4.1 This guide summarizes the typical contents of a course to aid emergency response team training organizations in selecting important subjects for inclusion in existing or new training programs.1.1 This guide covers a format for a hazardous materials spill initial response team training curriculum. This guide is designed to assist trainers of initial response personnel in assessing the content of training curriculum by providing guidelines for subject content against which these curricula may be evaluated. The guide should be tailored by the trainer to fit specific circumstances that are present in the community or industry where a spill may occur.1.2 Sections 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 of this guide identify those training areas that should be considered in a curriculum. The area of preplanning is listed and this topic should be seriously considered by the user. Training is only a small part of an overall spill response contingency plan. A properly equipped and trained spill response team cannot operate without a previously agreed plan of attack.1.3 Currently the U.S. Code of Federal Regulation 29 CFR 1910.120, 40 CFR 112 Subpart B, 40 CFR 264 Subpart D, 40 CFR 265 Subpart D, and 49 CFR 172 Subpart H specify that producers, handlers, and shippers of hazardous materials shall plan and train for hazardous spill response. Additional training may be required for shipments by vessel (49 CFR 176.13) and highway (49 CFR 177.800). Regardless of the above regulatory requirements, training is essential to a proper response in an emergency.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The vapor pressure of a substance as determined by isoteniscope reflects a property of the sample as received including most volatile components, but excluding dissolved fixed gases such as air. Vapor pressure, per se, is a thermodynamic property which is dependent only upon composition and temperature for stable systems. The isoteniscope method is designed to minimize composition changes which may occur during the course of measurement.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vapor pressure of pure liquids, the vapor pressure exerted by mixtures in a closed vessel at 40 % ± 5 % ullage, and the initial thermal decomposition temperature of pure and mixed liquids. It is applicable to liquids that are compatible with borosilicate glass and that have a vapor pressure between 133 Pa (1.0 torr) and 101.3 kPa (760 torr) at the selected test temperatures. The test method is suitable for use over the range from ambient to 623 K. The temperature range may be extended to include temperatures below ambient provided a suitable constant-temperature bath for such temperatures is used.NOTE 1: The isoteniscope is a constant-volume apparatus and results obtained with it on other than pure liquids differ from those obtained in a constant-pressure distillation.1.2 Most petroleum products boil over a fairly wide temperature range, and this fact shall be recognized in discussion of their vapor pressures. Even an ideal mixture following Raoult's law will show a progressive decrease in vapor pressure as the lighter component is removed, and this is vastly accentuated in complex mixtures such as lubricating oils containing traces of dewaxing solvents, etc. Such a mixture may well exert a pressure in a closed vessel of as much as 100 times that calculated from its average composition, and it is the closed vessel which is simulated by the isoteniscope. For measurement of the apparent vapor pressure in open systems, Test Method D2878, is recommended.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.10, 6.12, and Annex A2.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method measures the initial filtration efficiency of materials by sampling representative volumes of the upstream and downstream latex aerosol concentrations in a controlled airflow chamber.5.2 This test method provides specific test techniques for both manufacturers and users to evaluate materials when exposed to aerosol particle sizes between 0.1 and 5.0 μm.5.2.1 This test method establishes a basis of efficiency comparison between materials.1.1 This test method establishes procedures for measuring the initial particle filtration efficiency of materials using monodispersed aerosols.1.1.1 This test method utilizes light-scattering particle counting in the size range of 0.1 to 5.0 μm and airflow test velocities of 0.5 to 25 cm/s.1.2 The test procedure measures filtration efficiency by comparing the particle count in the feed stream (upstream) to that in the filtrate (downstream).1.3 The values stated in SI units or in other units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system must be used independently of the other, without combining values in any way.1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 These methods offer a means of estimating the working time, initial setting time and service strength setting time of chemical-resistant resin mortars. The results obtained should serve as a guide in, but not as the sole basis for, selection of a chemical-resistant mortar for a particular application.1.1 These methods are used to estimate the working, initial setting, and service strength setting times of chemical-resistant resin mortars.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The SDN determined by this method represents an average over the interval from the beginning of brake application to the rest position. It may be a reasonable estimate of the SDN during one or more portions of the specified traffic incident if the test conditions and the incident conditions are sufficiently similar. Since this standard determines an average SDN from the initial speed to rest, care should be exercised in any application of the test results to a portion of the incident that does not end with the specified traffic incident vehicle at rest.4.2 The uncertainty of the SDN determined by this method can be evaluated by procedures shown in this method. The relationship between the SDN of this test method and the SDN of a specified traffic incident is beyond the scope of this method. The similarity between test and specified traffic incident SDNs depends on the similarity of vehicles, vehicle ballast conditions, vehicle weight transfer during braking, vehicle tires, pavement surface, pavement surface contamination, and vehicle speed during a particular phase of the incident sequence.4.3 The SDN determined by this method does not necessarily agree or correlate directly with other methods of skid resistance measurements, such as Test Method E274/E274M. This test method is suitable for those situations where adequate similarity can be shown.4.4 When it is known that a particular wheel brake was not functional during the incident, the method provides for only the desired wheels to be braked on the test vehicle to duplicate the specified traffic incident vehicle.1.1 This test method covers determination of an average stopping distance number (SDN) under the conditions that this method was executed. The experimental conditions are generally intended to be similar to those of a specified traffic incident. The data from this method is not comparable to measured distances of a specified traffic incident vehicle that cannot be shown to have continuous, full application of its braking system.1.2 This test method determines the SDN from the measured stopping distance and initial speed when the wheels on specified axles are braked in the same manner as the specified traffic incident vehicle. The evaluation vehicle’s braking system is required to duplicate the specified incident vehicle for both type (conventional, partial ABS, or full ABS) and functionality (all brakes functional or not).1.3 The method documents the test conditions as a basis for evaluating their similarity to conditions of a specified traffic incident.1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the test, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It has long been recognized that narrow melting range and high final melting point are good indications of high purity in crystalline organic compounds. Several ASTM test methods use these criteria to assay the purity of organic compounds (Note 1).NOTE 1: Other ASTM test methods using melting (or freezing point) data to indicate sample purity are Test Methods D852 and D6875.5.2 The relatively simple and rapid test prescribed in this test method shows the sample under test to be either more or less pure than the standard sample. For specification purposes, a minimum allowable purity can be assured by setting limits on the differences in final melting points and the melting ranges between the standard sample and the sample under test.1.1 This test method covers the determination, by a capillary tube method, of the initial melting point and the final melting point, which define the melting range, of samples of organic chemicals whose melting points without decomposition fall between 30 °C and 250 °C.1.2 This test method is applicable only to crystalline materials that are sufficiently stable in storage to met the requirements of a satisfactory standard sample as defined in Section 7.1.3 This test method is not directly applicable to opaque materials or to noncrystalline materials such as waxes, fats, and fatty acids.1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 New and used petroleum products may contain acidic constituents that are present as additives, degradation products formed during service, such as oxidation products or components formed from combustion gases. The i-pH-value is a measure of the amount of acidic substances and their acidity defined under the conditions of test. The i-pH-value is used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service.5.2 The corrosiveness of acidic components depends on their concentration and acidity. The i-pH-value is a measure of the amount of dissociated acidic components with the potential of corrosiveness towards metals.5.3 Since a variety of oxidation and blow-by products contribute to the i-pH-value, this test method cannot be used to predict corrosiveness of oil or blends under service conditions against metallic components. No general correlation is known between i-pH-value and the corrosive tendency of blends or oils toward metals.1.1 This test method covers procedures for the determination of initial pH (i-pH) in new and in-service lubricants.NOTE 1: In new and used oils, the constituents that may be considered to have characteristics influencing the i-pH value include organic and inorganic acids, esters, phenolic compounds, lactones, resins, salts of heavy metals, salts of ammonia and other weak bases, acid salts of polybasic acids, and addition agents such as inhibitors and detergents. “Initial” is used to differentiate from aqueous systems. The analysis is terminated after a defined time interval whenever equilibrium conditions, as known for pH measurements in aqueous systems, are not reached (see 3.1.1.2)1.2 This test method is used to indicate relative changes that occur in oil during use under oxidizing conditions or due to contamination by blow-by gases of combustion processes of biogases regardless of the color or other properties of the in-service lubricants. Although the initial pH is made under definite equilibrium conditions, the test method is not intended to measure an absolute acidic property that can be used to predict performance of oil under service conditions. No general correlation between corrosion of non-ferrous bearing metals and initial pH value is known.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It is well known that modern electrical appliances, incorporating electric motors that use carbon brushes for commutation, may emit aerosolized, particles into the surrounding environment. This test method determines the initial, fractional, filtration efficiency of a vacuum cleaner system, taking those emissions into consideration.5.2 For all vacuum cleaner systems tested, the total emissions of the unit, whatever the source(s), will be counted at each of the six particle size levels identified in the test procedure. This test method determines the initial, fractional filtration efficiency of a vacuum cleaner system, with or without the motor emissions mathematically removed in the calculation of efficiency.1.1 This test method may be used to determine the initial, fractional, filtration efficiency of household and commercial canister (tank-type), stick, hand-held, upright, and utility vacuum cleaner systems.1.1.1 Water-filtration vacuum cleaners which do not utilize a replaceable dry media filter located between the water-based filter and cleaning air exhaust are not included in this test method. It has been determined that the exhaust of these vacuum cleaners is not compatible with the specified discrete particle counter (DPC) procedure.1.2 The initial, fractional, filtration efficiencies of the entire vacuum cleaner system, at six discrete particle sizes (0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 2.0, and >3 μm), is derived by counting upstream challenge particles and the constituent of downstream particles while the vacuum cleaner system is being operated in a stationary test condition.1.3 The vacuum cleaner system is tested either at the floor nozzle, the end of the hose (handle), or at the vacuum cleaner inlet (for handheld products) at the normal airflow rate.1.4 The vacuum cleaner system is tested with a new filter(s) installed, and with no preliminary dust loading. The fractional efficiencies determined by this test method shall be considered initial system filtration efficiencies.1.5 Neutralized potassium chloride (KCl) is used as the challenge media in this test method.1.6 One or two particle counters may be used to satisfy the requirements of this test method. If using one counter, flow control is required to switch between sampling the upstream and downstream air sampling probes.1.7 To efficiently utilize this test method, automated test equipment and computer data acquisition is recommended.1.8 Different sampling parameters, flow rates, and so forth, for the specific applications of the equipment and test procedure may provide equivalent results. It is beyond the scope of this test method to define those various possibilities.1.9 This test method is limited to the test apparatus, or its equivalent, as described in this document.1.10 This test method is not intended or designed to provide any measure of the health effects or medical aspects of vacuum cleaning.1.11 This test method is not intended or designed to determine the integrity of HEPA filtration assemblies used in vacuum cleaner systems employed in nuclear and defense facilities.1.12 The inch-pound system of units is used in this test method, except for the common usage of the micrometer, μm, for the description of particle size which is a SI unit.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.14 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The initial shear modulus (Gmax) of a soil specimen under particular stress and time conditions is an important parameter in small-strain dynamic analyses such as those to predict soil behavior or soil-structure interaction during earthquakes, explosions, and machine or traffic vibrations. Gmax can be equally important for small-strain cyclic situations such as those caused by wind or wave loading. Small-strain Gmax is also vital for non-linear analyses of large strain situations, where the larger strain soil stiffness results could come from torsional shear tests, for example. Shear wave velocity and Gmax can be used to compare different soil specimens in a laboratory testing program, and also for comparing laboratory and field measurements of these parameters.5.2 Torsional resonant column tests (Test Method D4015) are often used to determine properties of a soil specimen at small shear strains up to and possibly slightly beyond 0.01%. Resonant column test results can include Gmax versus time, shear modulus versus strain, damping ratio versus time and damping ratio versus strain. Bender element tests can only provide the first of these, Gmax versus time. The strain level in bender element tests is small (constant Gmax strain levels), but the strain magnitude is not known and the strain is not constant along the shear wave travel path due to material and geometric damping. Bender elements can therefore not be used to evaluate shear modulus versus strain and do not provide information about damping ratio. However, bender elements can be incorporated in a variety of different laboratory testing devices, allowing the measurement of small-strain and large-strain stiffness on the same specimen at the particular conditions of the test and possibly eliminating the need for additional resonant column tests.NOTE 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory use of piezo-ceramic bender elements to determine the shear wave velocity in soil specimens. A shear wave is generated at one boundary of a soil specimen and then received at an opposite boundary. The shear wave travel time is measured, which over a known travel distance yields the shear wave velocity. From this shear wave velocity and the density of the soil specimen the initial shear modulus (Gmax) can be determined, which is the result of primary interest from bender element tests.1.2 This shear wave velocity determination involves very small strains and is non-destructive to a test specimen. As such, bender element shear wave velocity determinations can be made at any time and any number of times during a laboratory test.1.3 This test method describes the use of bender elements in a triaxial type test (for example, Test Methods D3999, D4767, D5311, or D7181), but a similar procedure may be used for other laboratory applications, like in Direct Simple Shear (Test Method D6528) or oedometer tests (for example, Test Methods D2435 and D4186). Shear wave velocity can also be determined in unconfined soil specimens held together by matrix suction.1.4 Shear wave velocity can be determined in different directions in a triaxial test, for example vertically and horizontally. Shear waves generated to determine shear wave velocity can also be polarized in different directions, for example a horizontally propagating shear wave with either vertical or horizontal polarization. This test method describes the use of bender elements mounted in the top platen and base pedestal of a triaxial test specimen to measure shear wave velocity in the vertical direction. With additional bender elements mounted on opposite sides of a triaxial specimen, a similar procedure may be used to determine horizontal shear wave velocity.1.5 A variety of different interpretation methods to evaluate the shear wave travel time in a soil specimen have been proposed and used. This test method only describes two of these, Start to Start and Peak to Peak using a single sine wave signal sent to the transmitter bender element. Other interpretation methods producing similar results may also be used.1.6 Bender element measurements may not work very well in some situations, like in extremely stiff soils where the generated shear wave amplitude may be exceedingly small.1.7 This test method does not cover the determination of compressional wave velocity in soil specimens. This measurement requires a different type of piezo-ceramic element configuration, and such determinations are generally not useful in saturated soft soil specimens as the earliest identifiable compressional wave arrival at the receiver end of a saturated specimen will likely have been transmitted through the (relatively incompressible) specimen pore water rather than the (compressible) soil skeleton.1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.9 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.1.9.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for the performance of the initial assessment of ill or injured patients of all ages.1.1.1 Frequently repeated inital surveys are an essential and integral part of the complete care of the acutely ill or injured patient.1.2 This guide establishes the minimum training standard for the detailed assesment of ill or injured patients of all ages.1.3 This guide identifys the components of the focused detailed assessment.1.4 This guide is one of a series which together describe the minimum training standard for the emergency medical technician (basic).1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a prediluted aqueous ethylene glycol base low-silicate engine coolant (50 volume percent minimum) for cooling systems of heavy-duty engines. When used without further dilution, this product will function effectively during both summer and winter to provide protection from corrosion, freezing at least to -36.7°C (-34.0°F), and boiling at least to 108°C (226°F). 1.2 Prediluted coolant meeting this specification requires both an initial charge of a supplemental coolant additive (SCA) and regular maintenance doses of an SCA to continue the protection in certain operating heavy-duty engine cooling systems, particularly those of the wet cylinder liner-in-block design. The SCA additions are defined by and are the primary responsibility of the engine or vehicle manufacturer. If they provide no instructions, follow the SCA supplier's recommended instructions. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Accurate definition of initial hydrologic conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling transient groundwater flow, because results of a simulation may be heavily dependent upon the initial conditions.1.1 This guide covers techniques and procedures used in defining initial conditions for modeling saturated groundwater flow. The specification of initial conditions is an essential part of conceptualizing and modeling groundwater systems.1.2 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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5.1 Community knowledge and experience related to emergency response to threats with a biological agent or toxin at the Federal, State, tribal, and local levels has been translated into a standard guide to assist responder agencies’ progress toward the goal of building operational guidelines for the sample collection and response to a potential biological agent or toxin. The guide is intended to enhance the ability, knowledge, and communication between emergency response team representatives, including fire department, HAZMAT, local law enforcement, Federal Bureau of Investigation, and public health personnel as well as other responders that are responsible for responding to a threat incident involving a biological agent or toxin, or both.5.2 This guide supports, and should be utilized as an accompaniment to standard sample collection methods (for example, Practices E2458). Standard guidance insures reduced exposure risk, minimizes on-site sample consumption for preservation of public health samples and forensic samples, reduces variability associated with sample handling, and analysis, and increases the reliability of the sampling procedure when collecting a sample of suspect biological agents and toxins.5.3 Development of this standard was at the request and with considerable contributions from the public health and first responder communities in the United States to facilitate collection and evaluation of potential biological agents and toxins in the field.5.4 This guide should be incorporated as a reference in Emergency Operation Centers (EOCs), emergency operations plans (EOPs) and Multiagency Coordination Systems (MACS) to assist in policy formation and development of strategic objectives consistent with the needs of the Incident Commander (IC).5.5 Documents developed from this standard guide should be referenced and revised as necessary and reviewed on a two-year cycle (at a minimum). The review shall consider new and updated requirements and guidance, technologies, and other information or equipment that might have a significant impact on the management and outcome of biological incidents.1.1 This guide provides considerations for decision-makers when responding to incidents that may involve biological agents and toxins. This guide provides information and guidance for inclusion in response planning, on activities to conduct during an initial response to an incident involving suspected biological agents or toxins, or both.1.2 This guide delineates fundamental requirements for developing a sampling and screening capability for biological agents or toxins, or both, within a jurisdiction, practice, or operational area to assure proper involvement, communication, and coordination of all relevant agencies.1.3 This guide applies to emergency response agencies that have a role in the initial response to unknown threats that are suspected biological agents and toxins. This guide is designed for but not limited to emergency response services such as law enforcement, fire departments, hazardous materials, public health, and emergency management.1.4 This guide assumes implementation begins well before the recognition of an event with a suspected biological agent or toxin, or both, and ends when emergency response actions cease or the response is assumed by federal response teams.1.5 This guide utilizes risk-based response architecture and the guidance as described in the National Response Framework and is intended to be coupled with the authority having jurisdiction's (AHJs) understanding of local vulnerabilities and capabilities when developing its plans and guidance documents on response to incidents involving a suspected biological agent or toxin, or both.1.6 This guide is compliant with the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and uses Incident Command System (ICS) common terminology. Full compliance with NIMS is recognized as an essential part of emergency response planning. In developing this standard, every effort was made to ensure that all communications between organizational elements during an incident are presented in plain language according to NIMS 2008. In keeping with this NIMS requirement, key definitions and terms, using plain English, are incorporated.1.7 This guide does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 PFAS are widely used in commercial and industrial applications worldwide (see Fig. 1). PFAS are of concern due to their documented persistence and their studied impacts on human health and the environmental. While there is no comprehensive source of information on the many individual PFAS substances and their functions in different applications, a range of resources are available to the practitioner. This guide provides information to assist the practitioner in navigating these challenges during the initial screening and site characterization process.FIG. 1 Activity/Industry that may be Sources of PFAS Use and ReleaseSource: AEI Consultants4.2 The user should note that PFAS regulatory management framework at the federal and state level are evolving quickly. Therefore, consultation with legal and technical representatives with knowledge of federal, state, and local PFAS regulations is advised prior to use of this guide. Environmental audit policies or privileges may be applicable to some of the steps described in this guide (see EPA, 2000).4.3 Multi-step Risk Management Framework: 4.3.1 The actions described in this guide are intended to provide a multi-step risk management framework to confirm, with reasonable certainty, that PFAS may have been used at a federally-owned, publicly-owned, or privately-owned property. This standard provides guidance on how to focus limited resources on using a multi-step process, illustrated in Fig. 2, to identify property potentially impacted by on-site or off-site uses and releases of PFAS. Section 4.5 describes the use and occurrence of PFAS. Section 4.6 describes activities at government and federal installations where PFAS use is expected. Section 4.7 broadly outlines the industry sectors where the use of PFAS has been documented (Glüge, 2020 (2), Gaines, 2022 (3)).FIG. 2 Initial Site Screening and Characterization Flow Diagram4.4 PFAs History and Use: 4.4.1 In the 1940s, industrial processes to commercially produce PFAS were first developed. Since then, PFAS have been used to make many industrial and consumer products worldwide. Since the 1950s, PFAS have been widely used in surface treatment applications for paper, fabric, cookware and carpeting which allows these products and materials to repel oil, water, and stains. In the 1960s, the United States Navy used PFAS to develop Aqueous Film Forming Foam products for firefighting applications and the technology was patented by the U.S. Navy. Since the 1960s, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has authorized several broad classes of PFAS for use in food contact substances due to their non-stick and grease, oil, and water-resistant properties. Over the past 50 years, PFAS use has expanded in food and consumer products manufacturing and packaging and industrial operations and applications worldwide. Restrictions or prohibitions on the use of PFAS in food and consumer products have been enacted at the State and local level.4.4.2 Release of PFAS during manufacture into the atmosphere may have occurred, and may be continuing to occur, followed by subsequent redeposition of PFAS materials on land where PFAS can enter surface water and groundwater. Other potential sources of PFAS emissions are dry cleaning and commercial laundry operations where clothing coated with PFAS-containing materials is cleaned or laundered. Emissions from these sources may include particulate matter such as lint. Additionally, PFAS may be or have been discharged without treatment to wastewater treatment plants or landfills, and eventually be released into the environment by treatment systems that are not designed to mitigate PFAS. Industrial discharges of PFAS were unregulated for many years; however, change is underway in the U.S. at both the state and federal level as well as internationally.4.4.3 Broadly, consumer and industrial uses of PFAS-containing products and waste may release PFAS into landfills and landfill leachate, and into municipal wastewater, where it may accumulate undetected in biosolids which may be land applied. PFAS may be subsequently used in soil amendments used to grow animal feed and food crops and produce for human consumption. The user should be aware that federal, tribal, state, and municipal regulations affecting the management of PFAS, including air emissions, wastewater discharges, biosolids, groundwater, surface water, and impacted soil are rapidly evolving and may include additional reporting requirements. (4)4.5 PFAs Use and Occurence: 4.5.1 PFAS containing chemicals have been used in a broad spectrum of federal and commercial activities, as illustrated in Fig. 1. The use of PFAS as a component of AFFF for firefighting at military installations, refineries, petrochemical manufacturing facilities, tank farms, and airports is well known. PFAS are used as coatings for fabric and paper products to repel water and grease (see ITRC’s PFAS Technical Guide). PFAS have also been components of vapor control mists for electroplating operations. Other industrial uses of PFAS are described in this section as well.4.6 Government and Military Installations Use of PFAs: 4.6.1 PFAS have been used in a variety of applications at government/military facilities, including as a component in AFFF, which was routinely used at fire-fighting training areas and equipment test areas and is still used at crash sites and some fire suppression systems in hangars. In addition, PFAS has been a component of mist-suppression compounds associated with electroplating operations at federal facilities and government-owned, contractor-operated (GOCO) research and development plants. The wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) at federal installations may release PFAS as emissions and may discharge PFAS into receiving waters as effluent. The biosolids produced by the WWTP may contain PFAS if PFAS were present in the influent.4.6.2 Current and historical AFFF storage and transfer areas at federally-owned facilities are of potential concern for release to the environment. Historical reports of uncontrolled spills and the repeated use of AFFF during fire training and firefighting have been correlated with higher concentrations of PFAS in surface water and groundwater. Discharges of liquids from fire-fighting practices into stormwater and sewer systems and holding ponds are potential source areas. In addition, treated effluents from remediation of other hazardous substances at the installation should be considered potential source areas.4.6.2.1 Accordingly, key elements for identifying significant PFAS sources at federally-owned facilities are the storage and use of AFFF. PFAS from AFFF used in firefighting and fire suppression systems are considered to have the greatest potential for release of PFAS to the environment in terms of mass concentration at government/military installations.4.6.2.2 Other potential sources of PFAS to the environment include historical on-site land disposal areas/landfills containing operations wastes (for example, from electroplating), wastewater treatment sludges and effluents, or PFAS materials themselves. Landfill leachate could carry PFAS to groundwater.4.6.3 AFFF used in Fire-Fighting Exercises and Fire Suppression are water-based (60-90%) and frequently contain hydrocarbon-based surfactants, such as sodium alkyl sulfate, and fluorosurfactants, such as fluorotelomers, PFOA, and/or PFOS. AFFF containing PFAS were developed in the early to mid-1960s for use on Class B fires and were placed into routine use at government installations by the early1970s and are still in use today.4.6.3.1 Companies including 3M, DuPont, Ansul, and Chemguard were the primary fire-fighting foam producers that used fluoro-chemical surfactants in the production of AFFF. Typically, AFFF concentrate was proportionally mixed into water lines using in-line eductors or other proportioning devices to create the necessary foam solution ranging from 3 % to 6 % of the concentrate. As noted, AFFF was primarily used with Class B fuel fires because the chemical properties of PFAS in AFFF created a thick foam blanket. Class A fire-fighting foams were used to extinguish wood and grass fires and do not contain PFAS.4.6.4 Open Burning / Open Detonation of Munitions—Open burning and open detonation of munitions are non-routine activities at some military installations and federal facilities. The types of munitions that may contain PFAS are primarily limited to pyrotechnics (flares). The open- burning, open-detonation of munitions is subject to Subpart X of the RCRA Permitting Process (see 40 CFR 264, Subpart X).NOTE 1: If the open detonation activities are conducted are part of the installation’s training program, they may not be subject to permitting under RCRA Subpart X. Temperatures in munitions deactivation furnaces and rotary kilns reach up to 1500°F, which may not be adequate to destroy PFAS (EPA, 2005). Open burning may not achieve temperatures high enough to destroy PFAS. The incomplete combustion of munitions as well as thermal deactivation releases PFAS into the air. Emissions associated with OB/OD of munitions travel downwind and should be considered in the fate and transport model. OB/OD may leave residual PFAS and metals in soil.4.6.5 Electroplating, specifically hard chromium plating, is an industrial activity where PFAS-containing mist suppressants may have been used. PFAS were sometimes used during the chromium electroplating process as a surfactant in chromic acid baths. Federal facilities where electroplating may have been conducted include Department of Defense installations where aircraft, heavy equipment, and ships were overhauled and maintained. Government-owned, contractor-operated research and development plants are also sites where electroplating operations have historically been conducted.4.6.6 Landfill Operations, Waste Disposal Areas, and Wastewater Treatment Plants—Historically, landfills received wastes generated from government/military installations, including waste streams from operational areas (machine shops, electroplating operations, etc.), housing areas, and waste from wastewater treatment plants. These waste streams may contain industrial and/or consumer products that were either manufactured with PFAS or contain compounds that, when they degrade, release PFAS, which may leach out of the landfill. Additionally, waste material biosolids and sludge from WWTPs can contain PFAS.4.7 Commercial and Industrial Uses of PFAs: 4.7.1 Uses of PFAS in commercial applications are varied and span numerous commercial and industrial sectors (Gaines 2022) (3). This guide is focused on potential sources of significant releases of PFAS to the environment. Some examples of industries where PFAS have been used in production and manufacturing include:4.7.1.1 Chemical industry with a special focus on processing aids in the polymerization of fluoropolymers,4.7.1.2 Surface protection of textile, apparel, leather, carpets, and paper,4.7.1.3 Electronics industry (semiconductors and wire; NAICS 334400 and 335929, respectively) (Note: and solar panels),4.7.1.4 Consumer and personal care products,4.7.1.5 Food processing and packaging,4.7.1.6 Plastics and rubber production,4.7.1.7 Pulp and paper industry,4.7.1.8 Coatings, paints, and varnishes,4.7.1.9 Refinery and petrochemical industry,4.7.1.10 Munitions and explosives production,4.7.1.11 Aircraft and heavy equipment manufacturing,4.7.1.12 Public-sector and private-sector airports, and4.7.1.13 Electroplating of parts and components.4.7.2 As noted in section 4.6.5, electroplating, specifically hard chromium plating, is an industrial activity where PFAS-containing mist suppressants may have been used. PFAS were sometimes used during the chromium electroplating process as a surfactant in chromic acid baths.4.7.3 Chemical industry with a special focus on processing aids in the polymerization of fluoropolymers. Important uses of PFAS in the chemical industry are their uses as processing aids in the polymerization of fluoropolymers, the production of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, and the production of other chemicals including solvents. PFAS that are used as processing aids in the polymerization of fluoropolymers are of special concern due to emissions and toxicity (Lohmann, 2020) (5).4.7.4 Surface Protection of Textile, Apparel, Leather, Carpets, and Paper—Considerable quantities of PFAS, especially of side-chain fluorinated polymers, have been used as surface protectors in textile, apparel, leather, carpets, and paper. Paper products that may contain PFAS include food wrapping, pizza boxes, microwave popcorn. These are open and dispersive uses where many consumers come into contact with the PFAS-containing products. The side-chain fluorinated polymers contain perfluoroalkyl acids as impurities and they may act as important precursors to PFAS. Many PFAS precursors (such as alcohols, amides) can be degraded to perfluoroalkyl acids (OECD, 2007; Buck, R.C. et al. 2011 (6)).NOTE 2: Toxicological and ecotoxicity assessments of perfluoroalkyl acids are in their nascent stage.4.7.5 Electronics Industry—PFAS have been used as components in electronic devices (for example, in flat panel displays or liquid crystal displays). PFAS have also been used for the testing of electronic devices and equipment, as heat transfer fluids/cooling agents, in cleaning solutions, to deposit lubricants, and to etch piezoelectric ceramic filters. PFAS are also used in the production of semiconductors and wiring.4.7.6 Plastics and Rubber Production—PFAS have been used as mold release agents, foam blowing agents, foam regulators, polymer processing aids, plastic etching agents, anti-blocking agents for rubber, and curatives in the production of plastic and rubber. Fluoropolymers can increase the processing efficiency and quality of plastic and rubber. The use of PFAS in the production of plastic and rubber may explain why PFAS are found in final products, for example, in artificial turf.4.7.7 Coatings, Paints, and Varnishes—Large amounts of fluoropolymers have been used in coatings and paints to impart oil- and water-repellency. Fluoropolymers are also used as anti-stick and anticorrosive coatings.4.7.8 Refineries and Petrochemical Industries—As noted previously, AFFF containing PFAS has been used for fire suppression at petroleum refineries, petrochemical manufacturing operations, and bulk storage and distribution terminals. The fire suppression systems at these facilities are subject to period testing. Fire suppression water containing AFFF may collect in holding ponds prior to being processed in the plant’s WWTP or discharged.4.7.9 Munitions and Explosives Production—PFAS is used in a small percentage of energetics as binders and oxidizers, and in some military munitions for liners, o-rings, or other components (SERDP 2020) (7). Manufacturers of munitions have historically released PFAS through open-burning of munition waste.4.7.10 Aircraft and Heavy Equipment Manufacturing—Industries that use electroplating in the production and manufacturing of parts and equipment may have used PFAS-containing chemicals.4.7.11 Public-Sector and Private-Sector Airports—AFFF containing PFAS has been used for fire suppression training at certain airports, including the bulk fuel storage tanks. The fire suppression training using AFFF is conducted periodically at airports. Fire suppression water containing AFFF may collect in holding ponds prior to being processed in the airport’s on-site WWTP, discharged to stormwater conveyance systems, or flow to an off-site WWTP.4.7.12 Carwashes—PFAS are a component of the soap and waxes at commercial car washes (NAICS code 811192). Sumps and catch basins at a carwash that have lost their structural integrity may be a source of releases.1.1 Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of over 7,000 manmade compounds consisting of polymeric chains of carbon bonded to fluorine atoms, usually with a polar functional group at the head. This guide recognizes that PFAS can be categorized as polymeric or nonpolymeric, collectively amounting to more than 4,700 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS)-registered substances. Environmental concerns pertaining to PFAS are centered primarily on the perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAA), a subclass of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances, which display extreme persistence and chain-length dependent bioaccumulation and adverse effects in biota.1.2 The regulatory framework for PFAS continues to evolve, both domestically and internationally. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is proceeding with a wide-ranging set of PFAS regulatory actions (EPA, 2021). While the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) does not currently recognize PFAS as hazardous substances, the statute does require actions to protect public health and the environment from contaminants and pollutants released to the environment. Other federal regulatory programs, such as the Safe Drinking Water Act are being used to address drinking water supplies adversely impacted by releases of PFAS. The Clean Water Act’s National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitting program is tool that both federal and state regulators are using to regulate the inflows of PFAS-impacted wastewaters at both publicly-owned treatment works (POTW) and federally-owned wastewater treatment plants and the concentration of PFAS in permitted effluent. EPA continues to add additional per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the list of substances reportable under the federal Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) reporting program. International efforts to address per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances include Australia’s PFAS National Environmental Management Plan, Version 2 (2020), Canada’s Prohibition of Certain Toxic Substances Regulations, (2022), the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, and the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (1).21.3 Hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDF) currently operating under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) via a Part B Permit may be ordered to investigate releases of PFAS under a RCRA Corrective Action order. EPA made a policy decision in the 1990s to defer many potential CERCLA enforcement actions to the RCRA Corrective Action Program (EPA, 1999). Permitted TSDFs at refineries may be subject to RCRA Corrective Action, as opposed to other regulatory programs, to address the releases of PFAS associated past and current use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF).1.4 Numerous states and Tribes are using their existing regulatory programs to direct investigation, site remediation, and correction action related to releases of PFAS to soil, groundwater, and surface waters. These actions range from health advisories and guidelines to enforceable regulatory standards. Regulatory considerations include PFAS risks to both human health and ecological receptors that are protected under a broad array of federal, state, and tribal regulatory programs as well as by treaty rights.1.5 This guide assists users in the identification of real property concerns that may be the source of PFAS releases or that may be adversely impacted by releases of PFAS. The goal of this guide is to assist managers of environmental risk in their resource allocation decision-making.1.6 This guide does not constitute “All Appropriate Inquiries” as defined in 40 CFR Part 312 and is not intended to provide the user with any of the landowner liability protections codified in CERCLA §101(35)(A)(i), CERCLA §101(40)(B)(iii), or CERCLA §107(q)(1)(A)(viii)..1.7 This guide describes widely accepted considerations and best practices used in the site screening and initial site characterization process, with specific consideration of the potential for the release of PFAS into the environment. This guide complements but does not replace existing technical guidance and regulatory requirements.1.8 This guide does not address and is not applicable to sampling and analysis of public or private domestic water supply systems subject to regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act and state private well testing act requirements. Regulatory agencies responsible for implementing the Safe Drinking Water Act may have established sampling and reporting requirements for public, community, and privately operated water systems.1.9 All references to specific federal or state programs are current as of the date of publication. The user is cautioned not to rely on this guide alone but to consult directly with the appropriate program and legal counsel regarding this complex and rapidly evolving concern.1.10 This guide is intended to complement, not replace, existing regulatory requirements or guidance. ASTM International (ASTM) guides are not regulations; they are consensus-based standards that may be followed as needed.1.11 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units, such as fractional units of parts per billion (ppb) and parts per trillion (ppt), are also included in this guide.1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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