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4.1 Many contaminants, including chlorinated solvents and petroleum products, enter the subsurface in the form of an immiscible liquid, known as a NAPL. Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments is hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols, thus necessitating this guide.4.1.1 Understanding the presence and movement of NAPL in sediments is complicated by the lack of standardized protocols for characterizing NAPL movement in the diverse range of sediment environments. Literature searches have indicated that there is a limited body of available, applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL mobility assessment approaches, but application of common methods or decision-making processes identified across sites were limited.4.1.2 The movement (or lack of movement) of NAPL in sediments is a key factor in developing protective remedial options for NAPL-impacted sediments and for the long-term management of sediment sites. Typical exposure pathways that are addressed through risk management decisions at upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. Rather, “contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” (1)5, because in aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. NAPL that is present in subsurface sediment below the biologically active layer that is not migrating and has an overlying sediment that is expected to remain in place (that is, is not dredged or eroded) does not pose a risk to human or ecological receptors, because there is no pathway for exposure. Therefore, remediation of the NAPL may not be warranted. Thus, understanding NAPL presence, extent and potential movement is a key factor in managing contaminated sediment sites.4.2 This guide will aid users in developing the scope and method selection for investigating the presence and characteristics of NAPL in a sediment environment. This guide provides an overview of the sample collection, field screening and sample handling methods for investigating the presence or absence of NAPL, as well as characteristics of NAPL in the sediment environment.4.2.1 Use of this guide supports a multiple lines of evidence approach to evaluate NAPL movement in sediments.4.2.2 This guide should be used to support existing decision frameworks for field screening and sample collection for NAPL-impacted sediments.4.2.3 This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring or remedial action.4.3 Assessment of NAPL movement in sediments is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic, yet flexible, decision framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and users, based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, multiple lines of evidence approach, and unforeseen circumstances.4.4 The use of this guide is consistent with the sediment risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process that guides the user to acquire and evaluate appropriate data and use each piece of data to refine goals, objectives, receptors, exposure pathways, and the CSM. As the sediment RBCA process proceeds, data and conclusions reached at each tier help focus subsequent tiered evaluations. This integrated process results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making and timely, appropriate response actions for NAPL-impacted sediments.4.5 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Users of this guide should confirm the regulatory guidance and requirements for the jurisdiction in which they are working. This guide may be used to complement and support such requirements.4.5.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved at a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders.4.5.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization and remediation techniques, as well as sediment NAPL movement assessment protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.4.6 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including the following sections:4.6.1 Section 1: ;4.6.2 Section 2: Referenced Documents;4.6.3 Section 3: Terminology;4.6.4 Section 4: ;4.6.5 Section 5: NAPL Mobility Field Investigation Overview;4.6.6 Section 6: Sediment Sample Collection Procedures;4.6.7 Section 7: Sediment Sample Field Characterization;4.6.8 Section 8: Sediment Sample Handling, Storage, and Transport;4.6.9 Section 9: Field Methods for Determining Hydraulic Conditions;4.6.10 Section 10: Keywords;4.6.11 Appendix X1: Additional Sediment Sample Collection Considerations; and4.6.12 Appendix X2: Case Study.1.1 This guide provides considerations to inform sample collection, field screening, and sample handling of sediments impacted with non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) to assist in data collection for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediment. The conditions affecting NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments are significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the framework for the assessment of NAPL movement in upland soils has been determined to have limited applicability for sediments.1.2 This guide is applicable to sediment sites where the presence or suspected presence of NAPL has been identified. Sediments are the subject media considered in this guide, not surface water or groundwater.1.3 The goal of this guide is to provide a technical framework for sample collection, field screening, and sample handling activities used to evaluate NAPL conditions, in particular NAPL movement (that is, mobility at the pore scale and migration at the NAPL body scale) in sediments, which can be used to inform the development and selection of remedial options and post-remedial monitoring activities.1.4 This guide discusses sample collection procedures, including direct methods (that is, core and grab samples) and indirect methods (that is, DART®2, laser-induced florescence, and porewater samplers) for assessing NAPL presence or absence in sediment.1.5 This guide discusses field characterization procedures for assessment of NAPL-impacted sediments including visual screening, stratification assessment, shake test, ultraviolet (UV) light test, NAPL FLUTe™3, and headspace vapor monitoring.1.6 This guide discusses considerations to obtain samples representative of in situ conditions. This includes methods used to evaluate sediment integrity, sample retrieval from the sediment bed, core identification, sample storage onboard the vessel, sample retrieval from the coring device, sufficient sample recovery, core cutting techniques, sample removal from the core, and sample freezing/cooling considerations.1.7 This guide discusses the objectives, approaches, and materials for the storage and transport of NAPL-impacted sediment, focusing on samples taken for laboratory NAPL mobility and geotechnical tests. Considerations include sample packaging and handling, storage temperature, and hold times.1.8 NAPLs such as fuels, oils, coal tar, and creosote are the primary focus of this guide.1.9 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.11 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Rubber in contact with light colored organic finishes may stain the surfaces in contact with the rubber (contact staining) and surfaces adjacent to or beyond the rubber (migration staining), especially under conditions of heat, pressure, or sunlight. When a light colored rubber veneer or organic coating covers a staining rubber compound, the staining ingredients can diffuse through the veneer or coating and stain the surface (diffusion staining). This staining of light colored surfaces is objectionable to the consumer.5.2 These test methods provide a means of evaluating staining characteristics of rubber compounds but may not necessarily duplicate the effects of natural exposure conditions.5.3 Results obtained should not be treated as being equivalent to any natural exposure, unless the degree of quantitative correlation has been empirically established for the material in question.5.4 These test methods may be used for producer-consumer acceptance, referee purposes, and research and development work.5.5 The two types of exposures (Fluorescent UV and Xenon Arc) are not equivalent and may produce different test results.1.1 These test methods cover techniques to evaluate three types of staining that rubber may cause when in contact with, or in proximity to, another surface that may be light colored.1.2 The test methods also describe how to qualitatively evaluate the degree of staining produced under the conditions of exposure to heat alone or heat and light.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Understanding the potential emplacement and transport mechanism for NAPL in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) investigating the nature and extent of NAPL, (2) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL, and (3) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential movement of NAPL in sediments to regulators and other stakeholders has been historically hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols. The complexity of NAPL movement in sediment, and the lack of agreed upon methods for analysis and interpretation of site data, has led to uncertainty in corrective action decision-making. This has sometimes resulted in misleading expectations about remedial outcomes. The emplacement and transport mechanisms for NAPL in sediments are different from those in upland environments, due to a variety of physical, geochemical, and biological differences between sediment and upland environments, thus necessitating this guide.4.2 This guide is intended to supplement the CSM developed according to the principles outlined in the contaminated sites conceptual site model Guide E1689, the standard guide for developing a CSM for Light Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (LNAPL) sites Guide E2531, and the Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) Guides E1739 and E2081, by considering conditions for NAPL emplacement and movement (that is, advection) that are unique to a sediment environment. This guide will aid users in understanding the unique and fundamental characteristics of sediment environments that influence the occurrence and behavior of NAPL in sediments. Understanding the sources of NAPL encountered in sediment, the mechanisms for NAPL to become emplaced in sediments, and the site characteristics that influence the advective movement of NAPL within the sediment column will aid in identifying specific data requirements necessary to investigate these conditions and to provide a sound basis for remedy decisions.4.2.1 Advective transport is the primary NAPL migration mechanism that is addressed within this guide.4.2.2 In addition to advective transport, biogenic gas bubbles moving through sediments (that is, ebullition) may also facilitate NAPL migration; however, this process is beyond the scope of this guide.4.2.3 Processes associated with NAPL movement due to erosion (for example, propwash) are not within the scope of this guide.4.3 This guide describes the emplacement mechanisms and advective processes, and identifies the relevant information necessary for a technically reliable and comprehensive CSM in support of the investigation and/or remediation of NAPL in sediments. A technically reliable and comprehensive CSM will result in more efficient and consistent investigation of NAPL in sediments (for example, assessment of risks associated with NAPL in sediment, and/or remedy decisions). The key elements in assessing the presence and mobility of NAPL in sediment include (1) the hydrological setting, (2) the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment, (3) the physical and chemical characteristics of the NAPL, and (4) the physical extent of the NAPL zone. The means and methods for collecting this information, including evaluating the mobility of NAPL in sediments, is not addressed in this guide.4.4 Many contaminants (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products and creosote) enter the subsurface as an immiscible liquid, known as NAPL. NAPLs may flow as a separate phase from water. If the NAPL is denser than water (known as dense non-aqueous phase liquid, or DNAPL), it will sink under the influence of gravity. If the liquid is less dense than water (known as a light nonaqueous phase liquid, or LNAPL), it will float on water.4.5 This guide provides a logical framework for the initial assessment of NAPL movement in sediment environments. It will help users understand the physical conditions and emplacement mechanisms that influence NAPL movement and aid in prioritizing methods for gathering data to support development of a CSM.4.5.1 The elements of a CSM for NAPL at sediment sites describe the physical and chemical properties of the environment, the hydraulic conditions, the source of the NAPL, the emplacement mechanisms, and the nature and extent of the NAPL zone. The CSM is a dynamic, evolving model that will change through time as new data are collected and evaluated and/or as physical conditions of the site change due to natural or engineered processes. The goal of the CSM is to describe the nature, distribution, and setting of the NAPL in sufficient detail, so that questions regarding current and potential future risks, longevity, and amenability to remedial action can be adequately addressed.4.5.2 The unique elements for a CSM for a NAPL sediment site (compared to an upland NAPL site) include, but are not limited to:(1) Characteristics of the sediment and water body.(a) Physical characteristics: hydrology (for example, river currents, tidal conditions), sedimentology (for example, native water body bottom characteristics, deposited sediment characteristics, sedimentation rates, erosive forces), and hydrogeology (for example, groundwater-surface water interactions).(b) Geochemical: for example, redox conditions(c) Biological characteristics: for example, presence of benthic community(2) Characteristics of the NAPL release(s) including sources, mechanisms, and timing unique to surface water and sediment that affect the conditions under which the NAPL was emplaced in the sediment.(3) Mechanisms of NAPL emplacement in sediments, which include:(a) Advective transport from upland sources,(b) Deposition on a competent sediment surface from direct releases to surface water, with potential burial by sediment deposition (applies to DNAPL only), and(c) Formation and deposition of OPAs, with potential burial by sediment deposition.(4) Indicators for the potential presence and extent of NAPL, including observance of seeps, droplets and/or sheens within a water body.(5) The potential for human and ecological exposures to NAPL in sediment or by means of NAPL release to overlying surface water.4.6 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:4.6.1 Section 1 – ;4.6.2 Section 2 – Referenced Documents;4.6.3 Section 3 – Terminology;4.6.4 Section 4 – ;4.6.5 Section 5 – Unique Aspects of Sediment Sites;4.6.6 Section 6 – NAPL Emplacement Mechanisms;4.6.7 Section 7 – NAPL Movement Decision Analysis Framework;4.6.8 Section 8 – Keywords;4.6.9 Appendix X1 – Emplacement Models: Potential NAPL Interactions at Surface Water Boundaries and Effects on NAPL Movement;4.6.10 Appendix X2 – Sedimentary Processes and Groundwater – Surface Water Interactions;4.6.11 Appendix X3 – NAPL Movement Terminology.4.7 This guide provides an overview of the unique characteristics influencing the presence and potential movement of NAPL in aquatic sediment environments. This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring or remedial action.4.7.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders.4.7.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities necessary to develop a CSM should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL impacted sediment site characterization techniques, physical and chemical properties of NAPL in sediments, fate and transport processes, remediation technologies, and sediment evaluation protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.1.1 This guide is designed for general application to a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present or suspected to be present. This guide describes multiple emplacement mechanisms that can result in NAPL presence within the sediment stratigraphic profile and how the characteristics of the sediment, aquatic environment, and NAPL properties influence NAPL movement within sediments. This guide provides example conceptual models for NAPL emplacement in sediments in order to establish a common framework that can be used to assess conditions influencing NAPL movement by means of advection.1.2 This guide supplements methodologies for characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state and local environmental programs, but does not replace regulatory agency requirements. The users of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.1.3 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Ebullition is ubiquitous in sediment and is primarily a significant concern when there is associated NAPL/contaminant transport, resulting in exposure risk to humans, ecological receptors, or both. Ebullition may also be a concern when capping has been chosen as part of a site remedy.4.2 Understanding the potential for ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport in sediment is an important element of an overall conceptual site model (CSM) that forms a basis for (1) evaluating if (and how) human and ecological receptors may be exposed to NAPL/contaminants, and (2) assessing remedial alternatives. In addition, demonstrating the potential for (and extent of) ebullition-facilitated transport of NAPL/contaminants in sediments to regulators and other stakeholders has been historically hampered by the lack of standardized terminology and characterization protocols. The complexity of ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport in sediment, and the lack of agreed upon methods for analysis and interpretation of site data, has led to uncertainty in corrective action decision-making at sediment sites. This has sometimes resulted in misleading expectations about remedial outcomes. The ebullition-facilitated transport mechanisms for NAPL/contaminants in sediments are different from advective transport mechanisms in sediment or in upland environments, due to a variety of physical, geochemical, and biological differences, thus necessitating this guide.4.3 This guide is intended to serve as a stand-alone document to consider conditions that are unique to ebullition and ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport, as well as to complement other guides used for CSM development at contaminated sediment sites (Guides E1689, E1739, E2081, E2531, and E3248). This guide will aid users in understanding the unique and fundamental characteristics of sediment environments that influence the occurrence of ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport. Understanding the site characteristics that influence ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport within the sediment column will aid in identifying specific data requirements necessary to investigate these conditions, which will enable further refinement of the CSM and provide a sound basis for remedy decisions.4.4 Ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport is the primary transport mechanism that is addressed within this guide.4.4.1 In addition to ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport, porewater advection may also facilitate NAPL/contaminant transport; however, this process is beyond the scope of this guide. Advective transport of NAPL in sediments is addressed in Guide E3248.4.4.2 Processes associated with NAPL/contaminant transport due to erosion (for example, propeller wash) are not within the scope of this guide.4.5 This guide identifies the relevant information necessary for a technically reliable and comprehensive CSM in support of the investigation or remediation of ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport in sediments. It describes the conditions that lead to (or influence) ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport, methods for quantifying the ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant flux rate, considerations for field measurements, and use of field results in extrapolating the NAPL/contaminant flux rate. A technically reliable and comprehensive CSM will result in a more efficient and consistent investigation of ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport in sediments to support remedy decisions. This guide may also be beneficial for evaluating ebullition alone at sites (for example, as input into sediment cap design).4.6 Many materials (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, and creosote) enter the subsurface as an immiscible liquid, known as NAPL, which may flow as a separate phase from water. NAPL can contain contaminants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).4.6.1 Sheens may be observed on the surface of the water body from sources other than ebullition, such as natural/biogenic sheens, advective NAPL/contaminant transport, outfalls (for example, municipal and industrial), or vessel leaks. Identifying sources of sheens other than ebullition is not within the scope of this guide.4.7 This guide assumes that a CSM has been developed that includes the nature and extent of NAPL/contaminants in sediment. This CSM would include an understanding of (1) the hydrological setting, (2) the physical and chemical characteristics of the sediment and water body, (3) the physical and chemical characteristics of the NAPL/contaminants, (4) mechanism(s) of NAPL/contaminant emplacement, (5) the physical extent of the NAPL/contaminant zone, and (6) the potential for human and ecological exposures to NAPL/contaminants in sediment, or via NAPL/contaminant release to overlying surface water. The means and methods for collecting this information are not addressed in this guide.4.8 This guide assumes that the user has developed a CSM that provides a framework for developing a conceptual model (CM) that is a component of the overall CSM, which addresses ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport. This guide will help users understand the physical and chemical conditions and emplacement mechanisms that lead to (or influence) ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport, as well as aid in prioritizing and executing methods for gathering field data and interpreting results to support the development of a CSM for the site.4.8.1 The elements of the ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport CM describe the physical and chemical properties of the environment, the hydraulic conditions, the source of the NAPL/contaminants, and the nature and extent of the NAPL/contaminant zone. The CM is a dynamic, evolving model that will change through time as new data are collected and evaluated or as physical conditions of the site change due to natural or engineered processes. The goal of the CM is to describe the nature, distribution, and setting of the NAPL/contaminants in sufficient detail, so that questions regarding current and potential future risks, longevity, and amenability to remedial action can be adequately addressed.4.8.2 The elements for the ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport CM may include, but are not limited to:4.8.2.1 Factors affecting the rate of gas production:(1) Presence of microbial consortia capable of OM mineralization(2) Presence of labile OM(3) Geochemical conditions conducive to methanogenesis(4) Sediment temperature4.8.2.2 Factors affecting the nucleation of gas bubbles, bubble growth and migration through the sediment column:(1) Availability of nucleation sites(2) Sediment properties (for example, tensile strength, grain size, porosity, bulk density, cohesion, and heterogeneity)(3) Porewater properties (for example, gas concentrations, salinity, pH, and geochemistry)(4) Environmental setting (for example, hydrostatic pressure, atmospheric pressure, and groundwater seepage)4.8.2.3 Presence and extent of the NAPL/contaminant zone, including identification of where it is collocated with active ebullition zones.4.8.2.4 Ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport rates, including spatial and temporal variability:(1) Screening-level evaluations(2) Quantitative evaluations4.9 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:4.9.1 Section 1: ;4.9.2 Section 2: Referenced Documents;4.9.3 Section 3: Terminology;4.9.4 Section 4: ;4.9.5 Section 5: Fundamentals and Considerations During Development of a Conceptual Site Model4.9.6 Section 6: Initial Screening for Gas Ebullition and Ebullition Flux Measurement;4.9.7 Section 7: Gas Ebullition Measurement;4.9.8 Section 8: Quantification of Ebullition-Facilitated Transport of NAPL/Contaminants;4.9.9 Section 9: Field Considerations in the Measurement of NAPL/Contaminant Fluxes;4.9.10 Section 10: Keywords;4.9.11 Appendix X1: Organic Matter Degradation and Microbiology of Biogenic Gas Production in Sediments;4.9.12 Appendix X2: Carbon Source Identification Using Radioisotope Analysis;4.9.13 Appendix X3: Bench Scale Testing for Biogenic Gas; and4.9.14 References.4.10 This guide provides an overview of the unique characteristics influencing ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport in aquatic sediment environments. This guide is not intended to provide specific guidance on sediment site investigation, risk assessment, monitoring, or remedial action.4.10.1 This guide may be used by various parties involved in a sediment site, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders.4.10.2 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant transport in sediments. Activities necessary to develop a CSM should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL/contaminant-impacted sediment site characterization techniques, physical and chemical properties of NAPL/contaminants in sediments, fate and transport processes, remediation technologies, and sediment evaluation protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute appropriate data acquisition activities.1.1 This guide addresses the processes that lead to (or influence) ebullition-facilitated nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)/contaminant transport, methods for quantifying that transport, considerations for sample timing, sampling procedures, and use of results in extrapolating an annual ebullition-facilitated NAPL/contaminant load to a site, or a portion of a site. This guide is not intended to address remediation of sites where ebullition-facilitated transport of NAPL/contaminants is occurring, fate and transport of contaminants subsequent to the ebullition transport mechanism, the measurement of contaminant concentrations within the gas bubbles, ebullition-associated human health and ecological risk, NAPL advection, or determining the depth of ebullition below the mudline. Additionally, gas transport without NAPL/contaminants is possible in areas with gas generation and limited NAPL contamination of the sediment, which is covered in this guide. Ebullition should be evaluated at sites where sediment capping is anticipated.1.2 The users of this guide should be aware of the appropriate regulatory requirements that apply to sediment sites where NAPL is present or suspected to occur. The user should consult applicable regulatory agency requirements to identify appropriate technical decision criteria and seek regulatory approvals, as necessary.1.3 ASTM standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for sediment programs. The guide supplements characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs, but it does not replace regulatory agency requirements.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 NAPLs (for example, chlorinated solvents, petroleum products, and creosote) can be emplaced in sediments through a variety of mechanisms (Guide E3248). Dense non-aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs) are more dense than water, whereas light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) are less dense than water.4.2 Standardized guidance and test methods currently exist for assessing NAPL mobility at upland sites, from organizations such as ASTM (Guides E2531 and E2856), Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council (1)3 and the American Petroleum Institute (2, 3).4.3 Guide E3248 provides guidance regarding when a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted. After confirming that NAPL is present and evaluating nature and extent as appropriate, the next step in any NAPL movement evaluation is to evaluate if NAPL is mobile or immobile at the pore scale—this is done using tiered or weight of evidence (WOE) approaches. This guide provides a structured process to select samples to submit to the laboratory for NAPL mobility testing that is part of a NAPL movement evaluation.4.4 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment corrective action programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, and other stakeholders.4.5 This guide should be used in conjunction with other reference material (refer to Section 2 and References) that direct the user in developing and implementing sediment assessment programs.4.6 This guide is related to Guide E3163, concerning sediment analytical techniques used during sediment programs. This relates to Guide E3248, which discusses generic models for the emplacement and advection of NAPL in sediments. It is related to Guide E3268, which describes sample collection, field screening and sample handling considerations in NAPL movement evaluations. And this is related to Guide E3282, which describes evaluation metrics and frameworks to determine if NAPL is immobile or immobile at the pore scale, or if it is migrating or stable at the NAPL body scale.4.7 This guide does not replace the need for engaging competent persons to evaluate NAPL emplacement and movement in sediments. Activities necessary to develop a conceptual site model should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization techniques, physical and chemical properties of NAPL in sediments, fate and transport processes, remediation technologies, and sediment evaluation protocols. The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced project professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute sediment NAPL data acquisition activities.4.8 This guide provides a framework based on overarching features and elements that should be customized by the user, based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and program objectives for a particular sediment site. This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.9 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 Summary of the Process for Screening and Selection of Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility TestingSection 6 Methods for Recording Visual Observations of Sheen and NAPL in Sediment SamplesSection 7 Methods for Performing Shake Testing of Sediment SamplesSection 8 Categorizing the Relative Presence of NAPL in SedimentSection 9 Use of NAPL Categorization Results to Select Existing Samples or Identify Locations and Depths for Collecting Additional Undisturbed Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility TestingSection 10 Other Methods to Select Samples for Laboratory NAPL Mobility TestingSection 11 KeywordsAppendix X1 Recommended Procedure for Visually Characterizing Sediment for Sheen or NAPL ObservationsAppendix X2 Recommended Procedure for a Sediment-Water Shake TestAppendix X3 Case StudyReferences  1.1 This guide is designed for general application at a wide range of sediment sites where non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) is present or suspected to be present in the sediment. This guide describes a process to use field screening methods, specifically visual observations, and the results of shake tests, to categorize the relative amount of NAPL present in a sample. This categorization can then be utilized to select co-located sediment samples for laboratory testing to determine if the NAPL in the sample interval is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, or any other chemical or physical testing.1.1.1 There is no current industry standard methodology to select sediment samples for laboratory NAPL mobility testing; the use of different methodologies is possible. This guide focuses on a selection process that uses visual observations and shake tests. This process has the advantage of being simple to use and, if applied in a disciplined manner, has been demonstrated to provide good results in the field.1.2 This guide is intended to inform, complement, and support characterization and remedial efforts performed under international, federal, state, and local environmental programs but not supersede local, state, federal, or international regulations. The users of this guide should review existing information and data available for a sediment site to determine applicable regulatory agency requirements and the most appropriate entry point into and use of this guide.1.3 ASTM International (ASTM) standard guides are not regulations; they are consensus standard guides that may be followed voluntarily to support applicable regulatory requirements. This guide may be used in conjunction with other ASTM guides developed for assessing sediment sites.1.4 This guide does not address methods and means of sample collection (Guide E3163).1.5 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Hydrophobic organic liquids (for example, petroleum hydrocarbons, coal tars) may exist in the environment for long periods of time as NAPLs. Standardized guidance and test methods do not exist to assess NAPL movement (both pore-scale mobility and NAPL body-scale migration) in sediment. Literature searches have resulted in a limited body of available and applicable research. Current research has focused on site-specific sediment NAPL movement evaluation approaches.4.2 Standardized guidance and test methods currently exist for assessing NAPL mobility and migration at upland sites, from organizations such as ASTM International (Guides E2531 and E2856), Interstate Technology and Regulatory Council (2), and the American Petroleum Institute (3, 4). Approaches commonly used in upland sites may or may not be applicable for any given sediment site. This guide provides perspectives on the applicability of various methodologies for specific sediment conditions.4.3 This guide describes various methodologies that are useful in sediment NAPL movement evaluation, such as laboratory test methods, calculation approaches, and field observation interpretation. The guide then provides frameworks to evaluate the data generated from these methodologies to determine if the NAPL observed in the sediments under in situ conditions exhibits movement of any kind.4.4 Important exposure pathways in upland sites are usually not applicable to sediment sites. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency notes, “Contaminants in the biologically active layer of the surface sediment at a site often drive exposure” (5). In aquatic environments, benthic organisms live in the surface sediment to maintain access to oxygenated overlying water. These benthic organisms are at the base of the food chain. If NAPL in subsurface sediment is not migrating, the NAPL will not move into the surface sediment and result in exposure to benthic organisms. NAPL that is stable and only present in subsurface sediment likely does not pose a risk to human or ecological receptors, because there is no completed pathway to exposure if the overlying sediment remains in place (that is, it is not dredged or eroded). With no completed exposure pathway, removal of the NAPL in the subsurface sediment may not be needed during any remedy. Therefore, understanding the potential for movement of NAPL in sediments is a key factor in the management of contaminated sediment sites. Knowledge of NAPL movement is required for developing effective remedial options for NAPL impacted sediments and for long-term management of sediment sites.4.5 The user of this guide should review the overall structure and components of this guide before proceeding with use, including:Section 1 Section 2 Referenced DocumentsSection 3 TerminologySection 4 Section 5 NAPL Mobility and Migration Evaluation FrameworkSection 6 Tiered and Weight of Evidence NAPL Movement Evaluation ApproachesSection 7 Centrifuge Test MethodsSection 8 Water Drive Test MethodsSection 9 Calculation Methods for Potential Vertical Movement of NAPLSection 10 Field Observation MethodologiesSection 11 KeywordsAppendix X1 Laboratory Analysis Methods Commonly Used in NAPL Movement Evaluations (non-mandatory)Appendix X2 Illustrative Examples of Tiered and WOE Approaches to Evaluate NAPL Movement (non-mandatory)Appendix X3 Case Studies (non-mandatory)Appendix X4 Additional Information on Centrifuge Testing Technology in NAPL Mobility Testing (non-mandatory)Appendix X5 Laboratory Handling and Preparation of Sediment Cores (non-mandatory)Appendix X6 Additional Information on Water Drive Test Methods in NAPL Mobility Testing (non-mandatory)Appendix X7 NAPL Net Vertical Gradient Calculation Method (non-mandatory)Appendix X8 NAPL Effective Hydraulic Conductivity Estimation Methods (non-mandatory)References  4.6 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by persons familiar with NAPL-impacted sediment site characterization techniques and sediment remediation science and technology, as well as sediment NAPL mobility and migration assessment protocols and methodologies.4.7 This guide may be used by various parties involved in sediment programs, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants, toxicologists, risk assessors, site remediation professionals, environmental contractors, analytical testing laboratories, data validators, data reviewers and users, and other stakeholders, which may include, but are not limited to, owners, buyers, developers, lenders, insurers, government agencies, and community members and groups.4.8 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Instead, this guide may be used to complement and support such requirements. Any remedial actions taken should meet the regulatory standards for the regulatory entity under which the corrective action is being performed.4.9 This guide provides a framework based on overarching features and elements that should be customized by the user, based on site-specific conditions, regulatory context, and program objectives for a particular sediment site. This guide should not be used alone as a prescriptive checklist.4.10 Assessment of NAPL movement in sediments is an evolving science. This guide provides a systematic, yet flexible, framework to accommodate variations in approaches by regulatory agencies and users, based on project objectives, site complexity, unique site features, programmatic and regulatory requirements, newly developed guidance, newly published scientific research, use of alternative scientifically based methods and procedures, changes in regulatory criteria, advances in scientific knowledge and technical capability, multiple line of evidence (LOE) approaches, and unforeseen circumstances.4.11 Use of this guide supports multiple LOE approaches, using tiered or WOE evaluation frameworks, for the evaluation of NAPL movement in sediments.4.12 Use of this guide is consistent with the sediment risk-based corrective action (RBCA) process that guides the user to obtain the appropriate data; acquire and evaluate additional data; and refine goals, objectives, receptors, exposure pathways, and the CSM. As the sediment RBCA process proceeds, data and conclusions reached at each step of the process help focus subsequent evaluation. This integrative process results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making and timely, appropriate response actions for NAPL-impacted sediments.1.1 This guide discusses methodologies that can be applied to evaluate the potential for the movement (that is, pore-scale mobility or NAPL body-scale migration) of non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL) in sediments. NAPL movement assessment in sediments is significantly different than in upland soils. As such, the frameworks for evaluating NAPL movement in upland soils have limited applicability for sediments. In particular, because upland NAPL conceptual site models may not be applicable to many sediment sites, this guide provides a framework to evaluate whether NAPL is mobile (at the pore scale) or migrating (at the NAPL body scale) in sediments.1.2 Assessment of the potential for NAPL to move in sediment is important for several reasons, including (but not limited to) evaluation of risk to potential receptors, the need for potential remedial action, and potential remedial strategies. For example, if the NAPL is migrating, sensitive receptors may be impacted and this will influence the choice and timing of any remedy selected for an area of the sediment site. If the NAPL is not mobile or migrating, then remedial actions may not be warranted.1.3 This guide is applicable at sediment sites where NAPL has been identified in the sediment by various screening methods and the need for a NAPL movement evaluation is warranted (Guide E3248).1.4 Petroleum hydrocarbon, coal tar, and other tar NAPLs (including fuels, oils, and creosote) are the primary focus of this guide. These forms of contamination are commonly related to historical operations at refineries, petroleum distribution terminals, manufactured gas plants (MGPs), and various large industrial sites.1.5 Although certain technical aspects of this guide apply to other NAPLs (for example, dense NAPLs [DNAPLs] such as chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents), this guide does not completely address the additional complexities of those DNAPLs.1.6 The goal of this guide is to provide a sound technical basis to determine if NAPL at the site is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, and if mobile, whether it is stable or migrating at the NAPL body scale. The potential for NAPL movement in the sediment is a key component in the development of the conceptual site model (CSM) and in deciding what remedial options should potentially be chosen for the site to reduce potential risks to human health and ecological receptors.1.7 This guide can be used to help develop, or refine, a CSM for the sediment site. A robust CSM is typically needed to optimize potential future work efforts at the site, which may include various risk management and remedial strategies for the site, as well as subsequent monitoring after any remedy implementation.1.8 This guide considers the mobility of NAPL in sediments that originated from three broad categories of potential NAPL emplacement mechanisms (Guide E3248).1.8.1 Migration of NAPL by advection (flow through the soil pore network) from an upland site into the pore network of sediments beneath an adjacent water body is one category of NAPL emplacement mechanism. This most commonly occurs within coarse-grained strata in the sediment.1.8.2 Direct discharge of light NAPL (LNAPL) into a waterway, where it is broken down by mechanical energy to form LNAPL beads, is another category of NAPL emplacement mechanism. Oil-particle aggregates (OPAs) are formed when suspended particulates in surface water adhere to LNAPL beads. Once enough particulates have adhered to an LNAPL bead and the OPA becomes dense enough, it settles through the water column onto a competent sediment surface, where it forms an in situ deposited NAPL (IDN) and may be buried by future sedimentation.1.8.3 The third category of NAPL emplacement mechanism is DNAPL flow (that is, direct discharge of DNAPL into a waterway), followed by settling through the water column and deposition directly onto a competent sediment surface, where it may be buried by future sedimentation.1.9 Ebullition-facilitated transport of NAPL from the sediment to the water column by gas bubbles is not within the scope of this guide. The evaluation of ebullition and associated NAPL/contaminant transport is covered in Guide E3300. Transport of NAPL due to erosional forces (for example, propeller wash) is not within the scope of this guide.1.10 This guide (see Section 5) presents an overall framework to evaluate if NAPL at the site is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, and migrating or stable at the NAPL body scale. It provides guidance on approaches and methodologies that address questions regarding NAPL movement evaluation.1.11 This guide (see Section 6) discusses the use of data from various laboratory tests (Appendix X1), calculation methodologies, and other methodologies to technically evaluate if NAPL in sediment at various locations in the site is mobile or immobile at the pore scale, and stable or migrating at the NAPL body scale. This evaluation can be performed using tiered and weight of evidence (WOE) frameworks. For example, it may be possible that NAPL is mobile or migrating in one part of the site, but is immobile in other parts of the site. There are currently no industry standard tiered and WOE frameworks to evaluate if NAPL in sediment is mobile or migrating, but illustrative examples of such frameworks are presented in Appendix X2. Case studies demonstrating the application of the example tiered and WOE frameworks exhibited in Appendix X2 are presented in Appendix X3.1.12 This guide (see Section 7) discusses applicable laboratory centrifuge testing methodologies that are used to evaluate NAPL mobility or immobility at the pore scale under the applicable test conditions (also see Appendix X4). Appendix X5 discusses the laboratory preparation of sediment samples used in centrifuge testing.1.13 This guide (see Section 8) discusses applicable laboratory water drive testing methodologies that are used to evaluate NAPL mobility or immobility at the pore scale under the applicable test conditions. This section discusses both rigid wall and flexible wall permeameter testing (also see Appendix X6). Appendix X5 discusses the laboratory preparation of sediment samples used in water drive testing.1.14 This guide (see Section 9) discusses calculation methodologies that provide insight into pore-scale NAPL mobility and NAPL body-scale migration at the site. To perform some of these calculations, NAPL property data such as density, viscosity, and NAPL–water interfacial tension are needed (see Appendix X1). The calculation methodologies include NAPL density versus hydraulic gradient calculations; pore entry pressure calculations; critical NAPL layer thickness calculations; and NAPL pore velocity calculations (also see Appendix X7 and Appendix X8).1.15 This guide (see Section 10) presents other field observation approaches that are useful in evaluating pore-scale NAPL mobility and NAPL body-scale migration. These methodologies include vertical profiles of NAPL saturation (including isopach mapping of the thickness of unimpacted sediment above the NAPL zone); and installation of monitoring wells in sediment.1.16 Units—The values stated in SI or CGS units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.17 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.18 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Preformed tape sealants are tacky, deformable solids that are used under compression between two substrates in a variety of sealing applications. In general, oil migration or plasticizer bleed-out is not desirable. However, in some limited instances, a controlled amount of plasticizer migration is sometimes desired in order to improve the penetration of the tape into the interstices of porous substrates. This test method is designed to indicate whether or not a preformed tape sealant exhibits oil or plasticizer migration and, if so, to what extent.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure that can be used to determine the oil migration or plasticizer bleed-out of preformed tape sealants.1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The subcommittee with jurisdiction is not aware of any similar ISO standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This practice covers the introduction of a foreign substance into mammalian body that may induce the formation of an immune response. The immune response may lead to inadvertent tissue damage and be an undesirable event. In the standard protocols for biocompatibility testing, various studies in animals are done. These animals or their blood and tissues could be used to determine if immune responses have occurred and what types have occurred. At the current time, the immunologic testing in biocompatibility protocols is very limited. Techniques can be developed in the future which are simple, reliable, and sensitive.1.2 It is the purpose of this practice to delineate some possible test methods. It must be remembered that these are protocols for use in biocompatibility testing, they are not diagnostic tests for evaluation of human conditions. Diagnostic test for use on humans must go through evaluation at the regulatory agencies. The tests described here are clearly adaptable for use in humans and can be used for research purposes and provide data in clinical trials, but are not necessarily cleared for diagnostic purposes. This practice presents selected methods. Other validated methods may be equally applicable.1.3 The values state in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method provides a means of evaluating roof membranes, seams, and laps for resistance to water migration from standing water on the roof. This test method evaluates roof membranes when first applied and also after simulated deterioration caused by the ultraviolet energy of the sun.1.1 This test method covers the determination of water migration resistance of roof membranes including built-up roof membranes, modified bitumen, and single-ply roof membranes. The procedures were developed to determine the potential for leakage of water through the roof membranes resulting from a standing head of water and when pressurized with air from the underside.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Water permeability is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other properties to characterize honeycomb sandwich core materials. Migration testing can be used to characterize and compare the relative permeability of honeycomb core materials to water.5.2 This test method provides a standard method of characterizing the rate of water migration within honeycomb sandwich core materials for design properties, material specifications, research and development applications, and quality assurance.5.3 Factors that influence water migration rate characteristics of honeycomb sandwich core materials and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material, methods of material fabrication, core geometry (cell size), core thickness, core thickness uniformity, cell wall thickness, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, facing material, facing permeability, adhesive permeability, adhesive thickness, and methods of mass, volume, and water column height measurement.1.1 This test method covers the determination of water migration in honeycomb core materials.1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The effects of silver migration are short circuiting or reduction in insulation resistance. It is evidenced by staining or dicoloration between the cathode and anode conductive traces.4.2 Accelerated testing may be accomplished by increasing the voltage over the specified voltages. (A typical starting point would be 5Vdc 50mA).1.1 This test method is used to determine the susceptibility of a membrane switch to the migration of the silver between circuit traces under dc voltage potential.1.2 Silver migration will occur when special conditions of moisture and electrical energy are present.

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3.1 Plasticizers in finished vinyl fabric can be transferred to coatings with which they come in contact. When this takes place, objectionable marring and softening occur. This test method covers an accelerated test for measurement of this tendency.1.1 This test method covers an accelerated test for the measurement of a tendency for plasticizers in finished vinyl fabric to be transferred to coatings with which they come in contact.NOTE 1: Age of fabric sample may affect results of test. To ensure most reliable results, test with fabric sample closest in age to what will be coated.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Knowledge of migrants from plastic materials may serve many useful purposes, such as testing for compliance with food additive regulations. The procedure described in this test method is recommended as suitable for obtaining such data on many migrant(s)/plastic(s) combinations.1.1 This test method covers the use of the FDA migration cell in the extraction of components and permits quantitation of individual migrants from plastic materials by suitable extracting liquids, including liquid foods and food-stimulating solvents.1.2 This test method provides a two-sided, liquid extraction test for plastic materials that can be formed into film, sheet, or disks.1.3 This test method has been applied to a variety of migrant/polymer systems in contact with numerous foods and food simulants.2 Though most of the migrants examined were radiolabeled, the use of the FDA cell has been validated for migration studies of unlabeled sytrene from polystyrene.31.4 This test method has been shown to yield reproducible results under the conditions for migration tests requested by the FDA. However, if the data is to be submitted to the FDA, it is suggested that their guidelines be consulted.1.5 Because it employs two-sided extraction, this test method may not be suitable for multi-layered plastics intended for single-sided food contact use.1.6 The size of the FDA migration cell as described may preclude its use in determining total nonvolatile extractives in some cases.NOTE 1: For more information, see Practice D1898, the AOAC Methods of Analysis on Flexible Barrier Materials Exposed for Extraction, and the Guidance for Industry: Preparation of Premarket Submissions for Food Contact Substances: Chemistry Recommendations, December 2007.1.7 Analytical procedures must be available to quantitate the migrant(s) generated by this test method.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8.NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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