定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元

4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. If assistance is needed with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs, a certified Level III shall be consulted before accept/reject decisions are made (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person).4.2 Graded reference images are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference images containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference images are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).4.3 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application.4.4 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required.4.5 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses up to 2 in. (50.8 mm). The digital reference images are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and acceptance criteria as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.1.2 These digital reference images consist of three separate volumes (see Note 2) as follows: (I) medium voltage (nominal 250-kV) X-rays, (II) 1-MV X-rays and Iridium-192 radiation, and (III) 2-MV to 4-MV X-rays and Cobalt-60 radiation. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production digital images produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of six categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and four categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference images containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. The following is a list of discontinuity categories, types, and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard:1.2.1 Category A – Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.2 Category B – Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3 Category C – Shrinkage; 4 types:1.2.3.1 Ca–linear shrinkage– Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.2 Cb–feathery shrinkage– Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.3 Cc–sponge shrinkage– Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.4 Cd–combinations of linear, feathery, and sponge shrinkage – Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.4 Category D–Crack; 1 illustration.1.2.5 Category E–Hot Tear; 1 illustration.1.2.6 Category F–Insert; 1 illustration.1.2.7 Category G–Mottling; 1 illustration. (See Note 3.)NOTE 2: The digital reference images consist of the following:Volume I: Medium Voltage (nominal 250-kVp) X-Ray Reference Images – Set of 34 illustrations.Volume II: 1-MV X-Rays and Iridium-192 Reference Images – Set of 34 illustrations.Volume III: 2-MV to 4-MV X-Rays and Cobalt-60 Reference Images – Set of 34 illustrations.NOTE 3: Although Category G – Mottling is listed for all three volumes, the appearance of mottling is dependent on the level of radiation energy. Mottling appears reasonably prominent in Volume I; however, because of the higher radiation energy levels mottling may not be apparent in Volume II nor Volume III.1.3 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of steel castings up to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness, refer to Reference Radiographs E446.1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes. (See Note 4.)NOTE 4: Each volume of digital reference images consists of 7 digital data files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 34 reference images in each volume illustrate six categories of graded discontinuities and four categories of ungraded discontinuities and contain an image of a step wedge. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE286801 for Volume I, RRE286802 for Volume II, and RRE286803 for Volume III.1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images prepared from castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities. The images of the 1/4 in. (6.4 mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1/2 in. (12.7 mm). The images of the 3/4 in. (19.1 mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 1/2 in. (12.7 mm), up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).4.2 Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files or drivers may affect their appearance. The ASTM E2002 line pair gauges located in the lower right hand corner of each digital reference can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.4.3 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in magnesium-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. (6 mm) and 3/4 in. (19.1 mm).1.2 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in magnesium-alloy castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of magnesium-alloy castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E155.1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production examination. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.NOTE 1: The set of digital reference images consists of 14 digital files, software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The 14 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity and contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex wire gauges.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 The key factors that determine image quality for highly controlled facial images (for example: passports, police mugshots, drive motor vehicle, etc.) are well understood with respect to their use in automated FR systems and are a critical factor which directly affects the searching accuracy of the FR system.4.2 Image quality also plays a major role in determining the extent to which a trained facial examiner is able to reach a conclusion as to whether two images containing faces are likely to be of the same person or not. This applies to either reviewing a FR system candidate result set or 1:1 image comparisons.4.3 This guide provides guidance for the capture of facial images under controlled, semi-controlled, and uncontrolled scenarios for constraints which can be categorized into the following types of requirements:4.3.1 Scene, refers to the content, subject and background in the image,4.3.2 Photographic, refers to lighting, focus and other constraints required for image capture, and4.3.3 Digital, refers to the conversion of the captured image into a digital record.1.1 This guide is intended for use by practitioners who are choosing, setting up, and operating photographic equipment designed to capture facial images for use with an automated Facial Recognition System or used for manual comparisons by a trained facial examiner. This guide provides an overview of how to achieve the specifications defined in Annex E of ANSI/NIST-ITL-1-2011, Update 2015, for capturing facial images.1.2 Annex E of ANSI/NIST-ITL-1-2011 defines a well-controlled capture environment and subject whereas this document will give guidance where tight controls in the capture environment and subject control cannot be achieved.1.3 This guide addresses equipment considerations for two-dimensional (2D) conventional images. It does not address video, scanners, or three-dimensional (3D) capture.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to non-SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This document provides guidance for users who wish to obtain quantifiable data from images of tissue scaffolds manufactured from polymers that include both high water content gels and woven textiles.4.2 Information derived from tissue scaffold images can be used to optimize the structural characteristics of the matrix for a particular application, to develop better manufacturing procedures or to provide a measure of quality assurance and product traceability. Fig. 1 provides a summary of the key stages of image capture and analysis.FIG. 1 Key Stages in Image Capture, Storage, and Analysis4.3 There is a synergy between the analysis of pores in tissue scaffolds and that of particles that is reflected in standards cited and in the analysis described in Section 9. Guide E1919 provides a compendium of standards for particle analysis that includes measurement techniques, data analytical and sampling methodologies.1.1 This guide covers the factors that need to be considered in obtaining and interpreting images of tissue scaffolds including technique selection, instrument resolution and image quality, quantification and sample preparation.1.2 The information in this guide is intended to be applicable to porous polymer-based tissue scaffolds, including naturally derived materials such as collagen. However, some materials (both synthetic and natural) may require unique or varied sample preparation methods that are not specifically covered in this guide.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Reference images for tin bronze and related alloy castings are intended to be used as a guide to the recognition of common discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level. Discontinuity types most common to these alloys are illustrated. For reference, descriptions of typical casting discontinuities and corresponding image indication types are contained in Section 5. Purchasers and suppliers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity categories (see 1.2) to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 6 and 7).4.2 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Section 9 addresses purchaser supplier requisites where weld repairs may be required.4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 8; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document.4.4 The following ASTM specifications illustrate alloys covered by these standards; however, it is intended that these reference images also apply to related government and commercial material specifications:Valve bronze castings B61AComposition bronze or ounce metal castings B62BTin bronze sand castings B584Leaded red brass sand castings B584Copper-base alloy centrifugal castings (as applicable) B271(A) Similar to MIL-B-16541.(B) Similar to MIL-B-16444.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in tin bronze and related alloy castings. The digital reference images are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM International if needed (see Section 2). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and classification criterion described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.1.2 These digital reference images consist of 22 21/2 by 51/2-in. (63.5 by 139.7-mm) nominal size reproductions originally exposed with low voltage X-rays. Fifteen of these images were produced with 1 in. (25.4 mm) plate castings and seven (sand inclusions, inserts, chaplets) were produced with 3/4-in. plate castings originally derived for NAVSHIPS 250-537-1 and -2. The 1-in. plate castings address gas porosity, linear shrinkage, and feathery shrinkage discontinuity types. The original radiographs illustrate discontinuities in sand cast 88:8:4 Cu-Sn-Zn, “G” type, bronze alloy plates and are representative of those found in wide solidification range copper-tin base alloys. The categories, types and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard are shown in 1.2.1 to 1.2.5:1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).1.2.2 Category B—Sand inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; two types:1.2.3.1 Ca—Linear shrinkage; severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).1.2.3.2 Cd—Feathery and spongy shrinkage (see Note 2); severity levels 1 through 5 for thicknesses up to and including 2 in. (50.8 mm).NOTE 2: The feathery shrinkage discontinuity type is used to illustrate aggregate severity levels for either feathery or spongy shrinkage discontinuity types (see 5.1).1.2.4 Category D—Hot tear; one illustration.1.2.5 Category E—Inserts, chaplets; one illustration.1.3 All areas of this standard may be subject to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in tin bronze castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of tin bronze castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E310.1.5 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production examination. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes (see Note 3).NOTE 3: The digital reference images consist of a set of digital image files, software to load the desired format, and specific instructions on the loading process. The 22 reference images illustrate four categories of graded discontinuities (1.2.1 (Gas porosity), 1.2.2 (Sand inclusion), 1.2.3.1 (Linear shrinkage), and 1.2.3.2 (Feathery shrinkage)) and two categories of ungraded discontinuities (1.2.4 (Hot tear) and 1.2.5 (Inserts)) and contain an image of a step wedge. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE3185.1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. If assistance is needed with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs, a certified Level III shall be consulted before accept/reject decisions are made (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person).4.2 These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.4.2.1 Applicability of Thickness Designations: 4.2.1.1 The discontinuity types, illustrated thickness and applicable thickness range are summarized in Table 1 for the Volume I images and in Table 2 for the Volume II images.4.3 Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.4.4 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjuncts to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in titanium castings.2 Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the appropriate adjunct digital reference images, which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of titanium casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications and drawings.1.2 The digital reference images consist of twenty-five digital files each illustrating eight grades of increasing severity. The Volume I files illustrate seven common discontinuity types representing casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm). The Volume II files illustrate five discontinuity types representing casting sections over 1 in. (25.4 mm) to 2 in. (50.8 mm) in thickness.1.3 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.NOTE 1: The digital reference images are available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order number RRE2669 and RRE266902. Each of the digital reference images contain an image of a step density scale and two duplex-wire gauges. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details. Originally, only Volume I images were available and some sets may identify these only as RRE2669 without a volume designation. They remain valid for use as Volume I images.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types or degrees of discontinuities when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of titanium castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E1320.1.6 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. If assistance is needed with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs, a certified Level III shall be consulted before accept/reject decisions are made (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person).4.2 These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are designed such that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities.4.2.1 Graded Discontinuities: 4.2.1.1 Gas holes, sponge shrinkage, dendritic shrinkage, less dense foreign material(1) The images of the 1/8-in (3.2-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1/4-in (6.3-mm). The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 1/4-in (6.4-mm), up to and including 1/2-in (12.7-mm). The images of the 3/4-in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 1/2-in (12.7-mm), up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).4.2.1.2 Cavity Shrinkage, Filamentary Shrinkage: (1) The images of the 3/4-in (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).4.2.2 Ungraded Discontinuities: 4.2.2.1 The images of the 3/8-in (9.5-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1-in. (25.4-mm).4.3 Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files and drivers may affect their appearance. The Practice E2002 line pair gauges located in each digital reference image can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.4.4 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.1.1 The digital reference images provided in the adjunct to this standard illustrate various types and degrees of discontinuities occurring in thin-wall steel investment castings.2 Use of this standard for the specification or grading of castings requires procurement of the adjunct digital reference images which illustrate the discontinuity types and severity levels. They are intended to provide the following:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of thin-wall steel casting discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and degree through digital radiographic examination.1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.1.2 Two illustration categories are covered as follows:1.2.1 Graded—Six common discontinuity types each illustrated in eight degrees of progressively increasing severity.1.2.2 Ungraded—Twelve single illustrations of additional discontinuity types and of patterns and imperfections not generally regarded as discontinuities.1.3 The reference radiographs were developed for casting sections up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) in thickness.1.4 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.NOTE 1: The set of digital reference images consists of 16 digital files, software to load the desired format, and specific instructions on the loading process. The 16 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity in six common discontinuity types and twelve ungraded discontinuities and contain an image of a step wedge and two duplex-wire gauges. Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order number RRE2660. Refer to Practice E2002 for wire pair details.1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types or degrees of discontinuities when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of thin-wall investment castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E192.1.7 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 With the advent of thick, highly angled aircraft transparencies, multiple imaging has been more frequently cited as an optical problem by pilots. Secondary images (of outside lights), often varying in intensity and displacement across the windscreen, can give the pilot deceptive optical cues of his altitude, velocity, and approach angle, increasing his visual workload. Current specifications for multiple imaging in transparencies are vague and not quantitative. Typical specifications state “multiple imaging shall not be objectionable.”5.2 The angular separation of the secondary and primary images has been shown to relate to the pilot's acceptability of the windscreen. This procedure provides a way to quantify angular separation so a more objective evaluation of the transparency can be made. This procedure is of use for research of multiple imaging, quantifying aircrew complaints, or as the basis for windscreen specifications.5.3 It is of note that the basic multiple imaging characteristics of a windscreen are determined early in the design phase and are virtually impossible to change after the windscreen has been manufactured. In fact, a perfectly manufactured windscreen has some multiple imaging. For a particular windscreen, caution is advised in the selection of specification criteria for multiple imaging, as inherent multiple imaging characteristics have the potential to vary significantly depending upon windscreen thickness, material, or installation angle. Any tolerances that might be established are advised to allow for inherent multiple imaging characteristics.1.1 This test method covers measuring the angular separation of secondary images from their respective primary images as viewed from the design eye position of an aircraft transparency. Angular separation is measured at 49 points within a 20 by 20° field of view. This procedure is designed for performance on any aircraft transparency in a laboratory or in the field. However, the procedure is limited to a dark environment. Laboratory measurements are done in a darkened room and field measurements are done at night (preferably between astronomical dusk and astronomical dawn).1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard possibly involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This standard covers digital reference images for inspection of aluminum and magnesium die castings. These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide: a guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through digital radiographic imaging; and example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings. These digital reference images consist of nine images covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in aluminum castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in magnesium castings. The last image contains ungraded illustrations of inclusions in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. This standard covers both graded and ungraded illustration categories. These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum and magnesium die castings when performing film radiography.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities that may occur in aluminum-alloy and magnesium-alloy die castings. They are intended to provide:1.1.1 A guide enabling recognition of discontinuities and their differentiation both as to type and severity level through digital radiographic imaging.1.1.2 Example digital radiographic illustrations of discontinuities and a nomenclature for reference in acceptance standards, specifications, and drawings.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and acceptance criteria as described in Sections 5 and 6 of this standard.1.2 These digital reference images consist of nine images covering discontinuities in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in aluminum castings. Four contain graded sequences of four levels of increasing severity in magnesium castings. The last image contains ungraded illustrations of inclusions in aluminum and magnesium alloy die castings.1.3 Two kinds of illustration categories are covered as follows:1.3.1 Graded—Three discontinuity categories for aluminum die castings and three discontinuity categories for magnesium die castings, each illustrated in four levels of progressively increasing severity. Category A discontinuities are illustrated for aluminum and magnesium die castings having thicknesses of 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) and 5/8 in. (15.9 mm); Category B discontinuities are illustrated for 1/8 in. thick aluminum and magnesium die castings; and Category C discontinuities are illustrated for 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) thick aluminum and magnesium die castings.1.3.2 Ungraded—One illustration of one discontinuity for 0.20 in. (5.1 mm) thickness aluminum die casting and one illustration of one discontinuity for 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) thickness magnesium die casting.1.4 This document may be used for other materials, thicknesses or with other energy levels for which it has been found to be applicable and agreement has been reached between purchaser and supplier.1.5 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.6 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum and magnesium die castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of aluminum or magnesium die castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E505.1.7 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes. (See Note 2.)NOTE 2: The set of digital reference images consists of nine digital data files, and software to load the desired format and specific instructions on the loading process. The nine reference images illustrate eight sets of graded discontinuities and one category of ungraded discontinuities. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE2973.1.8 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The PSCI provides a measure of the cracking observed on the pavement surface. It provides a quantitative and rational basis for rating pavement surface cracking to aid in determining maintenance and repair needs and priorities. Periodic monitoring of the PSCI can be used to establish feedback on pavement performance for validation or improvement of current pavement design and maintenance procedures. The PSCI is calculated from the PSCM.5.2 The PSCM uses the openness or aperture size of the pavement surfacing caused by cracking as the objective function. This is a measure of the surface integrity due to cracking that relates to the area that could potentially admit surface water.5.3 It also relates to the loss of horizontal tensile integrity at the surface because that is proportional to the total length of cracks and to interparticle load transfer, which is related in part to crack width.5.4 It is, however, a purely physical dimensional measure and has no prior dependency on cause or type of cracking.5.5 Any evaluation of the cause of the cracking, or of its impact on pavement performance, would be made independently together with other factors relevant to the particular purpose, as elaborated later.5.6 Sealed cracks, potholes, and patching are not included in the PSCM and PSCI calculations.1.1 This practice covers the quantification of pavement surface cracking from digital 2D images or 3D data (or both) of the pavement surface.1.2 The objectives of this standard are to eliminate human subjectivity and intervention in the process of generating cracking indices, to define cracking metrics and other required parameters objectively, and to enable all users of the standard to produce the same cracking indices given the same cracking data.1.3 The cracking indices are unitless and are calculated in a straightforward manner from fundamental measurements of length, width, and area as defined in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A key consideration with any radiographic system is its contrast resolution and spatial resolution capability (that is, sensitivity). The degree of obtainable sensitivity with a given system is dependent upon several radiographic parameters such as source energy level, film system class, type and thickness of intensifying screens, and material thickness radiographed. These reference radiographs permit the user to estimate the degree of sensitivity change that may be obtained when these parameters are varied from a specific technique. This standard may also be used in conjunction with Test Method E1815 or with Practice E746 or Test Method E1735 to provide a basis for developing data for evaluation of a user's specific system. This data may assist a user in determining appropriate parameters for obtaining desired degrees of radiographic system sensitivity.1.1 This document describes the appearance of a radiographic image where fundamental components of image quality are changed, that is, variables such as whether an X-ray or gamma ray source was used, the characteristics of the radiographic film (gradient, granularity, and developing conditions) and intensifying screens, and specimen thickness (the geometrical configuration of the radiographic set-up and focal spot size both affect image quality but are not considered in the reference radiographs).1.2 The X-ray film systems used in obtaining the illustrative data were as follows: Very Fine Grain (comparable to class I of Test Method E1815) and Fine Grain (comparable to class II of Test Method E1815).1.3 These reference radiographs2 consist of four composite illustrations3 and show how such factors as radiation energy, specimen thickness, and film properties affect the radiographic image. The reference radiograph films are an adjunct to this document and must be purchased separately from ASTM if needed.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Personnel utilizing reference radiographs to this standard shall be qualified to perform radiographic interpretation in accordance with a nationally or internationally recognized NDT personnel qualification practice or standard and certified by the employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The practice or standard used and its applicable revision shall be identified in the contractual agreement between the using parties. If assistance is needed with interpreting specifications and product requirements as applied to the reference radiographs, a certified Level III shall be consulted before accept/reject decisions are made (if the Level III is the radiographic interpreter, this may be the same person).4.2 These digital reference images are intended for reference only, but are so designed that acceptance standards, which may be developed for particular requirements, can be specified in terms of these digital reference images. The illustrations are digital images of castings that were produced under conditions designed to develop the discontinuities. The images of the 1/4-in. (6.35-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range up to and including 1/2-in. (12.7 mm). The images of the 3/4-in. (19.1-mm) castings are intended to be used in the thickness range of over 1/2 in., up to and including 2 in. (51 mm).4.3 Image Deterioration—Many conditions can affect the appearance and functionality of digital reference images. For example, electrical interference, hardware incompatibilities, and corrupted files or drivers may affect their appearance. The ASTM E2002 line pair gauges located in the lower right hand corner of each digital reference can be used as an aid to detect image deterioration by comparing the measured resolution using the gauges to the resolution stated on the digital reference image. Do not use the digital reference images if their appearance has been adversely affected such that the interpretation and use of the images could be influenced.4.4 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities that may be found in aluminum-alloy castings. The castings illustrated are in thicknesses of 1/4 in. (6.35 mm) and 3/4 in. (19.1 mm).1.2 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in aluminum-alloy castings when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of aluminum-alloy castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E155.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes.NOTE 1: The set of digital reference images consists of 13 digital files, software to load the desired format, and specific instructions on the loading process. The 13 reference images illustrate eight grades of severity and contain an image of a step wedge and two line pair gauges. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE2422. Refer to Practice E2002 for line pair gauge details.NOTE 2: Reference radiographs applicable to aluminum and magnesium die castings up to 1 in. (25 mm) in thickness are contained in Reference Radiographs E505.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Graded reference images are intended to provide a guide enabling recognition of specific casting discontinuity types and relative severity levels that may be encountered during typical fabrication processes. Reference images containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. These reference images are intended as a basis from which manufacturers and purchasers may, by mutual agreement, select particular discontinuity classes to serve as standards representing minimum levels of acceptability (see Sections 5 and 6).4.2 Reference images represented by this standard may be used, as agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement, for energy levels, thicknesses, or both, outside the range of this standard when determined applicable for the casting service application. Severity levels of similar discontinuity categories and energy level range of Digital Reference Images E2868 reference images may alternatively be used, as determined appropriate for the casting service application, if so agreed upon in a purchaser supplier agreement.4.3 Procedures for evaluation of production images using applicable reference images of this standard are prescribed in Section 7; however, there may be manufacturing-purchaser issues involving specific casting service applications where it may be appropriate to modify or alter such requirements. Where such modifications may be appropriate for the casting application, all such changes shall be specifically called-out in the purchaser supplier agreement or contractual document. Section 8 addresses purchaser supplier requisites for where weld repairs may be required.4.4 Agreement should be reached between cognizant engineering organization and the supplier that the system used by the supplier is capable of detecting and classifying the required discontinuities.1.1 These digital reference images illustrate various categories, types, and severity levels of discontinuities occurring in steel castings that have section thicknesses of 2 in. (50.8 mm) to less than 41/2 in. (114 mm). The digital reference images are an adjunct to this standard and must be purchased separately from ASTM International, if needed (see 2.3). Categories and severity levels for each discontinuity type represented by these digital reference images are described in 1.2.NOTE 1: The basis of application for these reference images requires a prior purchaser supplier agreement of radiographic examination attributes and acceptance criteria as described in Sections 4, 6, and 7 of this standard.1.2 These digital reference images consist of three separate volumes (see Note 2) as follows: (I) 1 MV X-rays and Iridium-192, (II) 2 MV to 4 MV X-rays and Cobalt-60, and (III) 4 MV to 30 MV X-rays. Unless otherwise specified in a purchaser supplier agreement (see 1.1), each volume is for comparison only with production digital images produced with radiation energy levels within the thickness range covered by this standard. Each volume consists of five categories of graded discontinuities of increasing severity level and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Reference images containing ungraded discontinuities are provided as a guide for recognition of a specific casting discontinuity type where severity levels are not needed. The following is a list of discontinuity categories, types, and severity levels for the adjunct digital reference images of this standard:1.2.1 Category A—Gas porosity; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.2 Category B—Sand and slag inclusions; severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3 Category C—Shrinkage; 3 types:1.2.3.1 Ca – Linear Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.2 Cb – Feathery Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.3.3 Cc – Sponge Shrinkage—Severity levels 1 through 5.1.2.4 Category D—Crack; 1 illustration.1.2.5 Category E—Hot tear; 1 illustration.1.2.6 Category F—Insert; 1 illustration.NOTE 2: The digital reference images consist of the following:Volume I: 1 MV X-rays and Iridium-192Volume II: 2 MV to 4 MV X-rays and Cobalt-60Volume III: 4 MV to 30 MV X-rays1.3 All areas of this standard may be open to agreement between the cognizant engineering organization and the supplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineering organization. These items should be addressed in the purchase order or the contract.1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 These digital reference images are not intended to illustrate the types and degrees of discontinuities found in steel castings 2 in. (50.8 mm) to 41/2 in. (114 mm) in thickness when performing film radiography. If performing film radiography of such steel castings, refer to Reference Radiographs E186.1.6 Only licensed copies of the software and images shall be utilized for production inspection. A copy of the ASTM/User license agreement shall be kept on file for audit purposes. (See Note 3.)NOTE 3: Each volume of digital reference images consists of 6 digital data files, software to load the desired format, and specific instructions on the loading process. The 28 reference images in each volume illustrate five categories of graded discontinuities and three categories of ungraded discontinuities. Available from ASTM International Headquarters, Order No: RRE303001-A for Volume I, No: RRE303002-A for Volume II, and No: RRE303003-A for Volume III.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Information technology - Lossy/lossless coding of bi-level images AMENDMENT 1: Encoder

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