5.1 Tinting strength is an essential property of printing ink dispersions. Although test results on wet drawdowns and tints do not guarantee equivalency of dry printed ink films, they provide useful parameters for quality assurance of established formulations, gaging relative degree of dispersion, and estimating the color value of colorants from different batches, sources, or grades.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the relative tinting strength of paste-type printing ink dispersions by visual or instrumental evaluation of tints prepared by manual or automated mixing.1.2 These test methods are applicable to paste-type printing inks, flushed pigments, and other pigment dispersions that are essentially nonvolatile under ordinary room conditions and for which there is a wet reference standard of the same pigmentation and consistency. With proper choice of tinting base, they are applicable to dispersions of any color, including black and white.NOTE 1: The instrumental procedures for tinting strength are similar in principle to those described in Test Methods D387, D2745, D4838, and D6531.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Coarse particles in printing inks reduce the efficiency of the dispersion process, requiring not only extra milling passes, but also frequent changes in pump filters. In printing processes, they may cause excessive wear to metal plates, piling or localized retention of ink on blankets and plates, and water balance problems. Coarse particles also reduce color strength and the gloss of printed matter.4.2 This test method is suitable for quality control. The precision may be improved by the use of a specimen size larger than that prescribed.4.3 Test results are sensitive to the type of washout solvent used. Strong solvents are to be avoided because they may dissolve large particles of resin in the ink vehicle.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the weight concentration of coarse particles in printing ink dispersions by sieve retention.1.2 This test method is applicable to printing inks, flushed pigments, and other pigment dispersions that contain particles larger than 45 μm. With proper choice of solvent, it is applicable both to paste and liquid inks.NOTE 1: This test method is similar in principle to Test Methods D185. For particles under 25 μm, see Test Method D1316.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the visual examination of any unpigmented liquid for use in paints and inks, including fatty oils and acids, drier solutions, solvents, miscellaneous chemicals, varnishes, resin solutions, clear lacquers, and other clear coatings for the presence or absence of undesirable components.1.2 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>

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4.1 Nonvolatile content of printing inks is useful for specification acceptance between the producer and the user.4.2 In order to obtain accurate results for heatset systems within the specified 3-h heating time, the specimen film thickness must be less than 100 g/m2, and the oven must have forced ventilation. Thickness of the specimen film is less critical for liquid ink systems.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of weight content of nonvolatile matter in two types of printing inks.1.2 Test Method A is applicable to heatset-type printing inks and resin solutions; solvents in such systems typically have initial boiling points in the range from 240 to 275°C (470 to 535°F) and vapor pressures less than 0.2 mm Hg.1.3 Test Method B is applicable to liquid-type printing inks and vehicles based on aqueous or organic solvents that evaporate readily at ordinary room temperatures.NOTE 1: Test Method A (for heatset systems) specifies a specimen film thickness that is much thinner than those produced by related test methods; one exception is Test Method B in Test Methods D1259, which is recommended as a referee test.NOTE 2: Test Method B (for liquid ink systems) is similar to Test Method D2369 except that a solvent is not required for spreading the test specimen.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method may be applied to determine the suitability of grid-marked membrane filters for use in bacteriological culture techniques for the detection and enumeration of bacterial organisms.5.2 A particularly sensitive organism and growth conditions have been selected for this test method in order to maximize sensitivity to toxic materials possibly present in the inks used for grid-marking membrane filters.1.1 This test method describes a procedure whereby the user of ink-gridded membrane filters in water quality studies can ascertain whether or not the grid lines are toxic and inhibitory to bacterial growth when the membrane and its entrapped bacteria are incubated on a suitable media.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Poor adhesion of ink or coating to the base substrate can impact the readability of printed materials, affect the functionality of coated materials, or create a source of contamination. This practice provides a means for evaluating the adhesion of ink or coating to a flexible packaging material.3.2 For purposes of resolving inter-laboratory disagreements, test methods developed from this practice may be improved by defining and controlling the pressure and method of tape application, (for example, using weighted roller), and the speed and angle of tape removal.3.3 This practice does not address acceptability criteria. These need to be jointly determined by the user and producer of the product.1.1 This practice describes a means of evaluating ink or coating adhesion to flexible packaging materials. This practice is intended for use on flexible packaging materials whose surfaces are not damaged by the application and removal of tape.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Tinting strength is an essential property of printing ink dispersions. Although results on bulk tints do not guarantee equivalency of dry printed films, they provide useful parameters for quality control of production batches of bases and finished inks. Test results may also be used for color matching purposes.1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the relative tinting strength of waterbased ink systems using a computer-aided spectrophotometer.1.2 This test method is applicable to waterbased printing inks and bases to be used primarily in flexographic and gravure printing applications.1.3 This test method applies only to single, non-fluorescent pigmented colors and black ink systems for which there is a reference standard containing a pigment of the identical color index name and number.1.4 The procedure in this test method specifies placing tinted samples in a cuvette for spectrophotometric measurements. The use of thick wet drawdowns as in Test Methods D2066 are inappropriate due to severe floating problems with aqueous systems.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volatile organic compound (VOC40) content of non-heatset printing ink systems of the paste type using a baking cycle of 1 h at 40°C. 1.2 This test method is applicable to paste printing inks and vehicles that dry primarily by absorption, polymerization, or related means without the application of heat. Such systems do not contain appreciable quantities of low-boiling solvents that evaporate readily at ordinary room temperatures. Note 1-The 40°C baking temperature in this test method is the same as that specified in Bay Area Method 30. The temperature of heating is 110°C in several related test methods, for example, D2369, D4713 and EPA Reference Method 24. VOC determinations are reviewed in ASTM Manual Series MNL 4. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 Ink mileage on a production press is of economic importance of the user of printing inks, the lower the mileage figure, the less ink is required to produce a job. This test method provides a procedure by which news inks can be assessed for mileage or newsprint stocks for ink receptivity in the laboratory.5.2 Because of the many variables that exist among laboratory and production presses, this test method is apt to yield more meaningful information when results are expressed on a relative rather than an absolute basis.1.1 This test method covers the laboratory procedure for determining the relative mileage of news inks on newsprint. The test method utilizes a proofing press, analytical balance and a reflection densitometer.1.2 This test method is intended for black oil-based news inks that dry by penetration (that is, letterpress or web offset) and for which a suitable reference standard is available. With appropriate optical instrumentation, it is also applicable to colored news inks.1.3 This test method may also be used to determine the relative ink receptivity of test newsprints versus a reference standard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 When waterborne inks and ink vehicles are shipped during cold weather, these materials may experience cycles of freezing and thawing. This can damage the material rendering it unusable.4.2 Cycles of freezing and thawing can cause more damage to waterborne inks or ink vehicles than when the inks or ink vehicles are subjected to steady freezing.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the properties of water-based inks and ink vehicles.1.2 This test is based on a similar standard test for coatings; Test Method D2243.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 If the ink or coating is to fulfill its function, it must adhere to the substrate. Substrates and their surface preparation have a significant effect on the adhesion of inks or coatings. Therefore, a method of evaluating adhesion of inks or coatings to different substrates or surface treatments, or of different inks or coatings to the same substrate and surface treatment, is useful to the industry.5.2 The limitations of all adhesion methods and the specific limitation of this test method to lower levels of adhesion should be recognized before using it. The intra– and inter–laboratory precision of this test method is under evaluation.5.3 Printing area to be tested should be a solid area large enough to include the entire cross hatch pattern.1.1 This test method is based on existing Test Method D3359, with modifications to make it suitable for flexible substrates, printed electronic devices and membrane switches.1.2 Despite the problems associated with a tape test on plastic substrates, it is our belief that this is still one of the best ways to test ink and coating for adhesion for membrane switch or printed electronic device applications. In writing this test method we are addressing several of the objections to the test method that could affect its precision and repeatability on plastic substrates.1.3 These test methods cover whether the adhesion of coating or ink to a substrate is at an acceptable level. They do not distinguish between higher levels of adhesion, for which more sophisticated methods of measurement may be required.NOTE 1: It should be recognized that differences in adherability of the ink or coating surface can affect the results obtained with inks or coatings having the same inherent adhesion.1.4 In multi–coat systems adhesion failure may occur between coats, so that the adhesion of the coating system to the substrate is not determined.1.5 This test method is specifically designed for measuring adhesion of inks and coatings (films) that have a thickness of 5 mil (125 microns) or less, on plastics such as polyester and polycarbonate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and their components thereof. Included here are methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included as well.1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).21.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This standard may be used by paint companies and raw material suppliers to assess effectiveness of interior architectural primers for blocking stains from bleeding through to a topcoat.5.2 In practice, different ink-stained substrates may give various results for stainblocking performance for a primer and topcoat system. As such, this test method may be used for a number of different ink-stained surfaces.1.1 This standard provides a method for evaluating the ability of an architectural paint system to block ink stains from markers and writing instruments from bleeding through a primer into a topcoat.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufacturers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents, oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used in reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method differentiates between web materials on the basis of their ability to cause wear on surfaces with which they come in contact. This test method can also be used to evaluate the wear resistance of different materials against such web materials.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abrasiveness of ink-impregnated fabric printer ribbons and other web materials by means of a sliding wear test.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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