5.1 IIT Instruments are used to quantitatively measure various mechanical properties of thin coatings and other volumes of material when other traditional methods of determining material properties cannot be used due to the size or condition of the sample. This practice will establish the basic requirements for those instruments. It is intended that IIT based test methods will be able to refer to this practice for the basic requirements for force and displacement accuracy, reproducibility, verification, reporting, etc., that are necessary for obtaining meaningful test results.5.2 IIT is not restricted to specific test forces, displacement ranges, or indenter types. This practice covers the requirements for a wide range of nano, micro, and macro (see ISO 14577-1) indentation testing applications. The various IIT instruments are required to adhere to the requirements of the practice within their specific design ranges.1.1 This practice defines the basic steps of Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT) and establishes the requirements, accuracies, and capabilities needed by an instrument to successfully perform the test and produce the data that can be used for the determination of indentation hardness and other material characteristics. IIT is a mechanical test that measures the response of a material to the imposed stress and strain of a shaped indenter by forcing the indenter into a material and monitoring the force on, and displacement of, the indenter as a function of time during the full loading-unloading test cycle.1.2 The operational features of an IIT instrument, as well as requirements for Instrument Verification (Annex A1), Standardized Reference Blocks (Annex A2) and Indenter Requirements (Annex A3) are defined. This practice is not intended to be a complete purchase specification for an IIT instrument.1.3 With the exception of the non-mandatory Appendix X4, this practice does not define the analysis necessary to determine material properties. That analysis is left for other test methods. Appendix X4 includes some basic analysis techniques to allow for the indirect performance verification of an IIT instrument by using test blocks.1.4 Zero point determination, instrument compliance determination and the indirect determination of an indenter’s area function are important parts of the IIT process. The practice defines the requirements for these items and includes non-mandatory appendixes to help the user define them.1.5 The use of deliberate lateral displacements is not included in this practice (that is, scratch testing).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Use this test method to measure the thermal protection provided by different materials, garments, clothing ensembles, and systems when exposed to a specified fire (see 3.2.2, 3.2.3, 4.1, and 10.4).5.1.1 This test method does not simulate high radiant exposures, for example, those found in electric arc flash exposures, some types of fire exposures where liquid or solid fuels are involved, nor exposure to nuclear explosions.5.2 This test method provides a measurement of garment and clothing ensemble performance on a stationary upright manikin of specified dimensions. This test method is used to provide predicted skin burn injury for a specific garment or protective clothing ensemble when exposed to a laboratory simulation of a fire. It does not establish a pass/fail for material performance.5.2.1 This test method is not intended to be a quality assurance test. The results do not constitute a material’s performance specification.5.2.2 The effects of body position and movement are not addressed in this test method.5.3 The measurement of the thermal protection provided by clothing is complex and dependent on the apparatus and techniques used. It is not practical in a test method of this scope to establish details sufficient to cover all contingencies. Departures from the instructions in this test method have the potential to lead to significantly different test results. Technical knowledge concerning the theory of heat transfer and testing practices is needed to evaluate if, and which departures from the instructions given in this test method are significant. Standardization of the test method reduces, but does not eliminate, the need for such technical knowledge. Report any departures along with the results.1.1 This test method is used to provide predicted human skin burn injury for single-layer garments or protective clothing ensembles mounted on a stationary upright instrumented manikin which are then exposed in a laboratory to a simulated fire environment having controlled heat flux, flame distribution, and duration. The average exposure heat flux is 84 kW/m2 (2 cal/s·cm2), with durations up to 20 s.1.2 The visual and physical changes to the single-layer garment or protective clothing ensemble are recorded to aid in understanding the overall performance of the garment or protective clothing ensemble and how the predicted human skin burn injury results can be interpreted.1.3 The skin burn injury prediction is based on a limited number of experiments where the forearms of human subjects were exposed to elevated thermal conditions. This forearm information for skin burn injury is applied uniformly to the entire body of the manikin, except the hands and feet. The hands and feet are not included in the skin burn injury prediction.1.4 The measurements obtained and observations noted can only apply to the particular garment(s) or ensemble(s) tested using the specified heat flux, flame distribution, and duration.1.5 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.6 This method is not a fire test response test method.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units or other units commonly used for thermal testing. If appropriate, round the non-SI units for convenience.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Scratch tests are performed on specimens:(1) to evaluate the scratch resistance of a particular material,(2) to rank the relative scratch resistance of different materials, or(3) to determine the scratch coefficient of friction of materials.5.2 Since polymers exhibit mechanical properties that are strongly dependent on temperature, the test standard prescribed herein is designed to yield reproducible results when users perform tests under the similar testing environment and on specimens of the same material and surface texture that are subjected to the same conditioning procedures.5.3 Certain polymers are self-healing (recoverable) when subjected to scratches and other physical deformations because of their viscoelastic and relaxation properties. It is important to note the difference between the instantaneous (if readily measurable) and residual scratch damage and compare results appropriately to ensure reproducibility. It is recommended that 24 hours be allowed for viscoelastic recovery when considering residual scratch depth.5.4 “Whitening” of the scratched surface is a key damage mechanism that has prompted much concern in automotive and other applications where surface aesthetics is important. This type of damage is undesirable because it is evident to the human eye. The critical normal load at which this phenomenon appears serves as a benchmark in ranking material performance, especially from an aesthetic point of view.1.1 This test method describes a laboratory procedure using an instrumented scratch machine to produce and quantify surface damage under controlled conditions. This test method is able to characterize the scratch resistance of polymers by measuring many significant material parameters. The scratch-inducing and data acquisition process is automated to avoid user-influenced effects that may affect the results.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 19252.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This standard practice is intended for use whenever the dynamic characteristics of a water slide are to be determined using instrumented humans.4.2 The use of this standard practice does not preclude the substitution of other published Amusement Industry accepted standard practices developed for use on water slides.4.3 The existence of this practice is not intended to imply that there is a requirement to perform specific accelerometer testing on water slides.1.1 This practice covers the acquisition of quantitative data related to the dynamic characteristics of water slides when taken with instrumented humans.1.2 Prior to the use of this practice, the designer/engineer shall have completed and approved the testing of a new slide such that it is reasonably expected to meet the performance requirements, including accelerations, of Practice F2376-21 and ensure the slide is safe for human testing.1.3 This practice shall not apply to:1.3.1 Any other amusement rides or devices, other than water slides and water slide systems as classified by Practice F2376-21.1.3.2 Non-human accelerometer testing on water slides or water slide systems as defined by Practice F2376-21.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Other units of measurement are included in this standard for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This practice is intended to provide the user with a process to obtain data on package performance when a packaged product is subjected to shock. These measures can be used to quantify or qualify a package system.4.2 Data from this practice may provide a measure of a package's ability to mitigate the various levels of shipping shock or impact hazards. These measures may be used to prescribe a mode of shipping and handling that will not induce damage to the packaged product or to define the required levels of protection that must be provided by its packaging.4.3 This practice could potentially be used in conjunction with the data derived from Test Method D3332 (Method B) for optimizing cushion design.4.4 This practice obtains data at the interface of the product and package (coupled) or element response, depending on the intent of the user (see 10.1 and 10.1.1).1.1 This practice covers methods for obtaining measured shock responses using instrumentation for an actual or simulated product package system when subjected to defined shock inputs to measure package performance.1.2 This practice establishes methods for obtaining measured shock data for use with shock and impact test methods. It is not intended as a substitute for performance testing of shipping containers and systems such as Practice D4169.1.3 This practice will address acceleration measuring techniques. Other ways of measuring shock impacts, such as high speed video, are not covered by this practice.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Instrumented impact testing provides an independent measurement of the absorbed energy associated with fracturing CVN or MCVN specimens for test machines equipped with a dial or optical encoder, or both.5.2 Instrumented impact testing is particularly effective in MCVN testing since the resolution of a calibrated strain-gaged striker does not necessarily decrease with the magnitude of the measured force.5.3 In addition to providing a measure of instrumented absorbed energy (Wt), instrumented testing enables the determination of characteristic force, partial instrumented absorbed energy, and displacement parameters. Depending on the material and test temperature, these parameters can provide very useful information (in addition to instrumented absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of materials such as: the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the lower shelf; the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the upper shelf; partial instrumented absorbed energy up to the maximum force (Wm); partial instrumented absorbed energy up to the force at brittle fracture initiation (Wbf); the partial instrumented absorbed energy after the maximun force (Wt–Wm); the general yield force (Fgy); the force at brittle fracture initiation (Fbf); the arrest force (Fa). The instrumented data may also be used to highlight test results which should be discarded on the basis of misalignment or other critical test factors.1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for performing instrumented Charpy V-notch (CVN) and instrumented miniaturized Charpy V-notch (MCVN) impact tests on metallic materials. This method, which is based on experience developed testing steels, provides further information (in addition to the absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of the tested materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable absorbed energy measurements to those obtained in Test Methods E23 and E2248 are achieved.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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