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4.1 Geomembranes are used as impermeable barriers to prevent liquids from leaking from landfills, ponds, and other containments. The liquids may contain contaminants that, if released, can cause damage to the environment. Leaking liquids can erode the subgrade, causing further damage. Leakage can result in product loss or otherwise prevent the installation from performing its intended containment purpose. For these reasons, it is desirable that the geomembrane have as little leakage as practical.4.2 Geomembrane leaks can be caused by poor quality of the subgrade, poor quality of the material placed on the geomembrane, accidents, poor workmanship, manufacturing defects, and carelessness.4.3 The most significant causes of leaks in geomembranes that are covered with only water are related to construction activities including pumps and equipment placed on the geomembrane, accidental punctures, and punctures caused by traffic over rocks or debris on the geomembrane or in the subgrade.4.4 The most significant cause of leaks in geomembranes covered with earthen materials is construction damage caused by machinery that occurs while placing the earthen material on the geomembrane. Such damage also can breach additional layers of the lining system such as geosynthetic clay liners.4.5 Electrical leak location methods are an effective final quality assurance measure to detect and locate leaks.1.1 These practices cover standard procedures for using electrical methods to locate leaks in geomembranes covered with water or earthen materials. For clarity, this practice uses the term “leak” to mean holes, punctures, tears, knife cuts, seam defects, cracks, and similar breaches in an installed geomembrane (as defined in 3.2.5).1.2 These practices are intended to ensure that leak location surveys are performed with demonstrated leak detection capability. To allow further innovations, and because various leak location practitioners use a wide variety of procedures and equipment to perform these surveys, performance-based operations are used that specify the minimum leak detection performance for the equipment and procedures.1.3 These practices require that the leak location equipment, procedures, and survey parameters used are demonstrated to result in an established minimum leak detection distance. The survey shall then be conducted using the demonstrated equipment, procedures, and survey parameters.1.4 Separate procedures are given for leak location surveys for geomembranes covered with water and for geomembranes covered with earthen materials. Separate procedures are given for leak detection distance tests using actual and artificial leaks.1.5 Examples of methods of data analysis for soil-covered surveys are provided as guidance in Appendix X1.1.6 Leak location surveys can be used on geomembranes installed in basins, ponds, tanks, ore and waste pads, landfill cells, landfill caps, and other containment facilities. The procedures are applicable for geomembranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, chlorosulfonated polyethylene, bituminous material, and other electrically-insulating materials.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 (Warning—The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location could use high voltages, resulting in the potential for electrical shock or electrocution. This hazard might be increased because operations might be conducted in or near water. In particular, a high voltage could exist between the water or earthen material and earth ground, or any grounded conductor. These procedures are potentially VERY DANGEROUS, and can result in personal injury or death. The electrical methods used for geomembrane leak location should be attempted only by qualified and experienced personnel. Appropriate safety measures must be taken to protect the leak location operators as well as other people at the site.)1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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Plastics, like many other materials, are combustible. This guide lists the test methods for plastics used in various industries at the present time. These test methods provide some information on the combustibility and burning characteristics of plastics products.This guide is intended to assist the user in locating test methods that may provide data of the combustion characteristics of the user’product. (Warning—During the course of combustion, gases or vapors, or both, are evolved that may be hazardous to personnel. Adequate precautions should be taken to protect the operator during execution of any of these test methods.)The user of this guide is responsible for obtaining the current (latest) edition of any test method selected for use.1.1 This guide provides assistance in locating test methods and related documents for determining the combustion properties of polymeric materials used for various applications.1.2 This guide includes standardized North American and global test methods promulgated by ASTM, CSA, NFPA, SAE, Underwriters Laboratories, North American Government Agencies, IEC, and ISO. It does not include industrial tests, user specification tests, nor nonstandard test methods. This list of tests is not exhaustive and the user must assume other tests may exist for specific materials or applications.1.3 This guide is arranged according to products and systems.1.4 The test methods described in this guide should be used solely to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or systems in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be considered or used for the description, appraisal, or regulation of the fire hazard of materials, products, or systems under actual fire conditions.This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in .Note 1There are no ISO or IEC standards equivalent to this guide.Note 2Related IEC and ISO standards are referenced in the appropriate places throughout this guide.

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3.1 The testing of sewers for leaks is a regular practice necessary for the maintenance and optimal performance of sewer collection systems so remedial action can be prioritized, designed, and carried out to reduce infiltration and exfiltration.3.2 This practice serves as a means to detect and locate all types of pipe defects that are potential sources of water leaks either into or out of electrically non-conducting pipes. Leaking joints and defective service connections are detected that often may not show as a defect when viewed from inside the pipe. The scan data may be processed and analyzed to provide some information on the size and type of pipe defect. (8.4.1)3.3 This practice applies to mainline and lateral gravity flow storm sewers, sanitary sewers, and combined sewers fabricated from electrically non-conducting material with diameters between 3 and 60 in. (75 and 1500 mm). The pipes must be free of obstructions that prevent the probe passing through the pipe.1.1 This practice covers procedures for measuring the variation of electric current flow to detect and locate potential pipe leaks in pipes fabricated from electrically nonconductive materials such as brick, clay, concrete, and plastic pipes (that is, reinforced and non-reinforced). The method uses the variation of electric current flow through the pipe wall to locate defects that are potential water leakage paths either into or out of the pipe.1.2 This practice applies to mainline and lateral gravity flow storm sewers, sanitary sewers, and combined sewers with diameters between 3 and 60 in. (75 and 1500 mm). The pipes must be free of obstructions that prevent the probe passing through the pipe.1.3 The scanning process requires access to sewers, filling sewers, and operations along roadways that are safety hazards. This standard does not describe the hazards likely to be encountered or the safety procedures that must be carried out when operating in these hazardous environments. (7.1.3) There are no safety hazards specifically associated with the use of an electro-scan apparatus that complies with the specifications provided in this standard. (6.7 and 6.10.)1.4 The measurement of the variation of electric current requires the insertion of various items into a sewer. There is always a risk that due to unknown structural conditions in the sewer such items may become lodged in the pipe or may cause the state of a sewer in poor structural condition to further deteriorate. This standard does not describe methods to assess the structural risk of a sewer.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The failure to correct membrane defects during and as soon as possible after its installation can cause premature failure of the membrane. Problems include design deficiencies, faulty application of the membrane system, and damage by subsequent trades.4 Roof designs incorporating a waterproof membrane under overburden such as a vegetative roof, insulation layer, wear-course, or topping slab greatly exacerbate the problem of leak locating.4.2 This guide describes methods for using electric conductance testing to locate breaches in waterproof membranes.5 The methods described include testing procedures designed to provide a part of the construction quality control of membrane installations.4.3 The methods described in this guide may also be used for integrity or forensic testing of existing waterproof membranes; specific limitations apply.4.4 The electric conductance methods described in this guide require a conductive substrate under the membrane to serve as a ground return path for the test currents. In roof assemblies where the membrane is installed over electric insulating material such as insulating foam or a protection board, or both, the electric path to any conductive deck is interrupted. The situation can be remedied by placing a conductive material directly under the membrane. The conductive material provides the return path for the test currents.1.1 This guide describes standard procedures for using electrical conductance measurement methods to locate leaks in exposed or covered waterproof membranes.1.2 This guide addresses the need for a general technical description of the current methods and procedures that are used to test and verify the integrity of waterproof membranes.1.3 This guide is not intended to replace visual, infrared, or other methods of inspection. It is to be used in conjunction with other methods of roof inspection when specified.1.4 This guide recommends that the leak location equipment, procedures, and survey parameters used are calibrated to meet established minimum leak detection sensitivity. The leak detection sensitivity calibration should be verified on a regular basis according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.1.5 Leak location surveys can be used on waterproofing membranes installed in roofs, plaza decks, pools, water features, covered reservoirs, and other waterproofing applications.1.6 The procedures are applicable for membranes made of materials such as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, bituminous material, and other electrically insulating materials.1.7 This guide provides a general description of the equipment and methods for locating membrane breaches using electric conductance. Refer to the manufacturer’s instructions for the proper operation and use of the equipment described in this guide.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6285-99(2016) Standard Guide for Locating Abandoned Wells Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

4.1 Millions of oil and gas wells, water supply wells, and wells installed for environmental monitoring and remediation purposes, have been abandoned. The need to determine the locations of these abandoned wells is based on safety and threats to the environment. Improperly constructed or abandoned wells may pose a safety threat to humans and animals, may be sources of brines and other undesirable fluids coming to the surface, may be conduits for transport of contamination from the surface to the substrate, or may cross-contaminate water-bearing zones in the subsurface. All states do not require documentation of the abandonment of wells and may not have specific requirements for abandonment procedures.1.1 This guide provides an approach to selecting and implementing a program to identify the locations of abandoned wells. This guide provides descriptions of methods to be used as starting points in the search for these locations. It is not intended to be a step-by-step procedure to conduct the search program.1.2 The described methods are approaches that have been used at many sites in the past. Other methods may be appropriate. Typically, several approaches are used to obtain acceptable confirmation of well locations. This guide is not limited to specific wells. The method chosen should be appropriate for the size of the area being searched and the type of well being located. Some well types and construction materials may preclude their detection by any of the methods described.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide cannot replace education and experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment.1.4 This guide does not purport to address all aspects of exploration and site safety. It is the responsibility of the user of this guide to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations before its use.1.5 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional services must be judged nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word Standard in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.

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4.1 The failure to correct membrane breaches during and after its installation can cause premature failure of the membrane and damage to the structure. Root causes may include design deficiencies, faulty application of the membrane system, product failure, material incompatibility, and damage by other trades. Roof designs incorporating a waterproof membrane under overburden must be tested for breaches before overburden is installed.4.2 This practice describes a low voltage (less than 50 V as defined by NFPA 70), dual sweep, scanning method using electronic leak detection to locate breaches in waterproof membranes. The method described includes testing procedures designed to provide a part of the quality assurance of roofing and waterproofing membranes.4.3 The methods described in this practice may also be used for forensic testing of existing roofing and waterproofing membranes; however, specific limitations apply that are described later.1.1 This practice describes standard procedures for using an electronic scanning system to locate membrane breaches on both horizontal and vertical surfaces to locate potential leaks in exposed roofing and waterproofing membranes.1.2 This practice addresses the need for a detailed technical description of a scanning method and procedures that are used to test and verify the integrity of membranes.1.3 This practice is not intended to replace visual or other methods of inspection. It is to be used in conjunction with other methods of roof inspection when specified.1.4 This practice requires that the detection and location equipment, procedures, and survey parameters used are calibrated to meet established minimum leak detection sensitivity. The detection sensitivity calibration must be verified on a regular basis using the manufacturer’s procedures to assure maximum confidence in the results.1.5 Scanning surveys can be used on membranes installed on roofs, plaza decks, pools, water features, covered reservoirs, and other roofing and waterproofing applications.1.6 This practice is applicable for membranes made of electrically insulating materials and is used on certain moderately conductive membranes (see Test Method D4496).1.7 This practice provides a description of the scanning method and equipment for locating membrane breaches using electric conductance and is intended to be used in conjunction with the manufacturer’s instructions for the proper operation and use of the equipment.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 Muster lists are intended to provide both an effective plan for assigning personnel stations and duties in the event of any forseeable emergency, as well as a quick visual reference that a crewmember can look at to find out where to go, what to bring, and what duties to perform in the event of an emergency and must be posted at all times.3.2 The station bill has been changed to muster list. The term station bill may be used optionally.3.3 Since no two classes of vessels or facilities are identical, muster lists must be tailored for individual vessels or facilities.3.4 Muster lists are intended to be posted in conspicuous locations throughout the vessel for the use of the crew.3.5 Posted muster lists shall be at least 600 mm by 750 mm (24 in. by 30 in.).3.6 Muster lists shall outline the special duties and duty stations for each member of the crew, including the chain of command, for the various emergencies.3.7 As far as possible, duties shall be comparable with the regular work of the individual.3.8 The muster list shall set forth the various signals to be used for the calling of the crew to their stations and for giving instructions to them while at their stations as outlined in Section 4.3.9 The muster list shall illustrate the purpose of controls.3.10 The muster list shall illustrate the procedure for operating the launching device.3.11 The muster list shall give relevant instructions or warnings.3.12 The muster list should be able to be seen easily under emergency lighting conditions.3.13 The muster list must also display the symbols in accordance with IMO Resolution A.760(18).3.14 The final muster list should be as simple as possible; and an accurate and up-to-date muster list should be maintained.1.1 This practice sets forth the elements to be included in an emergency muster list, including emergency signals, and its location on a vessel or facility. This practice also includes emergency instructions for passengers.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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2.1 This practice provides the procedure to locate the thinnest portions of the zinc coating on newly coated items (see Appendix X1) produced to a product specification under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A05 and its subcommittees as designated by a purchaser in a purchase order or contract.2.2 Limitations of the Practice: 2.2.1 The use of this practice with zinc coating deposited through different processes (such as hot dipped, electroplated, or sprayed) requires caution in interpretation since the end point may vary considerably between different zinc-coating systems.2.2.2 Variations in coating thickness can be due to the process by which the zinc is applied or by the geometry of the part that is coated. During hot-dip galvanizing, the coating thickness is affected by the drainage pattern of the molten zinc, while during zinc spraying (metallizing), coating thickness can be dependent on the operator's manipulation of the spray nozzle. The geometry of the part can also influence coating thickness especially during hot-dip galvanizing, where peaks and valleys on the part can cause molten zinc to build up or thin out.2.2.3 Excluded from this practice is sheet steel from hot-dip or electrocoating lines as the sheet products are normally subject to additional forming after the coating process. Also excluded from this practice are all zinc-coated wire and wire products either continuously or batch coated before or after forming. Caution—Past research (dating from around 1963) has indicated that this practice can be influenced by operator technique. Variations can be due to the difference in hand pressure used to wipe the sample or the inability of the operator to recognize the end point.2.2.4 This technique removes the zinc coating on the surface of the part being examined. This coating removal makes the part or article unusable after testing. This technique may not be suitable for parts fabricated into their final configuration, since they will not be acceptable after testing.2.2.5 The results of this practice should not be used to predict the service life of the galvanized coating. Other factors such as location of the thinnest spot, orientation of the part in service, and specific environmental conditions will also affect the service life.2.3 Examples of coated articles that can be tested are: electrical metallic tubing and rigid conduit pipe, castings and forgings, and structural steel; on special hardware, such as pole line, builder's, and farm implement hardware; bolts, nuts, screws, and other miscellaneous general hardware.1.1 This practice covers the procedure for locating, by the use of a solution of copper sulfate, the thinnest spot in a zinc coating (hot dipped, electroplated, or sprayed) on iron or steel articles that are coated after the shape is produced by casting, drawing, pressing, or other forming methods.1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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