levels.1.5 The procedure described in this practice may be applicable to other plutonium materials, such as plutonium compounds and scrap metals. The user must determine the safety and applicability of this practice to such materials.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers melt processable unmodified poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) molding, extrusion and coating materials. This specification covers only virgin homopolymer prepared from vinylidene fluoride supplied in form of pellet or powder and shall be free of foreign matter. Two types covered by this specification are type I PVDF fluoroplastics and type II PVDF fluoroplastics. Detailed requirements that shall conform to this specification include peak melting endotherm, specific gravity, refractive index, limiting oxygen index, flow rate, rheological properties, tensile properties, flexural properties, impact resistance, D-C resistance, dielectric strength, dielectric constant, and dissipation factor. Preparation of compression molded specimen shall be in accordance to this specification.1.1 This specification covers melt processable molding and extrusion materials, as well as coating materials of poly(vinylidene fluoride) fluoroplastic, commonly abbreviated PVDF (or PVF2 in scientific literature). This specification covers thermoplastic resin materials supplied in pellet or powder form.1.2 This specification applies only to the virgin homopolymer prepared from vinylidene fluoride, not copolymers, reinforced, filled grades or special grades with additives or treatments for modification of attributes.1.3 The tests involved are intended to provide information for specification of unmodified PVDF homopolymer resins. It is not the purpose of this specification to provide engineering data for design purposes.1.4 PVDF fluoroplastics melt between 156 and 180°C (312 and 356°F) and are thermally stable up to about 370°C (698°F). (Warning—Evolution of corrosive and toxic hydrogen fluoride can occur under certain conditions.)1.5 The values stated in SI units, as detailed in IEEE/ASTM S-10, are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.NOTE 1: PVDF exhibits polymorphism.2 The type and extent of crystalline structure varies with the thermomechanical history of the sample. Specimens prepared by techniques different than prescribed in this specification can have properties that vary from the values specified.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.NOTE 2: There is no equivalent ISO standard for this specification. Information in this specification is technically equivalent to related information in ISO 12086-1 and ISO 12086-2.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers requirements for polyvinylidene drainage systems for corrosive applications. Requirements for material, pipe and fittings are included. Polyvinylidene fluoride includes emulsion/suspension polymerization and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene produced by either method. These requirements apply to Schedule 40 and 80 IPS and SDR 21 pipe sizes. Pipe and fittings are to be joined by heat fusion or mechanical methods. The following tests shall be performed: chemical resistance; water absorption; joint tests – hydrostatic pressure tests; mechanical joint pullout test; threads; flattening; and impact resistance for PVDF pipe and fittings.1.1 This specification covers requirements for nonpressurepolyvinylidene fluoride drainage systems for corrosive applications. Requirements for material, pipe and fittings are included. Polyvinylidene fluoride includes emulsion/suspension polymerization and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene produced by either method.1.2 These requirements apply to Schedule 40 and 80 IPS, SDR 32.5, and SDR 21 pipe sizes. Pipe and fittings are to be joined by heat fusion or mechanical methods using the equipment supplied by the manufacturers.1.3 This specification is not intended to provide for interchangeability between plastic pipe and fittings from different manufacturers, but it does allow for transition fittings for joining one manufacturer's product to another's product, provided the joining technique used is other than heat fusion.1.4 This specification is not for polyvinylidene pressure systems.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 Notes and appendixes are not a mandatory part of this specification.1.7 The following safety hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Research has demonstrated that in addition to the halide ion chloride; fluoride ions, when deposited and concentrated on the surface of austenitic stainless steel, can contribute to external stress corrosion cracking (ESCC) in the absence of inhibiting ions.5 Two widely used insulation specifications that are specific to ESCC allow the use of the same Test Methods C692 and C871 for evaluation of insulation materials. Both specifications require fluoride ions to be included with chloride ions when evaluating the extractable ions.5.2 Chlorides (and fluorides) can be constituents of the insulating material or of the environment, or both. Moisture in the insulation or from the environment can cause chlorides (and fluorides) to migrate through the insulation and concentrate at the hot stainless steel surface.5.3 The presence of sodium and silicate ions in the insulation has been found to inhibit external stress corrosion cracking caused by chloride (and fluoride) ions, whether such ions come from the insulation itself or from external sources. Furthermore, if the ratio of sodium and silicate ions to chloride (and fluoride) ions is in a certain proportion in the insulation, external stress corrosion cracking as a result of the presence of chloride (and fluoride) in the insulation will be prevented or at least mitigated (see also Specification C795).1.1 These test methods cover laboratory procedures for the determination of water-leachable chloride, fluoride, silicate, and sodium ions in thermal insulation materials in the parts per million range.1.2 Selection of one of the test methods listed for each of the ionic determinations required shall be made on the basis of laboratory capability and availability of the required equipment and appropriateness to the concentration of the ion and any possible ion interferences in the extraction solution.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The determination of actinides by alpha spectrometry is an essential function of many environmental and other programs. Alpha spectrometry allows the identification and quantification of most alpha-emitting actinides. Although numerous separation methods are used, the final sample preparation technique has historically been by electrodeposition (Practice C1284). However, electrodeposition may have some drawbacks, such as time required, incompatibility with prior chemistry, thick deposits, and low recoveries. These problems may be minimized by using the neodymium fluoride coprecipitation method whose performance is well documented (1-6).4 To a lesser extent cerium fluoride has been used (7) but is not addressed in this practice.5.2 The sample mounting technique described in this practice is rapid, adds an additional purification step, since only those elements that form insoluble fluorides are mounted, and the sample and filter media can be dissolved and remounted if problems occur. The recoveries are better and resolution approaches normal in electrodeposited samples. Recoveries are sufficiently high that for survey work, if quantitative recoveries are not necessary, tracers can be omitted. Drawbacks to this technique include use of very hazardous hydrofluoric acid and the possibility of a non-reproducible and ill-defined counting geometry from filters that are not flat and may not be suitable for long retention. Also, although the total turn around time for coprecipitation may be less than for electrodeposition, coprecipitation requires more time and attention from the analyst.1.1 This practice covers the preparation of separated fractions of actinides for alpha spectrometry. It is applicable to any of the actinides that can be dissolved in dilute hydrochloric acid. Examples of applicable samples would be the final elution from an ion exchange separation or the final strip from a solvent extraction separation.21.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is for the quantitative determination of fluoride and glycol degradation products in engine coolants. By this method, analysis can be performed directly without pretreatment, other than dilution, as required by the linear ranges of the equipment. Table 1 indicates applicable analytes and approximate detection limits.(A) Sample diluted 1/10 with reagent water, suppressed conductivity detection, IonPac AS20 column with AG20 guard column. Other systems will require MQL determinations using chosen dilution factors, eluents, columns, and detector.1.1 This test method covers the determination of fluoride in engine coolants by ion chromatography. Several glycol degradation products (different carboxylates including, but not limited to, formate and glycolate) can be determined by this test method.1.2 This test method applies to both new and used engine coolants.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method provides a means of automatically separating and collecting atmospheric particulate and acidic gaseous fluoride samples.5.2 Since the samples are collected on dry tapes, the samples are in a form which allows elution of the fluoride content with a small volume of eluent. Consequently, the method allows analyses of air samples taken for a time period as short as several minutes.1.1 This test method describes the automatic separation and collection on chemically treated paper tapes of particulate and gaseous forms of acidic fluorides in the atmosphere by means of a double paper tape sampler. The sampler may be programmed to collect and store individual air samples obtained over time periods from several minutes to 3 h. A 30.5-m (100-ft) tape will allow unattended operation for the automatic collection of up to 600 samples.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are included for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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These test methods may be used for the determination of the fluoride content of particulate matter and gases collected in the atmosphere by passive and active monitors, including plant material. The user is warned that the fluoride content of passive collectors (including plant materials) gives a qualitative or semiquantitative measure of atmospheric concentrations or deposition rates of fluorides.1.1 These test methods describe manual procedures for the determination of fluoride in various types of samples. The procedures outlined, consequently, are appropriate to the analysis of ambient air samples taken by diverse sampling techniques when properly applied. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 10.7.1.3 and Ref (9).

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5.1 These test methods may be used for determining the fluoride content of particulate matter and gases collected from the atmosphere by passive and active means, including plant tissues. The user is warned that the fluoride content of passive collectors (including plants) give only qualitative or semiquantitative measurement of atmospheric fluoride content.1.1 These test methods describe the semiautomated procedure for the analyses of various types of samples for the purpose of determining total fluoride. Since the test methods incorporate microdistillation of the sample, they may be applied to any fluoride-containing solution where standards of identical composition have been carried through the same sample preparation procedures and have proven to provide quantitative recovery when analyzed by the semiautomated system. Conversely, the methods shall not be applied for analyses until the applicability has been demonstrated.1.2 In normal use, the procedure can detect 0.1 μg/mL of F. The normal range of analysis is from 0.1 to 1.6 μg/mL of F. Higher concentrations can be analyzed by careful dilution of samples with reagent water. If digested samples routinely exceed 1.6 μg/mL of F, the analytical portion of the pump manifold can be modified to reduce sensitivity. However, the best procedure is to analyze a smaller aliquot of the sample. Most accurate results are obtained when the fluoride concentration falls in the middle or upper part of the calibration curve.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See 8.3, 10.2.4, and 10.2.5 for additional precautions.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Fluorspar is used as a flux in the steelmaking and glass industries, and in the manufacture of HF.5.2 This test method is intended to be used for compliance with compositional specifications for calcium fluoride content. It is assumed that all who use these procedures will be trained analysts capable of performing common laboratory procedures skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory and that proper waste disposal procedures will be followed. Appropriate quality control practices must be followed such as those described in Guide E882.1.1 This test method covers the determination of calcium fluoride in acid-grade fluorspar and other types of fluorspar that can be rendered soluble by the procedure described in the test method.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This test method has been evaluated in accordance with Practice E1601 and Guide E1763. Unless otherwise noted in the precision and bias section, the lower limit in the scope of each method specifies the lowest analyte content that may be analyzed with acceptable error (defined as a nominal 5 % risk of obtaining a 50 % or larger relative difference in results on the same test sample in two laboratories).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Identification of a brackish water, seawater, or brine is determined by comparison of the concentrations of their dissolved constituents. The results are used to evaluate the origin of the water, determine if it is a possible pollutant, or if it is related to a potential source of a valuable mineral. For example, in geochemical studies some correlation data indicate that fluoride is an indirect indicator of the presence of lithium.1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of soluble fluoride ions in brackish water, seawater and brines by use of a fluoride selective electrode.1.2 Samples containing from 1.0 to 25 mg/L can be analyzed by this test method.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This classification system covers both developing property designations and specifications for thermoplastic compositions consisting of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) polymers modified with other fluoromonomers and property-enhancing additives. Four property codes are presented: code 1 - melt temperature, code 2 - melt-flow rate or melt viscosity, or both, code 3 - tensile strength and modulus, and code 5 - density. The melt temperatures, melt-flow rate, melt viscosity, tensile properties, specific gravity, volume resistivity, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and limiting oxygen index shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.1.1 This classification system covers both developing property designations and specifications for thermoplastic compositions consisting of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) polymers modified with other fluoromonomers and property-enhancing additives. The other fluoromonomers include one or more of the following: hexafluoropropylene (HFP), tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). The additives are those that improve its flame resistance, processing, or physical properties. However, these additives are not normally considered to be reinforcing. This classification system covers thermoplastic compositions supplied in pellet or powder forms.1.2 A designation or specification applies only to the virgin polymers prepared from vinylidene fluoride (>50 weight %) with one or more of the following comonomers: hexafluoropropylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and chlorotrifluoroethylene. Some polymers contain additives to enhance certain properties.1.3 This system constitutes a line callout as a means of designating and specifying properties of VDF-based copolymers. At least four of the designated properties are used to define a polymer's specification. Specification criteria from international documents can be used if their criteria match designation properties currently used by this classification system.2 This classification system is not intended for the selection of materials.1.4 The manufacturer of the virgin resin shall establish the designation of a resin based on the property value criteria in this classification system.1.5 The minimum specification properties are established by this classification system. Additional specification properties, based on the designation properties cited, can be established by the resin supplier and customer.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.1.7 The property tests are intended to provide information for specifications of modified VDF-copolymer compositions. It is not the purpose of this classification system to provide engineering data for design purposes.NOTE 1: Although the values listed in Table 1, Table 2, Table 3, Table 4, and Table 5 are necessary to include the range of properties available in existing materials, they are not to be interpreted as implying that every possible combination of the properties exists or can be obtained. It is possible for a user or designer, using Tables 1-5, to call out property relationships that are physically impossible to occur in a copolymer made using current technology.Position 5 Position 6 Position 7 Position 8Code Specific Gravity,g/cm3 Code Electrical a-cDielectric Constant Loss d-c Electric Volume Code Limiting OxygenIndex Code Specimen Typea <1.6 a     >10E3 a <40 a D638 Type Ib 1.6 to <1.7 b     10E3 to 10E12 b 40 to <50 b D638 Type IIc 1.7 to< 1.8 c     >10E12 c 50 to <60 c D638 Type IIId 1.8 to <1.9 d       d 60 to< 70 d D638 Type IVe 1.9 to< 2.0 e       e 70 to <80 e ISO 527 Type 1Af 2.0 to <2.1 f       f 80 to <90 f ISO 527 Type 1Bg 2.1 to< 2.2 g   <0.0012   g >90 g ISO 527 Type 6Ah 2.2 to< 2.3 h <3.0 <0.0014   h   h ISO 527 Type 7Ai 2.3 to <2.4 i 3.0 to< 3.1 <0.0016   i   i ISO 12086/1 Fig. 1j 2.4 to <2.5 j 3.1 to <3.2 <0.0018   j   j D638 Type MIk   k 3.2 to< 3.5 <0.0020   k   k D638 Type MIIl   l 3.5 to <4.0 <0.0022   l   l D638 Type MIIIm   m 4.0 to< 4.5 <0.0024   m   m  n   n 4.5 to <5.0 <0.0026   n   n  o   o 5.0 to< 5.5 <0.0028   o   o  p   p 5.5 to <6.0 <0.0030   p   p D1708q   q 6.0 to <6.5 <0.0035   q   q  r   r 6.5 to <7.0 <0.0040   r   r  s   s 7.0 to <8.0 <0.0060   s   s  t   t 8.0 to <9.0 <0.0080   t   t  u   u 9.0 to <10 <0.0100   u   u  v   v 10 to <11 <0.0300   v   v  w   w 11 to <12 <0.1000   w   w  x   x 12 to <14 >0.1000   x   x  y   y >14     y   y  z not specified z not specified   not specified z not specified z  NOTE 2: Many of these polymers exhibit polymorphism.3 The type and extent of crystalline structure will vary with the thermomechanical history of the sample. Properties vary based on the technique used to prepare the specimens.1.8 Test methods used in this classification system can result in the incidental production of hazardous materials. Modified VDF polymer fluoroplastics melt between 90 and 182°C (194 and 359°F) and are thermally stable up to about 350°C (662°F), or somewhat higher, depending on the composition. (Warning—Evolution of corrosive, colorless, and toxic hydrogen fluoride can occur under certain conditions.)1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Warning in 1.8 and Section 10 for specific hazards statements.NOTE 3: Many, but not all of the codes and specifications found in this classification system are also in ISO 12086-1 and ISO 12086-2.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers a low-density material based on poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), intended for use as jacketing material for wire and cable.1.1.1 The material has a closed cell foam structure.1.2 The jacketing material covered in this specification is intended for use in wires and cables in power-limited applications, such as optical fiber cables, communications cables, coaxial cables, or power limited fire alarm cables. The material is not intended for use in power cables.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements and test methods for the material, dimensions, workmanship, and the properties of extruded sheet, rod and tubular bar manufactured from unfilled PVDF.1.2 This specification covers the requirements and test methods for the material, dimensions, workmanship, and the properties of extruded and compression molded shapes manufactured from unfilled PVDF.1.3 The properties included in this specification are those required for shapes made from PVDF polymers. Requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics of the shape are included in Section 5.1.4 This specification allows for the use of up to 20 % process regrind and reprocessed plastic, total, and of uncontaminated quality.1.5 The values stated in English Units are to be regarded as the standard in all property and dimensional tables. For reference purposes, SI units are also included.1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method or test methods described in this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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