5.1 Factors that may influence the thermal-transmission properties of a specimen of material are described in Practice C1045 and the Precision and Bias section of Test Method C177.5.2 Because of the required test conditions prescribed by this test method, it shall be recognized that the thermal properties obtained will not necessarily apply without modification to all conditions of service. As an example, this test method normally provides that the thermal properties shall be obtained on specimens that do not contain moisture, although in service such conditions may not be realized. Even more basic is the dependence of the thermal properties on variables such as mean temperature and temperature difference.5.3 When a new or modified design of apparatus is evolved, tests shall be made on at least two sets of differing material of known long-term thermal stability. Tests shall be made for each material at a minimum of two different mean temperatures within the operating range of each. Any differences in results should be carefully studied to determine the cause and then be removed by appropriate action. Only after a successful verification study on materials having known thermal properties traceable to a recognized national standards laboratory shall test results obtained with this apparatus be considered to conform with this test method. Periodic checks of apparatus performance are recommended.5.4 The thermal transmission properties of many materials depend upon the prior thermal history. Care must be exercised when testing such specimens at a number of conditions so that tests are performed in a sequence that limits such effects on the results.5.5 Typical uses for the thin-heater apparatus include the following:5.5.1 Product development and quality control applications.5.5.2 Measurement of thermal conductivity at desired mean temperatures.5.5.3 Thermal properties of specimens that are moist or close to melting point or other critical temperature (see Note 1).NOTE 1: Apparatus of the type covered by this test method apply to the study of thermal properties of specimens containing moisture because of the use of small temperature differences and the low thermal capacity of the heat source.5.5.4 Determination of thermal properties of relatively high R value insulation samples with large apparatuses. In the case of the metal-screen heater apparatus, samples with thicknesses up to 15 cm can be measured.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the steady-state thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens of thermal insulation using a thin heater of uniform power density having low lateral heat flow. A thin heater with low lateral thermal conductance can reduce unwanted lateral heat flow and avoid the need for active-edge guarding.1.2 This primary test method of thermal-transmission measurement describes a principle, rather than a particular apparatus. The principle involves determination of the thermal flux across a specimen of known thickness and the temperatures of the hot and cold faces of the specimen.1.3 Considerable latitude is given to the designer of the apparatus in this test method; since a variety of designs is possible, a procedure for qualifying an apparatus is given in 5.3.1.4 The specimens must meet the following conditions if thermal resistance or thermal conductance of the specimen is to be determined by this test method2:1.4.1 The portion of the specimen over the isothermal area of the heater must accurately represent the whole specimen.1.4.2 The remainder of the specimen should not distort the heat flow in that part of the specimen defined in 1.4.1.1.4.3 The specimen shall be thermally homogeneous such that the thermal conductivity is not a function of the position within the sample, but rather may be a function of direction, time, and temperature. The specimen shall be free of holes, of high-density volumes, and of thermal bridges between the test surfaces or the specimen edges.1.4.4 Test Method C177 describes tests that can help ascertain whether conditions of 1.4 are satisfied. For the purposes of this test method, differences in the measurements of less than 2 % may be considered insignificant, and the requirements fulfilled.1.5 The specimens shall meet one of the following requirements, in addition to those of 1.4.1.5.1 If homogeneous materials as defined in Terminology C168 are tested, then the thermal resistivity and thermal conductivity can be determined by this test method.1.5.2 If materials which are layered or otherwise thermally inhomogeneous are tested, thermal resistance and thermal conductance can be determined by this test method.1.6 Two versions of thin-heater apparatus using the same principle of the standard are described in Annex A1 and Annex A2. They are similar in concept but differ in size and construction, and hence warrant separate descriptions for each design. This test method in no way limits the size of the thin-heater element. One of the units described uses a thin metal foil, while the other uses a metal screen as the heat source. The smaller, foil apparatus is designed to make rapid measurements of heat transmission through specimens as thin as 0.5 cm and as thick as 2 cm; however, an apparatus using a foil heater could be designed to measure much thicker materials, if desired. The larger, screen apparatus is designed to measure specimens with thicknesses between 3 and 15 cm, where the exact limits depend on the thermal resistance of the specimens. Both apparatuses use thermocouples for measuring temperature, but other temperature-sensing systems can be used.1.7 This test method covers the theory and principles of the measurement technique. It does not provide details of construction other than those required to illustrate two devices which meet the prescribed requirements. Detailed information is available in References (1-23)3 and the Adjunct.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers standard requirements for welded austenitic stainless steel feedforward heater tubes including those bent, if specified, into the form of U-tubes for application in tubular feed-water heaters. All finished straight tubing or straight tubing ready for U-bending shall be furnished in the solution-annealed condition. The steel shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, phosphorus, chromium, molybdenum, nitrogen, and copper. The material shall also conform to tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The steel shall undergo mechanical tests such as tension test, hardness test, reverse bend test, flattening test, flange test, pressure test, hydrostatic test, and air underwater test. Nondestructive test (electric test) shall be performed and corrosion resisting properties shall be determined for each sample tube.1.1 This specification2 covers seamless and welded austenitic stainless steel feedwater heater tubes including those bent, if specified, into the form of U-tubes for application in tubular feed-water heaters.1.2 The tubing sizes covered shall be 5/8 to 1 in. [15.9 to 25.4 mm] inclusive outside diameter, and average or minimum wall thicknesses of 0.028 in. [0.7 mm] and heavier.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This PDF includes GI #2. 1. Scope 1.1 This Standard applies to cord-connected electric heater systems intended for use with the mattresses of household water beds and designed for use in accordance with the Rules of the Canadian Electrical Code, Pa

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

5.1 This test method provides a means for screening materials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitability they exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable for screening for the heat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2).5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards, states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and mass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flame spread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke.5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associated with slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is not always a result of combustion, and that this method does not assess release of smoke or combustion products.5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level and subsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface. Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lower propensity for the material, product, or assembly to become involved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however this method does not assess the smoke or combustion products released.5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable to assess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials, products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability at various heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance).5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamental properties of the material, product, or assembly tested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from this test method when tests are conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, while introducing variations in properties such as specimen thickness or density.5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method. The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging up to 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of the application of the material, product, or assembly to be tested, and of the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, the method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10 kW/m3 (see 5.7.3).5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release, a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygen consumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354, in its applications standards, such as Test Method E1474 and E1740, or in intermediate scale or a large scale calorimetry test methods, such as Test Methods E1623, E1537, E1590 or D5537 (see also Annex A2). On the other hand the thermopile method of assessing heat release has been used extensively because of its simplicity, including Test Method E906, and other applications discussed in Guide E603.65.5 Testing of composites and dimensionally unstable materials requires special procedures (see 8.4 and 8.5).5.6 Testing in the vertical orientation is feasible with the test method, but not recommended, as it has been shown to have the potential to lead to serious measurement errors on time to ignition.5.7 Limitations 5.7.1 No universal formula exists for calculation of heat release as a function of mass loss. If heat release data are desired, calibration curves must be developed by the user, and they are specific to the material, product, or assembly tested.FIG. 1 Schematic of Apparatus5.7.2 If during the test of one or more of the three replicate test specimens, any of the following unusual behavior occurs: (1) molten material overflows the specimen holder trough, (2) one or more portions of a test specimen is forcefully displaced from the zone of controlled irradiance (explosive spalling); or (3) the test specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion; the test is invalid. Then test an additional specimen of the identical preconditioned test specimens in the test mode in which the unusual behavior occurred. Do not incorporate data obtained from the tests noted above, yielding inadequate results, in the averaged data but report the occurrence. The test method is not suitable if more than three out of six test specimens tested show any of the above characteristics.5.7.3 The applicability of this test method to smoldering ignition has not been demonstrated. This test method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10 kW/m2.5.7.4 The validity of the results of this test method for a particular scenario depends on the conditions under which the tests are conducted. In particular, it has been established that the use of a different irradiance will change relative results5.7.5 The thermopile readings, if used, are likely not to be reflective of the heat output of the burning specimen if the flames extend to the thermopile.5.8 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.NOTE 1: This statement is required for all fire-test-response standards by Practice E535.1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of measuring mass loss and ignitability, for screening purposes, from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This test method is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are those associated with mass loss from the specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, determined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test are best used for comparisons between materials with some similarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no universal formula exists for calculation of heat release using mass loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in Test Method E1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced test methods permit measurements of added fire-test-response characteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form and thickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly.1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fire conditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. See also Section 7.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

This specification covers standard requirements for welded ferritic stainless steel feedforward heater tubes including those bent, if specified, into the form of U-tubes for application in tubular feed-water heaters. All finished straight tubing or straight tubing ready for U-bending shall be furnished in the solution-annealed condition. The steel shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, aluminum, copper, nitrogen, titanium, and columbium. The material shall also conform to tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation. The steel shall meet the specified values for Brinell and Rockwell hardness. The steel shall undergo mechanical tests such as tension test, hardness test, reverse flattening test, flange test, pressure test, hydrostatic test, and air underwater test. Corrosion resisting properties of the sample tube shall also be determined.1.1 This specification covers seamless and welded ferritic stainless steel feedwater heater tubes including those bent, if specified, into the form of U-tubes for application in tubular feedwater heaters.1.2 The tubing sizes covered shall be 5/8 to 1 in. [15.9 to 25.4 mm] inclusive outside diameter, and average or minimum wall thicknesses of 0.028 in. [0.7 mm] and heavier.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

1. Scope 1.1 This Standard applies to appliance plugs used as components of heater cord sets for use on cord-connected heating appliances rated for use on nominal single-phase system voltages of 240 V and less, designed to be used in dry nonhazardous

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

定价： 1365元 / 折扣价： 1161 元

定价： 455元 / 折扣价： 387 元

This specification covers minimum-wall-thickness, seamless cold-drawn carbon steel tubes including bending into the form of U-tubes for use in tubular feedwater heaters. Mechanical tests shall be made on specimens including: tension test; flattening test; flaring test; hardness test; and hydrostatic test. Each tube shall be tested after the finish heat treatment following the final cold-drawn pass by passing through a nondestructive tester capable of detecting defects on the entire cross section of the tube.1.1 This specification2 covers minimum-wall-thickness, seamless cold-drawn carbon steel tubes including bending into the form of U-tubes, if specified, for use in tubular feedwater heaters.1.2 The tubing sizes covered shall be 5/8 to 11/4-in. [15.9 to 31.8-mm] outside diameter, inclusive, with minimum wall thicknesses equal to or greater than 0.045 in. [1.1 mm].1.3 Optional supplementary requirements are provided, and when desired, shall be stated in the order.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. The inch-pound units shall apply unless the “M” designation of this specification is specified in the order.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This practice provides a procedure for operating the apparatus so that the heat flow, Q′, through the meter section of the auxiliary insulation is small; determining Q′; and, calculating the heat flow, Q, through the meter section of the specimen.4.2 This practice requires that the apparatus have independent temperature controls in order to operate the cold plate and auxiliary cold plate at different temperatures. In the single-sides mode, the apparatus is operated with the temperature of the auxiliary cold plate maintained at the same temperature of the hot plate face adjacent to the auxiliary insulation.NOTE 4: In principle, if the temperature difference across the auxiliary insulation is zero and there are no edge heat losses or gains, all of the power input to the meter plate will flow through the specimen. In practice, a small correction is made for heat flow, Q′, through the auxiliary insulation.4.3 The thermal conductance, C’, of the auxiliary insulation shall be determined from one or more separate tests using either Test Method C177, C1114, or as indicated in 5.4. Values of C’ shall be checked periodically, particularly when the temperature drop across the auxiliary insulation less than 1 % of the temperature drop across the test specimen.4.4 This practice is used when it is desirable to determine the thermal properties of a single specimen. For example, the thermal properties of a single specimen are used to calibrate a heat-flow-meter apparatus for Test Method C518.1.1 This practice covers the determination of the steady-state heat flow through the meter section of a specimen when a guarded-hot-plate apparatus or thin-heater apparatus is used in the single-sided mode of operation.1.2 This practice provides a supplemental procedure for use in conjunction with either Test Method C177 or C1114 for testing a single specimen. This practice is limited to only the single-sided mode of operation, and, in all other particulars, the requirements of either Test Method C177 or C1114 apply.NOTE 1: Test Methods C177 and C1114 describe the use of the guarded-hot-plate and thin-heater apparatus, respectively, for determining steady-state heat flux and thermal transmission properties of flat-slab specimens. In principle, these methods cover both the double- and single-sided mode of operation, and at present, do not distinguish between the accuracies for the two modes of operation. When appropriate, thermal transmission properties shall be calculated in accordance with Practice C1045.1.3 This practice requires that the cold plates of the apparatus have independent temperature controls. For the single-sided mode of operation, a (single) specimen is placed between the hot plate and the cold plate. Auxiliary thermal insulation, if needed, is placed between the hot plate and the auxiliary cold plate. The auxiliary cold plate and the hot plate are maintained at the same temperature. The heat flow from the meter plate is assumed to flow only through the specimen, so that the thermal transmission properties correspond only to the specimen.NOTE 2: The double-sided mode of operation requires similar specimens placed on either side of the hot plate. The cold plates that contact the outer surfaces of these specimens are maintained at the same temperature. The electric power supplied to the meter plate is assumed to result in equal heat flow through the meter section of each specimen, so that the thermal transmission properties correspond to an average for the two specimens.1.4 This practice does not preclude the use of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus in which the auxiliary cold plate is either larger or smaller in lateral dimensions than either the test specimen or the cold plate.NOTE 3: Most guarded-hot-plate apparatus are designed for the double-sided mode of operation (1).2 Consequently, the cold plate and the auxiliary cold plate are the same size and the specimen and the auxiliary insulation will have the same lateral dimensions, although the thicknesses need not be the same. Some guarded-hot-plate apparatus, however, are designed specifically for testing only a single specimen that is either larger or smaller in lateral dimensions than the auxiliary insulation or the auxiliary cold plate.1.5 This practice is suitable for use for both low- and high-temperature conditions.1.6 This practice shall not be used when operating an apparatus in a double-sided mode of operation with a known and unknown specimen, that is, with the two cold plates at similar temperatures so that the temperature differences across the known and unknown specimens are similar.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车