定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

定价： 280元 / 折扣价： 238 元 加购物车

定价： 481元 / 折扣价： 409 元

5.1 This practice provides procedures to generate and document QC data for ensuring that an XRF is operating within acceptable tolerances throughout the testing period when being used to collect lead results during a lead-based paint (LBP) inspection for the purposes of generating lead classification results.5.2 This practice is intended to supplement XRF instrument manufacturer protocols and PCSs4 through the use of QA and QC procedures to provide uniform lead testing practices among the wide variety of available field-portable XRF instruments.NOTE 1: In the United States, an XRF used to perform a lead-based paint inspection shall be utilized according to the PCS for the particular instrument model in use.5.3 While the QC results collected using this practice can provide assurances that an XRF instrument is operating within acceptable tolerances, this practice does not determine an actual level of confidence for a classification result obtained from an XRF measurement.5.4 This practice does not address selection of test locations or representative sampling for leaded paint. Additional information on conducting measurements of lead in leaded paint or other coatings may be found in Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 7.5.5 This practice involves the use of field-portable XRF instruments that may contain radioactive materials that emit X-rays and gamma rays. These instruments are intended for use only by qualified, trained personnel.5.6 The use of field-portable XRF instruments for measurement of lead may not accurately reveal low but still potentially hazardous levels of lead.1.1 This practice covers the collection and documentation of quality control (QC) measurements for determining acceptable levels of instrumental performance when using field-portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry devices (XRFs) for the purposes of generating lead classification results from measurements on paint and other coating films within buildings and related structures.1.1.1 This practice is not designed to determine the presence of a hazard as defined by authorities having jurisdiction in the United States or other jurisdictions. See Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines for more information.1.2 QC procedures covered in this provisional practice include the performance of calibration checks, substrate bias checks, and specific instructions for documenting the collected data for later use in reporting the results.1.3 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among the various makes and models of suitable instruments. Instead, the analyst is to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular XRF device or other relevant sources of information on XRF operation.1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this provisional practice.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

This specification covers the classification, testing, and corresponding requirements for negative-temperature-coefficient thermistor-type sensors intended to be used for clinical laboratory temperature measurements or control, or both, within a specified range. This specification also covers the detailed requirements for ASTM designated sensors.1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor-type sensors intended to be used for laboratory temperature measurements or control, or both, within the range from −10 °C to 105 °C.1.2 This specification also covers the detailed requirements for ASTM designated sensors.1.3 This specification also covers the requirements for general purpose, Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor-type sensors intended for use with Digital Contact Thermometers (also known as Digital Thermometers) within the range from –50 °C to +150 °C.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 843元 / 折扣价： 717 元 加购物车

4.1 Static measurements of tires are important to tire manufacturers, processing engineers, and vehicle design engineers for purposes of commerce (in consumer/vendor agreements) and in tire research and development.4.2 The procedures are sufficiently detailed to achieve commercially acceptable reproducibility among laboratories and may therefore be used for specification, compliance, or reference purposes.4.3 Changes attributable to growth after inflation may be obtained by comparing measurements made immediately after inflation with those made 18 to 24 h later.1.1 This test method covers methods for performing certain mechanical static measurements on tires. The term “static” implies that the tire is not rotating while measurements are being made.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Many of the specimens that are regularly submitted to measurement depart in some degree from the ideal requirements. For this reason instrumental readings are affected importantly by the manner in which specimens are selected and presented for measurement. Reproducible measurements are facilitated by standardization and control of test conditions.1.1 This practice provides a guide to selection of specimens for appearance measurement by reflected light as well as a discussion of factors to be considered in their preparation for measurement. Standardized selection and presentation procedures will assist in achieving agreement between evaluations carried out in different laboratories as well as helping to achieve better correlations between visual evaluations and instrumental measurements.NOTE 1: This standard is not a practice for preparation of test panels of coatings; see Practices D823.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This test method covers the measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient with a measurement device that imposes braking-slip between a tire and a surface for the full range of braking-slip speed values. The test apparatus consists of an automotive vehicle with one or two independently functioning test wheel systems incorporated into it. Each test wheel system contains a continuously variable brake system and a pavement wetting system. The overall system is controlled by a programmable control unit. The test apparatus is brought to the desired test speed. A controlled amount of water is optionally delivered ahead of the test tire and the braking system is actuated to control the slip ratio of the test wheel. The resulting resistive force from friction acting between the test tire and pavement surface is sampled, filtered, calculated, and recorded by suitable data acquisition routines. For tire comparison testing two identical test wheels, both are subjected to the same test run control logic for equal spin velocities and loads in parallel wheel paths on the same test track. The braking slip friction coefficient of the paved road surface is calculated and reported as slip friction numbers. The slip friction numbers are typically presented in a graphical form. Cartesian plots of slip friction numbers versus slip speed or slip ratio are presented with identification of: peak friction value, critical slip ratio, slip-to-skid friction number, slope of the tangent at zero slip speed of the curve, and slope of the logarithm curve at high slip ratio.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the longitudinal friction coefficient with a measurement device that imposes braking slip between a tire and a surface for the full range of braking slip speed values.1.2 This test method utilizes a series of incremental single measurements of friction force on a braked test wheel as it is pulled over a wetted or contaminated pavement surface. The rotational velocity of the braked wheel is feedback controlled in order to give a predetermined variable slip ratio gradient in accordance with set program parameters. The test wheel is kept under a constant static normal load and at a constant longitudinal speed of travel. Its major plane is perpendicular to the road plane and parallel to its direction of motion.1.3 The values measured represent the friction properties obtained with the equipment and procedures stated in this test method and do not necessarily agree or correlate directly with those obtained by other pavement friction measuring methods.1.4 The values are intended for use in:1.4.1 Evaluating the braking friction forces on a pavement relative to that of other pavements.1.4.2 Evaluating changes in the braking friction forces of a particular pavement with the passage of time.1.4.3 Evaluating the changes in the braking friction force of a pavement when subjected to polishing wear and loss of macrotexture caused by traffic with passage of time.1.4.4 Evaluating changes in the braking friction forces of a pavement contaminated with ice, moderate amounts2 of slush and snow, pollen, vehicle oil spills and condensates from vehicle engine exhaust, and deposits from other pollution sources.1.4.5 Evaluating the braking friction forces of a specimen tire on a clean or contaminated pavement.1.5 The friction values reported by this test method are insufficient to determine the distance required to stop a vehicle on either a dry, wet, or contaminated pavement. They are also insufficient for determining the speed at which control of a vehicle would be lost.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6 and Note 4.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Since the beginning of human history, currency has existed in the form of metal coins and bullion. Thieves learned that shaving some precious metal provided a method to change its value. Substitution of common metals for precious metals of higher value was commonplace until weighing methods became so accurate, that it became easily detected. Alloys were also used as substitutes until inexpensive spectrometers became available which ended the counterfeiting practice. The rapid rise in the value of gold inspired the unscrupulous to find a new method. Tungsten was widely used for light bulb filaments until regulations changed that market. The great abundance of tungsten now available, coupled with the almost identical density of gold, presented a new opportunity.5.2 RUS provides a method to create an unique electronic signature for each piece tested which is operator independent.1.1 This practice is intended for use with resonant ultrasound spectrometers capable of exciting, measuring, recording, and analyzing multiple whole body mechanical vibration resonant frequencies within parts exhibiting acoustical ringing in the acoustic or ultrasonic, or both, resonant frequency ranges.1.2 This practice uses Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy (RUS) to distinguish conforming parts, as determined from qualified training sets, from those containing significant anomalies in their elastic properties.1.3 The basic functions of a RUS monitoring system are to detect and classify resonance phenomena. Solid structure resonances are governed by the part’s dimensions, density, and elastic properties. When a material substitution occurs in a precious metal, the chosen metals have almost identical densities and unchanged dimensions, leaving only the elastic properties to affect the resonances.1.4 This practice can be used to replace destructive methods, which damage the test object through drilling or melting, or both.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 The use of the body measurement information in Table 1 and Table 2 will assist manufacturers in developing patterns and garments that are consistent with the current anthropometric characteristics of the population of interest. This practice should in turn reduce or minimize consumer confusion and dissatisfaction related to apparel sizing. (Also refer to ISO 3635.)4.2 Three-dimensional avatars depicting each of the missy sizes and sub category curvy and straight on certain measures, were created by Alvanon, Inc. and included in this standard to assist manufacturers in visualizing the posture, shape, and proportions generated by the measurements charts in the accompanying tables. (Avatar 1-6) See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.FIG. 1 Missy Avatar - CurvyFIG. 2 Missy Avatar - Straight1.1 These tables list body measurements of adult female misses figure Type sizes 00 through 20. Although these are body measurements, they can be used as a baseline in designing apparel for Missy in this size range when considering such factors as fabric type, ease for body movement, styling, and fit.1.2 These tables list body measurements for the complete range of Missy sizing.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

6.1 A primary use intended for this practice is for qualifying ASTM International Standards as Standard Test Methods. In the past, a “Precision and Bias” report has been required. However, recently a statement of uncertainty has become an acceptable alternative to Guide D3670. Inclusion of such a statement with a method description simplifies comparison of ASTM Test Methods to analogous ISO and Committee for European Normalization (CEN) standards, now required to have uncertainty statements.6.2 Standardizing the characterization of sampling/analytical method performance is expected to be useful in other applications as well. For example, performance details are a necessity for justifying compliance decisions based on experimental air quality assessments (7). Documented uncertainty can form a basis for specific criteria defining acceptable sampling/analytical method performance.6.3 Furthermore, high quality atmospheric measurements are vital for making decisions as to how hazardous substances are to be controlled. Valid data are required for drawing reasonable epidemiological conclusions, for making sound decisions as to acceptable limits, as well as for determining the efficacy of a hazard control system.6.4 Finally, because of developing world-wide acceptance of ISO GUM for detailing measurements when statistics are simple, the practice should be useful in comparing ASTM International Test Methods to other published methods. The codification of statistical procedures may in fact minimize the difficulty in interpreting a plethora of individual, albeit possibly valid, approaches.1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as recommended in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO GUM, (1)2) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

5.1 The test method has two main functions: first, it provides data useful for establishing the pore size distribution of catalyst materials, which in turn may influence their performance; and second, it serves as a laboratory test which may be used to study porosity changes that may occur during the manufacture and evaluation of catalysts.1.1 This test method covers the determination of nitrogen adsorption and desorption isotherms of catalysts and catalyst carriers at the boiling point of liquid nitrogen.2 A static volumetric measuring system is used to obtain sufficient equilibrium adsorption points on each branch of the isotherm to adequately define the adsorption and desorption branches of the isotherm. Thirty points evenly spread over the isotherm is considered to be the minimum number of points that will adequately define the isotherm.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 Structural integrity assessments typically use values of strength and elastic modulus to predict crack initiation in graphite components and there is a suite of ASTM standards (Section 2, Test Methods C651, C695, C747, C749, C769, and D7775) to cover the measurement of these properties.5.2 The graphite component behavior after crack initiation depends on fracture mechanics parameters, such as fracture toughness and the work of fracture. Test Method D7779 provides the specification and requirements for measuring the fracture toughness of graphite based on linear-elastic stress analysis. Moreover, Test Method D7779 applies to cases where there are no restrictions on specimen size and on applicable machining and specimen preparation techniques.5.3 Most polycrystalline graphites are non-linear elastic, non-uniform, quasi-brittle materials. For such materials, an effective approach for the determination of fracture properties is the analysis of the global energy balance associated with crack extension, similar to Griffith's theory of brittle fracture. This approach does not have the mathematical complexity of the non-linear elastic fracture and is easier to implement in practice.5.4 Work of Fracture, γf (J/m2), is defined as the energy required to form a crack divided by the cross sectional area of the crack. It is assumed that the energy per unit area is constant during crack propagation. In general, components that have an excess of strain energy to the point of fracture, compared to the work needed to extend the crack to full dimension, fail by fast fracture. Any excess energy is converted into kinetic energy through a process that generates stress waves. If the amount of excess energy is sufficiently large, the stress waves will have peak magnitudes greater than the material strength, leading to the initiation and propagation of secondary cracks that could result in the fragmentation of the component.5.5 However, some components that have less strain energy at the point of fracture than the work needed to extend the crack to full dimension, fail in a quasi-brittle manner and result in stable cracks, crack bridging and distributed micro-cracking. Graphite components are generally tested in their as-manufactured state and fail somewhere between these extremes showing fast fracture with relatively minor amounts of secondary cracking and little tendency to fragment. The change in the WoF and strain rate of graphite components in a reactor environment is important in assessing the component’s tendency for secondary cracking and fragmentation.1.1 This guide provides general tutorial information and best practice for measuring the work of fracture on manufactured graphite and carbon specimens. Although applicable to all carbon and graphite materials, this guide is aimed specifically at measurements required on nuclear graphites, where there may be constraints on the geometry and/or volume of the test specimen.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method covers the measurement of heat flux and associated test conditions for flat specimens. The guarded-hot-plate apparatus is generally used to measure steady-state heat flux through materials having a “low” thermal conductivity and commonly denoted as “thermal insulators.” Acceptable measurement accuracy requires a specimen geometry with a large ratio of area to thickness.5.2 Two specimens are selected with their thickness, areas, and densities as identical as possible, and one specimen is placed on each side of the guarded-hot-plate. The faces of the specimens opposite the guarded-hot-plate and primary guard are placed in contact with the surfaces of the cold surface assemblies.5.3 Steady-state heat transmission through thermal insulators is not easily measured, even at room temperature. This is due to the fact heat transmission through a specimen occurs by any or all of three separate modes of heat transfer (radiation, conduction, and convection). It is possible that any inhomogeneity or anisotropy in the specimen will require special experimental precautions to measure that flow of heat. In some cases it is possible that hours or even days will be required to achieve the thermal steady-state. No guarding system can be constructed to force the metered heat to pass only through the test area of insulation specimen being measured. It is possible that moisture content within the material will cause transient behavior. It is also possible that and physical or chemical change in the material with time or environmental condition will permanently alter the specimen.5.4 Application of this test method on different test insulations requires that the designer make choices in the design selection of materials of construction and measurement and control systems. Thus it is possible that there will be different designs for the guarded-hot-plate apparatus when used at ambient versus cryogenic or high temperatures. Test thickness, temperature range, temperature difference range, ambient conditions and other system parameters must also be selected during the design phase. Annex A1 is referenced to the user, which addresses such issues as limitations of the apparatus, thickness measurement considerations and measurement uncertainties, all of which must be considered in the design and operation of the apparatus.5.5 Apparatus constructed and operated in accordance with this test method should be capable of accurate measurements for its design range of application. Since this test method is applicable to a wide range of specimen characteristics, test conditions, and apparatus design, it is impractical to give an all-inclusive statement of precision and bias for the test method. Analysis of the specific apparatus used is required to specify a precision and bias for the reported results. For this reason, conformance with the test method requires that the user must estimate and report the uncertainty of the results under the reported test conditions.5.6 Qualification of a new apparatus. When a new or modified design is developed, tests shall be conducted on at least two materials of known thermal stability and having verified or calibrated properties traceable to a national standards laboratory. Tests shall be conducted for at least two sets of temperature conditions that cover the operating range for the apparatus. If the differences between the test results and the national standards laboratory characterization are determined to be significant, then the source of the error shall, if possible, be identified. Only after successful comparison with the certified samples, can the apparatus claim conformance with this test method. It is recommended that checks be continued on a periodic basis to confirm continued conformance of the apparatus.5.7 The thermal transmission properties of a specimen of material have the potential to be affected due to the following factors: (a) composition of the material (b) moisture or other environmental conditions (c) time or temperature exposure (d) thickness (e) temperature difference across the specimen (f) mean temperature. It must be recognized, therefore, that the selection of a representative value of thermal transmission properties for a material must be based upon a consideration of these factors and an adequate amount of test information.5.8 Since both heat flux and its uncertainty may be dependent upon environmental and apparatus test conditions, as well as intrinsic characteristics of the specimen, the report for this test method shall include a thorough description of the specimen and of the test conditions.5.9 The results of comparative test methods such as Test Method C518 depend on the quality of the heat flux reference standards. The apparatus in this test method is one of the absolute methods used for generation of the reference standards. The accuracy of any comparative method can be no better than that of the referenced procedure. While it is possible that the precision of a comparative method such as Test Method C518 will be comparable with that of this test method, Test Method C518 cannot be more accurate. In cases of dispute, this test method is the recommended procedure.1.1 This test method establishes the criteria for the laboratory measurement of the steady-state heat flux through flat, homogeneous specimen(s) when their surfaces are in contact with solid, parallel boundaries held at constant temperatures using the guarded-hot-plate apparatus.1.2 The test apparatus designed for this purpose is known as a guarded-hot-plate apparatus and is a primary (or absolute) method. This test method is comparable, but not identical, to ISO 8302.1.3 This test method sets forth the general design requirements necessary to construct and operate a satisfactory guarded-hot-plate apparatus. It covers a wide variety of apparatus constructions, test conditions, and operating conditions. Detailed designs conforming to this test method are not given but must be developed within the constraints of the general requirements. Examples of analysis tools, concepts and procedures used in the design, construction, calibration and operation of a guarded-hot-plate apparatus are given in Refs (1-41).21.4 This test method encompasses both the single-sided and the double-sided modes of measurement. Both distributed and line source guarded heating plate designs are permitted. The user should consult the standard practices on the single-sided mode of operation, Practice C1044, and on the line source apparatus, Practice C1043, for further details on these heater designs.1.5 The guarded-hot-plate apparatus can be operated with either vertical or horizontal heat flow. The user is cautioned however, since the test results from the two orientations may be different if convective heat flow occurs within the specimens.1.6 Although no definitive upper limit can be given for the magnitude of specimen conductance that is measurable on a guarded-hot-plate, for practical reasons the specimen conductance should be less than 16 W/(m2K).1.7 This test method is applicable to the measurement of a wide variety of specimens, ranging from opaque solids to porous or transparent materials, and a wide range of environmental conditions including measurements conducted at extremes of temperature and with various gases and pressures.1.8 Inhomogeneities normal to the heat flux direction, such as layered structures, can be successfully evaluated using this test method. However, testing specimens with inhomogeneities in the heat flux direction, such as an insulation system with thermal bridges, can yield results that are location specific and shall not be attempted with this type of apparatus. See Test Method C1363 for guidance in testing these systems.1.9 Calculations of thermal transmission properties based upon measurements using this method shall be performed in conformance with Practice C1045.1.10 In order to ensure the level of precision and accuracy expected, persons applying this standard must possess a knowledge of the requirements of thermal measurements and testing practice and of the practical application of heat transfer theory relating to thermal insulation materials and systems. Detailed operating procedures, including design schematics and electrical drawings, should be available for each apparatus to ensure that tests are in accordance with this test method. In addition, automated data collecting and handling systems connected to the apparatus must be verified as to their accuracy. This can be done by calibration and inputting data sets, which have known results associated with them, into computer programs.1.11 It is not practical for a test method of this type to establish details of design and construction and the procedures to cover all contingencies that might offer difficulties to a person without technical knowledge concerning theory of heat flow, temperature measurements and general testing practices. The user may also find it necessary, when repairing or modifying the apparatus, to become a designer or builder, or both, on whom the demands for fundamental understanding and careful experimental technique are even greater. Standardization of this test method is not intended to restrict in any way the future development of new or improved apparatus or procedures.1.12 This test method does not specify all details necessary for the operation of the apparatus. Decisions on sampling, specimen selection, preconditioning, specimen mounting and positioning, the choice of test conditions, and the evaluation of test data shall follow applicable ASTM Test Methods, Guides, Practices or Product Specifications or governmental regulations. If no applicable standard exists, sound engineering judgment that reflects accepted heat transfer principles must be used and documented.1.13 This test method allows a wide range of apparatus design and design accuracy to be used in order to satisfy the requirements of specific measurement problems. Compliance with this test method requires a statement of the uncertainty of each reported variable in the report. A discussion of the significant error factors involved is included.1.14 Major sections within this test method are arranged as follows:Section Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4 5Apparatus 6Specimen Preparation and Conditioning 7Procedure 8Calculation of Results 9Report 10Precision and Bias 11Keywords 12Figures  General Arrangement of the Mechanical Components of the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus Fig. 1Illustration of Heat Flow in the Guarded-Hot-Plate Apparatus Fig.2Example Report Form Fig. 3Annexes  Importance of Thickness A1.1Measuring Thickness A1.2Limitations Due to Apparatus A1.3Limitations Due to Temperature A1.4Limitations Due to Specimen A1.5Random and Systematic Error Components A1.6Error Components for Variables A1.7Thermal Conductance or Thermal Resistance Error Analysis A1.8Thermal Conductivity or Thermal Resistivity Error Analysis A1.9Uncertainty Verification A1.101.15 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.16 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 22.1.17 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The typical use of this test method is determination of 10B areal density in aluminum neutron absorber materials used to control criticality in systems such as: spent nuclear fuel dry storage canisters, transfer/transport nuclear fuel containers, spent nuclear fuel pools, and fresh nuclear fuel transport containers.5.2 Areal density measurements are also used in the investigation of the uniformity in 10B spatial distribution.5.3 The expected users of this standard include designers, suppliers, neutron absorber users, testing labs, and consultants in the field of nuclear criticality analysis.5.4 Another known method used to determine areal density of 10B in aluminum neutron absorbers is an analytical chemical method as mentioned in Practice C1671. However, the analytical chemical method does not measure the “effective” 10B areal density as measured by neutron attenuation.1.1 This test method is intended for quantitative determination of effective boron-10 (10B) areal density (mass per area of 10B, usually measured in grams-10B/cm2 ) in aluminum neutron absorbers. The attenuation of a thermal neutron beam transmitted through an aluminum neutron absorber is compared to attenuation values for calibration standards allowing determination of the effective 10B areal density. This test is typically performed in a laboratory setting. This method is valid only under the following conditions:1.1.1 The absorber contains 10B in an aluminum or aluminum alloy matrix.1.1.2 The primary neutron absorber is 10B.1.1.3 The test specimen has uniform thickness.1.1.4 The test specimen has a testing surface area at least twice that of the thermal neutron beam’s surface cross-sectional area.1.1.5 The calibration standards of uniform composition span the range of areal densities being measured.1.1.6 The areal density is between 0.001 and 0.080 grams of 10B per cm2.1.1.7 The thermalized neutron beam is derived from a fission reactor, sub-critical assembly, accelerator or neutron generator.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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