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4.1 Advantages of Electrolytic Polishing: 4.1.1 For some metals, a high quality surface finish can be produced that is equivalent to, or better than, that which can be obtained by mechanical methods.4.1.2 Once procedures have been established, satisfactory results can be obtained rapidly with reproducibility.4.1.3 There can be a marked saving of time if many specimens of the same material are polished sequentially.4.1.4 Electropolishing a selected area on the surface of a relatively large metal part can be accomplished nondestructively, that is, without the need for sectioning to remove a piece.4.1.5 Soft, single-phase metals, which may be difficult to polish by mechanical methods, may be successfully electropolished.4.1.6 The true microstructure of a specimen can be obtained because artifacts (such as disturbed metal, scratches, and mechanical twins) produced on the surface, even by careful grinding and mechanical polishing operations, can be removed. These features are important in low-load hardness testing, X-ray diffraction studies, and in electron microscopy, where higher resolution puts a premium on undistorted metal surfaces.4.1.7 After electropolishing is completed, etching can often be accomplished by reducing the voltage (generally to about one-tenth that required for polishing) for a short time before it is turned off.NOTE 2: Not all electropolishing solutions produce good etching results.4.2 Disadvantages of Electrolytic Polishing: 4.2.1 Many of the chemical mixtures used in electropolishing are poisonous or dangerous if not properly handled (see Section 5). These hazards are similar to those involved in the mixing and handling of etchants, see Test Methods E407.4.2.2 In multi-phase alloys, the polishing rate of each phase may be different. The result may be a non-planar surface.4.2.3 Electropolished surfaces may be slightly undulated rather than perfectly planar and, therefore, may not be suitable for examination at all magnifications.4.2.4 The rate of polishing in areas adjacent to various inhomogeneities, such as nonmetallic inclusions and voids, is usually greater than that in the surrounding matrix and tends to exaggerate the size of the inclusions and voids.4.2.5 Dimples, pits, and waviness limit applications involving surface phenomena, coatings, interfaces, and cracks. Edges tend to be attacked preferentially, resulting in edge rounding.4.2.6 Artifacts may be produced by electropolishing.4.2.7 Specimen mounting materials may react with the electrolyte.4.2.8 The electropolished surfaces of certain materials may be passive and difficult to etch.4.2.9 Metal removal rates by electropolishing are usually quite low, typically about 1 μm/min, and all of the prior induced damage from cutting and grinding may not be removed if preparation is stopped after a 600-grit SiC grind and electropolishing times are short.4.2.10 A large number of electrolytes may be needed to polish the variety of metals encountered by a given laboratory. Considerable time may be required to develop a procedure for a new alloy.1.1 This guide deals with electrolytic polishing as a means of preparation of specimens for metallographic purposes. Procedures are described for polishing a variety of metals.NOTE 1: References (1-133)2 on electrolytic polishing will provide the reader with specific information beyond the scope of this guide.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety precautions are described in Section 5 and 6.3.1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The presence of large grains has been correlated with anomalous mechanical behavior in, for example, crack initiation, crack propagation, and fatigue. Thus there is engineering justification for reporting the ALA grain size.4.2 These methods shall only be used with the presence of outlier coarse grains, 3 or more ASTM grain size numbers larger than the rest of the microstructure and comprising 5 % or less of the specimen area. A typical example is shown in Annex A1 as Fig. A1.1.4.3 These methods shall not be used for the determination of average grain size, which is treated in Test Methods E112. Examples of microstructures that do not qualify for ALA treatment are shown in Annex A1 as Fig. A1.2, Fig. A1.3, and Fig. A1.4.4.4 These methods may be applied in the characterization of duplex grain sizes, as instructed in the procedures for Test Methods E1181.1.1 These test methods describe simple manual procedures for measuring the size of the largest grain cross-section observed on a metallographically prepared plane section.1.2 These test methods shall only be valid for microstructures containing outlier coarse grains, where their population is too sparse for grain size determination by Test Methods E112.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 TSCs are used in a number of critical industrial components. TSCs can be expected to contain measurable levels of porosity and linear detachment. Accurate and consistent evaluation of specimens is essential to ensure the integrity of the coating and proper adherence to the substrate.4.1.1 Example 1: By use of inappropriate metallographic methods, the apparent amount of porosity and linear detachment displayed by a given specimen can be increased, by excessive edge rounding, or decreased by smearing of material into voids. Therefore inaccurate levels of porosity and linear detachment will be reported even when the accuracy of the measurement technique is acceptable.4.1.2 Example 2: Inconsistent metallographic preparation methods can cause the apparent amount of voids to vary excessively indicating a poorly controlled thermal spray process, while the use of consistent practice will regularly display the true microstructure and verify the consistency of the thermal spray process.4.2 During the development of TSC procedures, metallographic information is necessary to validate the efficacy of a specific application.4.3 Cross sections are usually taken perpendicular to the long axis of the specimen and prepared to reveal information concerning the following:4.3.1 Variations in structure from surface to substrate,4.3.2 The distribution of unmelted particles throughout the coating,4.3.3 The distribution of linear detachment throughout the coating,4.3.4 The distribution of porosity throughout the coating,4.3.5 The presence of contamination within the coating,4.3.6 The thickness of the coating (top coat and bond coat, where applicable),4.3.7 The presence of interfacial contamination,4.3.8 The integrity of the interface between the coating and substrate, and,4.3.9 The integrity of the coating microstructure with respect to chemistry.1.1 This guide covers recommendations for sectioning, cleaning, mounting, grinding, and polishing to reveal the microstructural features of thermal sprayed coatings (TSCs) and the substrates to which they are applied when examined microscopically. Because of the diversity of available equipment, the wide variety of coating and substrate combinations, and the sensitivity of these specimens to preparation technique, the existence of a series of recommended methods for metallographic preparation of thermal sprayed coating specimens is helpful. Adherence to this guide will provide practitioners with consistent and reproducible results. Additional information concerning standard practices for metallographic preparation can be found in Guide E3.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 Replication is a nondestructive sampling procedure that records and preserves the topography of a metallographically prepared surface as a negative relief on a plastic film (replica). The replica permits the examination and analysis of the metallographically prepared surface on the LM or SEM.4.2 Enhancement procedures for improving replica contrast for microscopic examination are utilized and sometimes necessary (see 8.1).NOTE 1: It is recommended that the purchaser of a field replication service specify that each replicator demonstrate proficiency by providing field prepared replica metallography and direct LM and SEM comparison to laboratory prepared samples of an identical material by grade and service exposure.1.1 This practice covers recognized methods for the preparation and evaluation of cellulose acetate or plastic film replicas which have been obtained from metallographically prepared surfaces. It is designed for the evaluation of replicas to ensure that all significant features of a metallographically prepared surface have been duplicated and preserved on the replica with sufficient detail to permit both LM and SEM examination with optimum resolution and sensitivity.1.2 This practice may be used as a controlling document in commercial situations.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Microstructures have a strong influence on the properties and successful application of metals and alloys. Determination and control of microstructure requires the use of metallographic examination.4.2 Many specifications contain a requirement regarding microstructure; hence, a major use for metallographic examination is inspection to ensure that the requirement is met. Other major uses for metallographic examination are in failure analysis, and in research and development.4.3 Proper choice of specimen location and orientation will minimize the number of specimens required and simplify their interpretation. It is easy to take too few specimens for study, but it is seldom that too many are studied.1.1 The primary objective of metallographic examinations is to reveal the constituents and structure of metals and their alloys by means of a light optical or scanning electron microscope. In special cases, the objective of the examination may require the development of less detail than in other cases but, under nearly all conditions, the proper selection and preparation of the specimen is of major importance. Because of the diversity in available equipment and the wide variety of problems encountered, the following text presents for the guidance of the metallographer only those practices which experience has shown are generally satisfactory; it cannot and does not describe the variations in technique required to solve individual specimen preparation problems.NOTE 1: For a more extensive description of various metallographic techniques, refer to Samuels, L. E., Metallographic Polishing by Mechanical Methods, American Society for Metals (ASM) Metals Park, OH, 3rd Ed., 1982; Petzow, G., Metallographic Etching, ASM, 1978; and VanderVoort, G., Metallography: Principles and Practice, McGraw Hill, NY, 2nd Ed., 1999.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is intended as a summary of safety practices in the metallography laboratory. It can be used as a training reference for those new to the field of metallography and as a refresher to those who are experienced.4.2 This guide is not intended to be inclusive of all safety concerns encountered in a metallographic laboratory. Several books that provide safety information are available (1-15).54.3 Before operating any equipment, it is advisable to read and understand the accompanying manuals and to follow any specified safety guidelines.4.4 Safety data sheets (SDS) for chemicals being used in a laboratory should be on file and readily accessible. When working with any chemicals, especially for the first time, one should review the SDS supplied by the manufacturer and follow any safety guidelines suggested. The most current and applicable SDS should be on file for a given product or chemical.1.1 This guide outlines the basic safety guidelines to be used in a metallographic laboratory. Safe working habits are discussed for various tasks performed in a metallographic laboratory.1.2 The sections appear in the following order:  Section 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3 4General 5Heat Treating 6Specimen Preparation/Sectioning 7Specimen Mounting 8Mechanical Grinding/Polishing 9Chemical Safety 10Electrolytic Polishing/Etching 11Sulfur Printing 12Laboratory Ventilation/Fume Hoods 13Chemical Spills 14Photography 15X ray/Electron Microscopy 16Laboratory Ergonomics 17Disposal of Residues 18Keywords 191.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The microstructure of a cemented carbide affects the material's mechanical and physical properties. This guide is not intended to be used as a specification for carbide grades. Producers and users may use the microstructural information as a guide in developing their own specifications.1.1 This guide covers apparatus and procedures for the metallographic identification of microstructures in cemented carbides.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Precautions applying to use of hazardous laboratory chemicals should be observed for chemicals specified in Table 1.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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3.1 This sample preparation procedure may be used to prepare metallographic samples for Guide B657. It does not include all variations of sample preparation.1.1 This guide prescribes a method for preparing cemented carbides for metallographic examination.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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