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5.1 The yield stress of a material is a measure of the amount of force required to initiate movement of that material in a pipe, through a pump, or from nozzle. The yield stress also characterizes the ability of the material to maintain particles in suspension. Along with viscosity measurements, yield stress measurements have been useful in establishing root causes of flow problems such as excessive orange peel and sagging and in explaining resistance to such problems. After a coating has been applied, flow and leveling tends to be inversely related to yield stress and sag resistance tends to be directly related to yield stress. The ability of an automotive basecoat to keep aluminum and/or mica flakes oriented has been related to yield stress (direct relationship).1.1 These test methods cover three approaches for determining yield stress values of paints, inks and related liquid materials using rotational viscometers. The first method uses a rotational viscometer with coaxial cylinder, cone/plate, or plate/plate geometry. The second method uses a rheometer operating in controlled stress mode with similar geometries. The third method uses a viscometer with a vane spindle.1.2 A non-rotational technique, the falling needle viscometer (FNV), also can be used to measure yield stress values in paints, inks and related materials. See Test Methods D5478, Test Method D, Yield Stress Determination for details.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Membrane switch keys are subjected to repeated actuations, usually by a human finger. This can transfer body oil, hand creams, automotive fluids and so forth. Materials are often subjected to other conditions (for example, wiping, cleaning, rubbing) during handling, end-use, shipment, or storage that may cause abrasion damage. The result may be a significant removal of the coatings, text, or decorative inks.3.2 This test method is applicable to a wide range of materials. The main criterion is that the abrasion process produces visible wear or breakthrough of the surface being tested.3.3 The amount of abrasion damage to a surface is dependent on numerous variables. This test method provides a way of comparing relative abrasion resistance and the effect of chemicals on inks, coatings, and substrates. In no way do the results provide a correlation value of the number of human finger touches before coating failure. It only provides a means to compare results of tests performed using the same equipment, abrasive materials and loading conditions.3.4 The test method can be used for quality control purposes, as a research and development tool, to evaluate material combinations for a given application, or for the comparison of materials with relatively similar properties and the effect of chemicals on the abrasion resistance.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for subjecting inks or coatings on substrates to an abrasive medium, with or without the application of chemicals, at a specified force.1.2 Within certain limitations, as described in this standard, this test method is applicable for materials including, but not limited to: printed or coated polyester, polycarbonate, and silicone rubber. The samples can be either flat or contoured.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 Laboratory proofing of ink is necessary to establish a reproducible prediction of print appearance and performance properties, most of which are highly sensitive to ink film thickness. The apparatus described in this practice has found wide use for routine control proofing because it provides an economical method for producing reasonably large prints at film thicknesses comparable to those obtained on production presses.4.2 This practice does not duplicate the dynamics of a high speed press, nevertheless, it is useful for quality control and for specification acceptance between the producer and the user where there is an agreed upon specification for reflection density or standard reference print.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparing prints of paste inks using a hand operated flat-bed laboratory proof press. The initial method was developed by the National Printing Ink Research Institute.21.2 This practice is applicable to the preparation of single-color solid-area prints by the dry offset process (also known as Letterset) on a flat substrate such as paper or metal. It can readily be adapted to print by direct letterpress.3NOTE 1: The proofing press described in this practice can also be used with printing gages in accordance with Practice D6846.1.3 This practice is applicable primarily to lithographic and letterpress inks that dry by oxidation or penetration. With the addition of appropriate drying or curing equipment, it is also applicable to other systems such as heat-set or energy-curable.1.4 The instructions in this practice are intended to minimize the within-print and among-operator variability inherent in hand operations.1.5 This practice does not measure the actual film thickness on the print, but evaluates film thickness equivalence by visual or instrumental comparisons of reflection density.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the users of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 7.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 The lithographic printing process requires that some dampening solution be emulsified into the ink. These test methods provide a rapid means for determining water pickup under laboratory conditions. Test results may be useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer.3.2 In order that results be comparable, the tests must be run at the same temperature and with the same type and quantity of liquid added prior to mixing.3.3 The emulsions obtained in these test methods are of larger particle size than those typically produced in printing nips. Because of these and other variables in the printing process, water pickup results do not by themselves predict lithographic printing performance.1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for determining the amount of water picked up by lithographic printing inks in a laboratory mixer.1.2 Test Method A covers single-point water pickup; Test Method B covers the rate of water pickup. Both test methods are applicable to any printing ink and vehicle intended for the lithographic printing process.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The viscosity of paint, inks and many related liquid materials is dependent on temperature. It is useful to know the extent of this dependence. One use of such information is to prepare a viscosity-temperature table or curve. Then, if ambient conditions do not allow the measurement of viscosity at the exact temperature stated in a specification or regulation, the viscosity measured at ambient temperature can be used to determine the viscosity at the temperature of interest through the use of the previously prepared table or curve. Viscosity measurements that cover a range of shear rates as well as temperatures could include shear rates associated with paint application or allow extrapolation to such shear rates. This information would enable a producer or user to estimate the effect on application of heating the paint.1.1 These test methods cover the use of rotational viscometers to determine the dependence of apparent viscosity of paints, inks and related liquid materials on temperature. The first method uses a standard rotational viscometer with concentric cylinder geometry running at a fixed rotational speed as the temperature is increased or decreased. The second method uses a rotational viscometer with cone and plate geometry running at a fixed rotational speed as the temperature is increased or decreased. The third method uses concentric cylinder or cone/plate geometry operated with a shear rate ramp at several discrete temperatures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Packaging materials may be exposed to chemicals such as water, alcohol, acid, etc. during their life cycle. If it is anticipated that the packaging material will be exposed to a chemical, it is important that the ink or coating, or both, not degrade, soften, or dissolve as a result of that contact.3.2 The testing included in this practice is applicable to surface printed and coated materials designed to be resistant to a specific chemical.3.3 The chemicals to be tested should be compatible with (that is, not damage or degrade) the substrate being printed or coated, or both.3.4 There are four separate methods detailed in this practice. The methods represent increasing degrees of severity from Method A to Method D. Selection of method should be based on the type of exposure anticipated. For example, the pouring method (Method A) is typically used where incidental exposure is anticipated, such as a spill or splash of chemical on the material surface. Method B or C is typically used when chemical resistance is desired depending on the level of exposure (B) and abrasion (C) anticipated. Method D would represent continual contact between the chemical and material and would need to be chemical-proof, (for example, if the package were to be submerged in the chemical and exposed to abrasion over a period of time.)3.5 This practice does not address acceptability criteria. These need to be jointly determined by the user and producer of the product, based on the type of exposure that is anticipated.1.1 This practice describes the procedure for evaluating the ability of an ink, overprint varnish or coating to withstand chemical exposure. Typical chemicals, which may come in contact with the package, include water, alcohol, acid, etc. The specific chemical and method of choice as well as determination of measurement outcome are left to users to agree upon in joint discussion. Suggestions for ways to measure and collect information are offered in the various methods listed in this practice.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Oversize particles in a printing ink may damage a printing plate, plug a cell, clog a nozzle and adversely affect the appearance of printed ink films. Fineness of grind measurements are useful for deciding when to stop the dispersion process and for determining if the test material meets specifications as agreed upon between the supplier and the customer.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the fineness of grind of printing inks using a NPIRI Grindometer. It evaluates the size of the largest particles in a finished dispersion but not average particle size or concentration of sizes.1.2 This test method covers both manual and automatic drawdowns using an A1 scraper.1.3 This test method is applicable to any dispersion that is fine enough to fall within the 0 to 25 μm range of the specified grind gauge. With a minor variation in procedure, it is applicable to both paste (nonvolatile) and liquid (volatile) inks.NOTE 1: The 0 to 25 μm gauge specified in this test method is similar in principle to the 0 to 100 μm Hegman gauge described in Test Method D1210 and the various gauges described in ISO 1524:2000. Sieve analysis for concentration of particles above 45 μm is covered in Test Method D2067.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The setting speed of heatset printing inks is important because it influences the efficiency of the drying process. This test method provides a means for comparing the setting of a heatset ink directly against a standard at the same conditions of temperature and exposure time. While the method does not determine the setting speed of an ink on a production press, it is useful for specification acceptance between the supplier and the customer.5.2 The setting speed of a printing ink depends on a number of variables such as the substrate on which it is printed, the film thickness on the print, the temperature of the forced air, the rate of air flow, and the time that the print is subjected to heat. For these reasons, it is important to conduct the tests under conditions that are controlled and as realistic as practical.1.1 This test method describes the procedure for determining the relative setting speed of heatset inks using a tester consisting of a forced hot air oven and print delivery system.1.2 This test method is applicable to printing inks intended to be dried by the application of heat and for which a suitable reference standard is available.1.3 Although heatset inks are normally printed by the offset process, this test method specifies the direct letterpress mode because the higher ink film thicknesses obtained tend to amplify subtle differences in ink setting speed. Prints are prepared by a flatbed printing apparatus using a constant depth printing gage.1.4 This tester reads temperature and belt speed in nonmetric terms; therefore, instrument settings in this test method are stated first in U.S. Customary Units (inch pound units of measurements). The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Laboratory proofing of inks is necessary to establish a reproducible prediction of print appearance and performance properties, most of which are highly sensitive to ink film thickness. The apparatus described in this practice has found wide use for routine control proofing because it provides an economical method for producing reasonably large prints at film thicknesses comparable to those obtained on production presses.FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Printing Gages (not drawn to scale)4.2 A unique advantage of printing gages is that, depending on the design selected, prints can be produced at a range of tapered film thicknesses or at several levels of uniform thicknesses in a single proofing. Because of the built-in film thickness control, ink metering is not necessary. Relatively small quantities of test samples are used, and less than two minutes are required to ink a gage, pull a letterpress print, and clean up. In addition, problems due to ink distribution systems are eliminated, two inks may be proofed at the same time, and multi-color printing is possible.4.3 This practice does not duplicate the dynamics of a high speed press, nevertheless, it is useful for quality control and for specification acceptance between the producer and the user.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparing laboratory prints of paste inks using a printing gage in conjunction with a flat-bed proof press.1.2 This practice is applicable to the preparation of solid-area prints by direct letterpress or by dry offset on a flat substrate such as paper, paperboard, or metal.1.3 This practice is applicable primarily to lithographic and letterpress inks that dry by oxidation or penetration. With the addition of appropriate drying or curing equipment, it is also applicable to other paste ink systems such as heat-set or energy-curable.1.4 The instructions in this practice are intended to minimize the within-print and among-operator variability inherent in hand operations.1.5 This practice features built-in ink film thickness control. It does not measure the film thickness transferred to the print; however, film thickness equivalence may be evaluated by visual or instrumental comparisons of optical density.1.6 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 7.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5010-08ae1 Standard Guide for Testing Printing Inks and Related Materials (Withdrawn 2017) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing inks, printed ink films, and substrates used in their production (see Table 1). 1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test paints, paint films, and substrates, but may be adapted for use in testing printing inks and printed matter. Tests on raw materials and analytical methods in general have not been included. Tests for printing ink vehicles are covered in Guide D 6687. Note 1—For the purpose of this guide, clear coatings such as overprint varnishes are classed as printing inks. 1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.

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