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5.1 This standard describes a proposal to provide unambiguous personal identification for any patient who requests it. In today’s world of specialized healthcare and mobile patients it is typical for clinical information on a single patient to reside in a variety of locations, some using manual data storage techniques, but an increasing number using electronic means. In order for a clinician to provide safe and appropriate clinical care in this environment it is necessary to be able to aggregate appropriate clinical information on a specific patient in order to gain an accurate and comprehensive picture of that patient’s clinical situation. This implies that all information relating to each patient should be identified in a unique manner to facilitate the process of accurately aggregating appropriate information.5.2 The converse of the need for data aggregation is the patient’s need to protect the privacy of their information. Unless patients are confident that they can avoid inappropriate sharing of clinical information they will not readily share that information with caregivers. Thus, the same system that supports unambiguous linkage of all information concerning a patient must also play a role in protecting the privacy of that information.5.3 The proposed patient identification system must be able to avoid or overcome the numerous objections that have prevented implementation of a universal patient identification system in the past including issues related to:5.3.1 Technology—The proposed system must be technically feasible in a manner that promotes scalability, availability, and ease of implementation.5.3.2 Integration with Existing Systems—To the maximum extent possible the proposed identification system should work seamlessly with existing information systems.5.3.3 Cost-effectiveness—The proposed system should balance the costs and benefits required to implement a fully functional voluntary universal healthcare identification system.5.3.4 Political Feasibility—Because many different constituencies have a vested interest in a universal patient identification system, it has been a significant challenge to gain consensus on how to implement such a system.5.3.5 Gradually Implementable—In order to minimize the impact associated with its implementation, a desirable property of a voluntary universal healthcare identification system is that it be gradually implementable over time.5.3.6 Acceptable to the General Public—A voluntary universal healthcare identification system must be accepted by the general public as a beneficial, effective and non-threatening capability.5.4 Experience has shown that a healthcare identification system will only be feasible if it is dedicated exclusively to the needs of healthcare. It is only in this focused environment that it has been possible to create a consistent, feasible, functional, and effective design for such a system.1.1 This document describes the implementation principles needed to create a Voluntary Universal Healthcare Identification (VUHID) system. The purpose of this system is to enable unambiguous identification of individuals in order to facilitate the delivery of healthcare.1.2 The VUHID system should be dedicated exclusively to the needs and functions of healthcare.1.3 The VUHID system is designed to represent no, or at least minimal, increased risk to healthcare privacy and security.1.4 The system should be as cost-effective as possible.1.5 The system must be created and maintained in a way to provide sustained benefit to healthcare.1.6 The system should be designed and implemented in a manner that ensures that it can operate indefinitely.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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3.1 This guide is aimed at providing a general understanding of the various types of hardware devices that form the core of information processing systems for ship and marine use. Ship and marine information processing systems require specific devices in order to perform automated tasks in a specialized environment. In addition to providing information services for each individual installation, these devices are often networked and are capable of supplementary functions that benefits ship and marine operations.3.2 A variety of choices exists for deployment of information processing devices and greatly increases the complexity of the selection task for ship and marine systems. The choice of a particular device or system cannot be made solely on the singular requirements of one application or function. Modern information processing systems are usually installed in a complex environment where systems must be made to interact with each other. Ship and marine installations add an even further layer of complexity to the process of choosing adequate computerized systems. This guide aims to alleviate this task by giving users specific choices that are proven technologies that perform in a complex environment.3.3 Hardware resources used in ship and marine installations are a result of careful consideration of utility and function. These resources may require some physical specialization in order to inhabit a particular environment, but they are in no way different from equipment used in shore-based situations. Ship and marine computer system configurations, interconnections, and support services are essentially the same as those found in a land-based network environment and as a result, the skill sets of ship and marine information processing system users, administrators, and support personnel are interchangeable with those of shore-based activities.1.1 This guide provides assistance in the choice of computing hardware resources for ship and marine environments and describes:1.1.1 The core characteristics of interoperable systems that can be incorporated into accepted concepts such as the Open System Interconnection (OSI) model;1.1.2 Process-based models, such as the Technical Reference Model (TRM), that rely on interoperable computing hardware resources to provide the connection between the operator, network, application, and information; and,1.1.3 The integrated architecture that can be used to meet minimum information processing requirements for ship and marine environments.1.2 The use of models such as OSI and TRM provide a structured method for design and implementation of practical shipboard information processing systems and provides planners and architects with a roadmap that can be easily understood and conveyed to implementers. The use of such models permit functional capabilities to be embodied within concrete systems and equipment.1.3 The information provided in this guide is understood to represent a set of concepts and technologies that have, over time, evolved into accepted standards that are proven in various functional applications. However, the one universal notion that still remains from the earliest days of information processing is that technological change is inevitable. Accordingly, the user of this guide must understand that such progress may rapidly invalidate or supersede the information contained herein. Nonetheless, the concept of implementing ship and marine computing systems based on these functional principles allows for logical and rational development and provides a sound process for eventual upgrade and improvement.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 If ASTM Committee E13 has not specified an appropriate test procedure for a specific type of instrument, or if the sample specified by a Committee E13 procedure is incompatible with the intended instrument operation, then this practice can be used to develop practical performance tests.4.1.1 For instruments which are equipped with permanent or semi-permanent sampling accessories, the test sample specified in a Committee E13 practice may not be compatible with the instrument configuration. For example, for FT-MIR instruments equipped with transmittance or IRS flow cells, tests based on putting polystyrene films into the sample position are impractical. In such cases, this practice suggests means by which the recommended test procedures can be modified by changing the test material or the location of the recommended test material.4.1.2 For instruments used in process measurements, the choice of test materials may be limited due to process contamination and safety considerations. The practice suggests means of developing performance tests based on materials which are compatible with the intended use of the analyzer.4.2 Tests developed using the practice are intended to allow the user to compare the performance of an instrument on any given day with prior performance, and specifically to compare performance during calibration of the analyzer to performance during validation of the analyzer and during routine use of the analyzer. The tests are intended to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but they are not designed to diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of analyzers of different manufacture.4.3 Tests developed using this practice are also intended to allow the user to compare the performance of a primary analyzer used in development of a multivariate model to the performance of secondary analyzers used to apply that model for the analysis of process or product samples.1.1 This practice covers basic procedures that can be used to develop instrument performance tests for spectroscopic based online, at-line, laboratory and field analyzers. The practice is intended to be applicable to Raman spectrometers and to infrared spectrophotometers operating in the near-infrared and mid-infrared regions.1.2 This practice is not intended as a replacement for specific practices, such as Practices E275, E925, E932, E958, E1421, or E1683 that exist for measuring performance of specific types of laboratory spectroscopic instruments. Instead, this practice is intended to provide guidelines as to how similar practices should be developed when specific practices do not exist for a particular instrument type, or when specific practices are not applicable due to sampling or safety concerns. This practice can be used to develop instrument performance tests for on-line process spectroscopic-based analyzers.1.2.1 The performance tests described in this practice typically only evaluate the performance of the infrared spectrophotometer or Raman spectrometer part of the analyzer system, referred to herein as the instrument.1.2.2 Instrument performance tests do not typically evaluate performance of analyzer sampling systems.1.3 This practice describes univariate level zero and level one tests, and multivariate level A and level B tests which can be implemented to measure instrument performance. These tests are designed to be used as rapid, routine checks of instrument performance. They are designed to uncover malfunctions or other changes in instrument operation, but do not specifically diagnose or quantitatively assess the malfunction or change. The tests are not intended for the comparison of instruments or analyzers of different manufacture.1.4 The instrument performance tests described in this practice are used during the development of multivariate calibrations via Practice D8321 to establish the performance level at the time the calibration is developed. The same tests are used during validation of analyzers via Practice D6122 to qualify the working analyzer by demonstrating comparable performance.1.4.1 Instrument performance tests are used to requalify instruments after analyzer maintenance.1.4.2 Instrument performance tests are used to qualify instruments in secondary analyzers to which calibrations are being transferred after development on a primary analyzer.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Intended Users: 4.1.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.4.2 Reference Material: 4.2.1 This guide should be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides listed in 2.1 (especially Guides E3163, E3240, E3242, E3344 and E3382), as well as the material in the References section.4.3 Flexible Site-Specific Implementation: 4.3.1 This guide provides a systematic but flexible framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and by the user based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, and unforeseen circumstances.4.3.1.1 This guide provides a monitoring plan development, execution and analysis framework based on over-arching features and elements that should be customized by the user based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and sediment corrective action objectives.4.3.1.2 Implementation of the guide is site-specific. The user may choose to customize the implementation of the guide for a particular site, especially smaller, less complex sites.4.3.1.3 This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.3.2 The users of this guide are encouraged to update and refine (when needed) the conceptual site model, Project Work Plans and Project Reports used to describe the physical properties, chemical composition and occurrence, biologic features, and environmental conditions of the sediment corrective action project.4.4 Regulatory Frameworks: 4.4.1 This guide is intended to be applicable to a broad range of local, state, tribal, federal, or international jurisdictions, each with its own unique regulatory framework. As such, this guide does not provide a detailed discussion of the requirements or guidance associated with any of these regulatory frameworks, nor is it intended to supersede applicable regulations and guidance. The user of this guide will need to be aware of (and comply with) the regulatory requirements and guidance in the jurisdiction where the work is being performed.4.5 Systematic Project Planning and Scoping Process: 4.5.1 When applying this guide, the user should undertake a systematic project planning and scoping process to collect information to assist in making site-specific, user-defined decisions for a particular project, including assembling an experienced team of project professionals. These practitioners should have the appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute a sediment monitoring program. This team may include, but is not limited to, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, site remediation professionals, analytical chemists, geochemists, and statisticians.4.6 Stakeholder Engagement: 4.6.1 The users of this guide are encouraged to engage key stakeholders early and often in the project planning and scoping process, especially regulators, project sponsors, and service providers. A concerted ongoing effort should be made by the user to continuously engage stakeholders as the project progresses in order to gain insight, technical support and input for resolving technical issues and challenges that may arise during project implementation.4.7 Other Considerations: 4.7.1 The over-arching process for risk-based corrective action a sediment sites is not covered in detail in this guide. Guide E3240 contains extensive information concerning that process.4.7.2 Sediment sampling and laboratory analyses is not covered in detail. Guide E3163 contain extensive information concerning sediment sampling and laboratory analysis methodologies.4.7.3 Developing representative background concentrations for the sediment site is not covered in detail in this guide. Guides E3242, E3344 and E3382 contain extensive information concerning that topic.4.7.4 In this guide, “sediment” (3.1.15) is defined as a matrix being found at the bottom of a water body. Upland soils of sedimentary origin are excluded from consideration as sediment in this guide.4.7.5 In this guide, only COC concentrations are considered. Residual background radioactivity is out of scope.4.8 Structure and Components of This Guide: 4.8.1 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 Components of a Generic Monitoring ProgramSection 6 Generic Considerations for Sediment Site Monitoring ProgramsSection 7 Types of Sediment Remedial Action Monitoring ProgramsSection 8 Baseline Monitoring Programs: General ConsiderationsSection 9 Remedy Implementation Monitoring Programs: General ConsiderationsSection 10 Post-Remedy Monitoring Programs: General Considerations and Program Planning ExamplesSection 11 KeywordsAppendix X1 Discussion of Monitoring Program Development, Data Quality Objective Development and Statistical Analysis of Data ProcessesAppendix X2 Case Study: Monitoring of Sediment Remediation ActivitiesReferences  1.1 This guide pertains to corrective action monitoring before (baseline monitoring), during (remedy implementation monitoring) and after (post-remedy monitoring) sediment remedial activities. It does not address monitoring performed during remedial investigations, pre-remedial risk assessments, and pre-design investigations.1.2 Sediment monitoring programs (baseline, remedy implementation and post-remedy) are typically used in contaminated sediment corrective actions performed under various regulatory programs, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Although many of the references cited in this guide are CERCLA-oriented, the guide is applicable to corrective actions performed under local, state, tribal, federal, and international corrective action programs. However, this guide does not provide a detailed description of the monitoring program requirements or existing guidance for each jurisdiction. This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support but not supersede the guidelines established by local, state, tribal, federal, or international agencies.1.3 This guide provides a framework, which includes widely accepted considerations and best practices for monitoring sediment remedy efficacy.1.4 This guide is related to several other guides. Guide E3240 provides an overview of the sediment risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process, including the role of risk assessment and representative background. Guide E3163 discusses appropriate laboratory methodologies to use for the chemical analysis of potential contaminants of concern (PCOCs) in various media (such as, sediment, porewater, surface water and biota tissue) taken during sediment monitoring programs; it also discusses biological testing and community assessment. Guide E3382 describes the overall framework to determine representative background concentrations (including Conceptual Site Model [CSM] considerations) for a contaminated sediment site; Guides E3344 (methodologies for selecting representative background reference areas) and E3242 (statistical and chemical methodologies used in developing representative background concentrations for a sediment site) complement Guide E3382.1.5 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Environmental data are often required for making regulatory and programmatic decisions. These data must be of known quality commensurate with their intended use.5.2 Data generation efforts involve the following: establishment of the DQOs; design of the project plan to meet the DQOs; implementation of the project plan; and assessment of the data to determine whether the DQOs have been met.5.3 Certain minimal criteria must be met by the field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data. Additional activities may be required, based on the DQOs of the data collection effort.5.4 This practice defines the criteria for field and laboratory organizations generating environmental data and identifies some other activities that may be required based on the DQOs.5.5 This practice emphasizes the importance of communication among those involved in establishing DQOs, planning and implementing the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities, and assessing data quality.5.6 Environmental field operations are discussed in Section 7, and environmental laboratory operations are discussed in Section 8.1.1 Environmental data generation efforts are composed of four parts: (1) establishment of data quality objectives (DQOs); (2) design of field measurement and sampling strategies and specification of laboratory analyses and data acceptance criteria; (3) implementation of sampling and analysis strategies; and (4) data quality assessment. This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities (Parts (1) and (2) above).1.2 This practice defines the criteria that must be considered to ensure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof.1.3 Adoption of a quality assurance project plan (QAPP) containing the goals, policies, procedures, organizational responsibilities, evaluation and reporting requirements, and other attributes of a quality management system including statement of DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met through application of quality control (QC) procedures that produce data that are scientifically valid for the purposes to which the data are intended. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC) steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgement as it relates to the established DQOs.1.4 This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high-quality environmental data. The words “must,” “shall,” “may,” and “should” have been selected carefully to reflect the importance placed on many of the statements made in this practice.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Competent information management is essential for safe and productive operation and regulatory compliance. A short list of the functions affected includes decision aids for navigation, communications, ship handling, machinery control, cargo operations, maintenance and repair, personnel records, and environmental protection.The shipbuilding and shipping industries have identified a need to develop comprehensive standards and guides for implementing computer-based shipboard data management systems.The FMS may include single or multiple SITPs and single or multiple LITPs and provides the means to integrate shipboard and shoreside computer systems with multivendor connectivity, distributed processing, and electronic data interchange between noncompatible networks, computers, workstations, and peripherals and maintain databases, which promote safety of life at sea, protection of the environment, and operational efficiencies throughout the life cycle of the vessel/fleet. The FMS may incorporate satellite gateways to coastal communication hubs providing access to land-based networks, such as telephone lines, facsimile, e-mail, and expanded satellite services through land earth stations.The SITP can be configured to provide the ship’control center with access to local control centers, such as for cargo operations, which may be located on the main deck.This guide has provisions relevant to all components of the FMS platform including the ship earth station, interface devices for subsystems and administrative systems connected to or forming part of the network, communication services, and certain land-based facilities under the direct control of the ship’management.It is the intent of this guide to provide guidelines for the design and implementation of open client/server architecture for computer and communication networks for shipboard and shore-based applications.This guide is intended to assist vessel owners, designers, shipyards, equipment suppliers, and computer service providers in the development of contract technical specifications, which detail the services to be supported, performance required, and criteria for acceptance for specific FMS installations.1.1 This guide provides an overview and guide for the selection and implementation by shipowners and operators of a Fleet Management System (FMS) network of computer services in a client/server architecture (see Fig. 1). The FMS is based upon a wide area enterprise network consisting of an unspecified number of Shipboard Information Technology Platforms (SITPs) and one or more shoreside Land-Based Information Technology Platforms (LITPs), which provides management services for the shipping enterprise. The FMS can be understood as a computer system comprised of one or more LITPs and one or more SITPs. It can be characterized as mission critical 24 × 365 (24 h/day, 365 days/year).1.2 The SITP (see Fig. 1) provides a set of software services, including:1.2.1 Communications Services, to communicate between vessels and with shore via multiple wireless communication technologies;1.2.2 Data Acquisition Services, providing access to shipboard system data as required for use by other systems and management purposes; and,1.2.3 Executive Services, providing software process administration and control.1.2.4 In total, the SITP provides the capability for multiple shipboard computer systems to share data with each other and to communicate with shore-based management or other vessels or both.1.3 The SITP is understood to consist of integrated hardware, software, a data repository, and standardized procedures, which provide the ability to send, receive, process, transfer, and store data or messages in digital form in a common mode from shipboard systems or administrative utilities or both, and from designated sources outside the network, for example, systems accessed through wireless communication services, such as satellite, VHF, HF, and so forth. Shipboard systems include navigational, machinery control and monitoring, cargo control, communications, and so forth. The SITP also will provide the capability for the remote administration and maintenance of associated computer systems aboard the vessel.1.4 The SITP requires an underlying hardware and network infrastructure, including a shipboard computer local area network (LAN), file servers, workstations, wireless communications transceivers, cabling, other electronic and optical devices, video display units, keyboards, and so forth.1.5 The SITP also requires underlying system software providing network operating system (NOS) services, DBMS services, and other system software.1.6 There also is a layer of shipboard application systems, which are designed to capitalize on the FMS infrastructure to share data with other shipboard systems and management ashore. Those systems also would be able to capitalize on the remote management capabilities of the FMS.1.7 The LITP is an asset that can exchange operating and administrative data from individual ships and maintain a DBMS to support fleet management and other maritime applications. The LITP will support data repositories, file servers, workstations or personal computers (PCs), and a communication hub providing connectivity to distributed satellite services, VHF (very high frequency), HF/MF (high frequency/medium frequency), and land lines. The DBMS makes possible the development of knowledge-based “decision aids” by providing the ability to retrieve, process, and analyze operational data.1.8 This guide does not purport to address all the requirements for a SITP, which forms a path for data for direct control of the operation or condition of the vessel or the vessel subsystems.1.9 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units of navigation equipment resident on the Navigation Equipment Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.10 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units resident on the Control, Monitoring, and Alarm Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.11 In all cases, it shall be possible for all units resident on the Communications Bus to operate and display essential operating data independently of the FMS.1.12 Values shown in this guide are in SI units.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This guide is intended as a means for selecting the proper methods for measuring cyanide to conform to the International Cyanide Management Code guidance related to the analysis of cyanide bearing solutions. Cyanide is analyzed in process solutions and in discharges in order to apply code guidance; however, improper sample collection and preservation can result in significant positive or negative bias, potentially resulting in over reporting or under reporting cyanide releases into the environment.5.2 This guide contains comparative test methods that are intended for use in routine monitoring of cyanide. It is assumed that all who use methods listed in this guide will be trained analysts capable of performing them skillfully and safely. It is expected that work will be performed in a properly equipped laboratory applying appropriate quality control practices such as those described in Guide D3856.1.1 This guide is applicable for the selection of appropriate ASTM standard analytical methods for metallurgical processing sites to conform to International Cyanide Management Code guidance for the analysis of cyanide bearing solutions.1.2 The analytical methods in this guide are recommended for the sampling preservation and analysis of total cyanide, available cyanide, weak acid dissociable cyanide, and free cyanide by Test Methods D2036, D4282, D4374, D6888, D6994, D7237, D7284, and D7511.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Systems Management: Usage metering function for accounting purposes AMENDMENT 1: Implementation conformance statement proformas

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Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Systems Management: Metric objects and attributes AMENDMENT 1: Implementation conformance statement proformas

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This guide for development and implementation of a pollution prevention program is applicable to any organization or facility that releases materials to any of the three environmental media (air, water, or land) and that wishes to reduce those releases, without using treatment or transferring them to one of the other two media primarily for the purpose of disposal. Incentives for applying this standard of practice include concern for the environment, conservation of natural resources, economic considerations, and current and future regulatory compliance. Effective pollution prevention can also increase the efficiency of operations and use of resources, employee morale, and profitability while reducing liability.A successful pollution prevention program can save money by reducing waste management costs and raw material purchases, reduce potential emissions and disposal liabilities, protect public health and worker health and safety, and protect the environment. It will also position an organization to compete domestically and internationally through both long-term cost reductions and participation in green marketing opportunities.1.1 This guide covers guidance on a logical progression of tasks and procedures to be followed in a pollution prevention program to reduce or eliminate the generation of waste, the loss of natural resources, and process emissions through source reduction, reuse, recycling, and reclamation.1.2 Summary—The basic components of a pollution prevention program should include the following seven activities:1.2.1 Develop an organizational commitment to pollution prevention (see Section 4).1.2.2 Establish goals, objectives, and an implementation schedule (see Section 5).1.2.3 Generate baseline information (see Section 6).1.2.4 Develop a resource, emissions, and waste measurement and tracking system (see Section 7).1.2.5 Analyze pollution prevention opportunities (see Section 8).1.2.6 Prioritize pollution prevention opportunities (see Section 9).1.2.7 Implement and maintain the progress of a pollution prevention program (see Section 10).1.3 Organization of Text—This guide is organized based on the activities previously enumerated. Each section of the guide describes the manner in which the specified activity may be conducted to implement a program of pollution prevention at a facility.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 This guide provides potential and current pavement management users with an outline of the process and steps to follow when implementing and operating pavement management systems.4.2 This guide may be used by the following:4.2.1 Individuals within agencies interested in finding information about pavement management to determine if they want to pursue implementation;4.2.2 Pavement engineers, maintenance supervisors, or other persons trying to get agency management personnel to commit to implementing a pavement management system within their agency;4.2.3 Personnel in an agency in which the decision to implement a pavement management system has been made but where the pavement management processes, pavement management decision support software, or data collection procedures, or both, have not been selected;4.2.4 Personnel in an agency that is developing a database and beginning use of a newly adopted pavement management system; and4.2.5 Personnel in an agency that have a pavement management system in place and are trying to make the pavement management process a routine part of the agency decision making.1.1 This guide covers basic procedures to follow in implementing an effective pavement management process. Pavement management includes activities and decisions related to providing and maintaining pavements, many of which must be made with supporting information that should be generated from a pavement management system (PMS). Implementation is considered complete when pavement management is a routine part of the management process, and the agency utilizes the pavement management process to make relevant decisions, including funding decisions.1.2 The guide is intended for use by agencies that manage pavements, including those on airfields, highways, parking lots, roads, and streets.1.3 Pavement management, as discussed in this guide, is exercised at network and project-level as described in Guide E1166, and the AASHTO Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems.1.4 No reference is made to the time needed to complete the implementation. The amount of time will depend on the size of the pavement network and the resources available to support implementation.1.5 This guide is not a standard method or practice, that is, it is not intended to provide exact steps that must be followed by every agency implementing a pavement management process. It is expected that each agency will use the material in this guide to develop an implementation plan to meet the needs and constraints unique to the agency.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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