5.1 This test procedure provides a method of evaluating the frictional torque and friction factor of artificial hip joint bearings under the stated in-vitro test conditions.5.2 Friction is not simply a materials property. The specimen system and the effects on its friction are multi-factorial, including the materials and processing of the components, the design and assembly of the components, the test parameters, and environmental factors (lubricant, temperature, etc.).5.3 The procedure may be used as a standardized method of measuring friction for a particular system, or as a method of investigating the effects of specific test parameters such as hip sizes, designs, radial clearance, different lubricants, clamping (nonuniform sphericity), misalignments during installation, etc.5.4 The procedure may be used to study the variation of friction with time as the specimens wear, which is particularly useful for samples that undergo a transition from “run-in” to “steady-state” wear behavior. Since the motion and load waveforms are identical to those specified in ISO 14242-1:2014, standardized friction and wear measurements may be combined and viewed in the correct perspective where they affect each other.5.5 Frictional torque, and in particular the maximum value, are useful to assess the torques that may compromise fixation, or cause disassociation of modular components in acetabular cup or liner/shell assemblies through a lever-out or torsion-out mechanism.5.6 Friction factor is a useful parameter for comparison of materials and designs, and provides insights into the lubrication regime operating in the implant system. Friction factor measurement may also be able to detect acetabular liner deformation (clamping referred to earlier).1.1 This test procedure provides a method of evaluating the frictional torque and friction factor of artificial hip joint bearings used in Total Hip Replacement systems. The method presented here was based on a published study, first as a conference paper in 2008 (1)2 and then as a peer-reviewed journal paper (2). The method is compatible with and is capable of being carried out during actual wear testing of total hip replacement implants on wear simulators equipped with multiple degrees of freedom force and moment sensors.1.2 Although the methodology described does not replicate all physiological loading conditions, it is a means of in-vitro comparison of the frictional torque and friction factor of artificial hip joint bearings used in Total Hip Replacement systems under the stated test conditions.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This guide is general and is intended as a planning guide. To satisfactorily sample a specific site, an investigator must sometimes design new sampling equipment or modify existing equipment. Because of the dynamic nature of the transport process, the extent to which characteristics such as mass concentration and particle-size distribution are accurately represented in samples depends upon the method of collection. Sediment discharge is highly variable both in time and space so numerous samples properly collected with correctly designed equipment are necessary to provide data for discharge calculations. General properties of both temporal and spatial variations are discussed.1.1 This guide covers the equipment and basic procedures for sampling to determine discharge of sediment transported by moving liquids. Equipment and procedures were originally developed to sample mineral sediments transported by rivers but they are applicable to sampling a variety of sediments transported in open channels or closed conduits. Procedures do not apply to sediments transported by flotation.1.2 This guide does not pertain directly to sampling to determine nondischarge-weighted concentrations, which in special instances are of interest. However, much of the descriptive information on sampler requirements and sediment transport phenomena is applicable in sampling for these concentrations, and 9.2.8 and 13.1.3 briefly specify suitable equipment. Additional information on this subject will be added in the future.1.3 The cited references are not compiled as standards; however they do contain information that helps ensure standard design of equipment and procedures.1.4 Information given in this guide on sampling to determine bedload discharge is solely descriptive because no specific sampling equipment or procedures are presently accepted as representative of the state-of-the-art. As this situation changes, details will be added to this guide.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 12.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1. Scope 1.1 This Standard describes the investigations required to obtain the seismological and geological information necessary to determine, for a proposed CANDU nuclear power plant site, the seismic ground motion that will be utilized in seismic qu

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1. Scope 1.1 This Standard applies to design and performance criteria of operator controls located at the normal operating position. 1.2 This Standard provides guidelines for operator controls as relating to uniformity of location and direction of

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5.1 This test method is used for determining the wear life properties of bonded solid lubricants in oscillating motion under the prescribed test conditions. This test method differentiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their wear life. If the test conditions are changed, relative wear life may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film lubricants may be different.1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of a bonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion by means of a block-on-ring2 friction and wear testing machine.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Products are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the transportation environment. The determination of the resonant frequencies of the product may aid the packaging designer in determining the proper packaging system to provide adequate protection for the product, as well as providing an understanding of the complex interactions between the components of the product as they relate to expected transportation vibration inputs.1.1 These test methods cover the determination of resonances of unpackaged products and components of unpackaged products by means of vertical linear motion at the surface on which the product is mounted for test. Two alternate test methods are presented:Test Method A—Resonance Search Using Sinusoidal Vibration, andTest Method B—Resonance Search Using Random Vibration.NOTE 1: The two test methods are not necessarily equivalent and may not produce the same results. It is possible that tests using random vibration may be more representative of the transport environment and may be conducted more quickly than sine tests.1.2 This information may be used to examine the response of products to vibration for product design purposes, or for the design of a container or interior package that will minimize transportation vibration inputs at these critical frequencies, when these products resonances are within the expected transportation environment frequency range. Since vibration damage is most likely to occur at product resonant frequencies, these resonances may be thought of as potential product fragility points.1.3 Information obtained from the optional dwell test methods may be used to assess the fatigue characteristics of the resonating components and for product modification. This may become necessary if the response of a product would require design of an impractical or excessively costly shipping container.1.4 These test methods do not necessarily simulate the vibration effects that the product will encounter in its operational or in-use environment. Other, more suitable test procedures should be used for this purpose.1.5 Test levels given in these test methods represent the correlation of the best information currently available from research investigation and from experience in the use of these test methods. If more applicable or accurate data are available, they should be substituted.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 6 for specific precautionary statements.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Total Facet Prosthesis Components—The total facet replacement may comprise a variety of shapes and configurations. Its forms may include, but are not limited to: ball-and-socket articulating joints, joints having a free-floating or semi-constrained third body, metallic load-bearing surfaces, and spring and dampening mechanisms. Additionally, it may have a unilateral or bilateral design.5.2 Spinal Testing Apparatus: 5.2.1 Test Chambers—In case of a multispecimen machine, each chamber shall be isolated to prevent cross-contamination of the test specimens. The chamber shall be made entirely of corrosion-resistant materials, such as acrylic plastic or stainless steel, and shall be removable from the machine for thorough cleaning between tests.5.2.2 Component Clamping/Fixturing—Since the purpose of the test is to characterize the wear and kinematic function of the total facet prosthesis, the method for mounting components in the test chamber shall not compromise the accuracy of assessment of the weight loss or stiffness variation during the test. For example, prostheses having complicated superior and inferior surfaces for contacting bone (for example, sintered beads, hydroxylapatite (HA) coating, plasma spray) may be specially manufactured to modify that surface in a manner that does not affect the wear simulation.5.2.3 The device should be securely (rigidly) attached at its bone-implant interface to the mating test fixtures.5.2.4 The motion of the superior test fixture (more posterior fixture in Figs. 1 and 2) relative to the inferior testing fixture shall be constrained in three-dimensional space except for the components in the direction of specified test motions/loads.FIG. 1 Diagrams of Possible Test Apparatus for Allowing Simultaneous Lateral Bending and Axial Rotation Motions with Anterior-Posterior Directed Facet LoadingNOTE 1: This setup would require two rotational actuators and one translational actuator.FIG. 2 Diagrams of Possible Test Apparatus for Allowing Simultaneous Flexion-Extension and Lateral Bending Motions with Anterior-Posterior Directed Facet LoadingNOTE 1: This setup would require two rotational actuators and one translational actuator.5.2.5 Load and Motion: 5.2.5.1 Facet loads (fx) are initially applied in the direction of the positive X-axis.5.2.5.2 Flexion load and motion are positive moment and rotation about the Y-axis.5.2.5.3 Extension load and motion are negative moment and rotation about the Y-axis.5.2.5.4 Lateral bend load and motion are positive and negative moments and rotations about the X-axis.5.2.5.5 Axial rotation load and motion are positive and negative moments and rotations about the Z-axis.5.2.6 Frequency—Test frequency shall be determined and justified by the user of this practice, and shall not exceed 2 Hz without adequate justification ensuring that the applied motion (load) profiles remain within specified tolerances and that the total facet prosthesis’s wear and functional characteristics are not significantly affected. See X1.6.5.2.7 Cycle Counter—One complete motion is the entire range from starting position through the range of motion (or load when in load control) and returning to the starting position (load). Cycles are to be counted using an automated counting device.1.1 This practice provides guidance for the functional, kinematic, and wear testing of motion-preserving total facet prostheses for the lumbar spine. These implants are intended to allow motion and lend support to the functional spinal unit(s) through replacement of the natural facets.1.2 This practice is not intended to address the bone implant interface or the static characteristics of the prosthesis components. Fatigue characteristics are included, but only as a by-product of cyclic wear testing under facet load and thus are not addressed in the typical process of generating a Stress-Life (S-N) characterization.1.3 Biocompatibility of the materials used in a total facet prosthesis are not addressed in this practice.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard with the exception of angular measurements, which may be reported in either degrees or radians.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is used to differentiate between greases having high, medium, and low wear preventive properties using oscillating motion. The user of this method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.1.1 This test method covers the determination of wear properties of lubricating greases by means of the Falex block-on-ring friction and wear test machine.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except where equipment is supplied using inch-pound units and would then be regarded as standard.1.2.1 Exception—The metric equivalents of inch-pound units given in such cases in the body of the standard may be approximate.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method can be used to determine anti-wear properties and coefficients of friction of greases under rolling type of movement at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in slip-rolling contacts in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian line contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gears, rolling bearings or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction of greases and their ability to protect against wear under a rolling type of motion when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of driving traction of tires designed for and mounted on passenger cars or light trucks traveling straight ahead on a wet paved surface. 1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. 1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 This test method allows the rearfoot control properties of running shoes or corrective orthoses within shoes to be compared provided they are tested concurrently and under identical conditions.5.2 Tests of this type are commonly used in the development and performance testing of running shoes and other in-shoe devices. Careful adherence to the requirements and recommendations of this test shall provide results which can be compared between different laboratories.NOTE 1: The variance in rearfoot motion due to differences between shoes is generally smaller than the variance between subjects. Direct comparisons between shoes tested in different experiments is therefore not possible.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of certain angular motions of the lower extremity during running, specifically, the frontal plane projection of the pronation and supination of the lower leg relative to the foot (“rearfoot motion”) and methods by which the effects of different running shoes on rearfoot motion may be compared.1.2 As used in this test method, footwear may refer to running shoes, corrective shoe inserts (orthoses) or specific combinations of both. The effects of orthoses may vary from shoe to shoe. Therefore, comparisons involving orthoses shall be qualified by the specific style of shoes in which they are tested.1.3 This test method is limited to the measurement of the two dimensional, frontal plane projection of the relative angular motion between the lower leg and the foot (“rearfoot motion”). It is not a direct measure of pronation or supination, which are three dimensional motions.1.4 This test method is limited to running motions in which the heel makes first contact with the ground during each step.1.5 This test method is applicable to measurements of rearfoot motion made while subjects run on a treadmill or while they run overground under controlled conditions.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 Weigh-In-Motion—This specification describes Weigh-In-Motion (WIM), the process of measuring the dynamic tire forces of a moving vehicle and estimating the corresponding tire loads of the static vehicle. Gross-vehicle weight of a highway vehicle is due only to the local force of gravity acting upon the composite mass of all connected vehicle components, and is distributed among the tires of the vehicle through connectors such as springs, motion dampers, and hinges. Highway WIM systems are capable of estimating the gross weight of a vehicle as well as the portion of this weight, called load in this specification, that is carried by the tires of each wheel assembly, axle, and axle group on the vehicle. 1.2 Other Traffic Data—Ancillary traffic data concerning the speed, lane of operation, date and time of passage, number and spacing of axles, and classification (according to axle arrangement) of each vehicle that is weighed in motion is desired for certain purposes. It is feasible for a WIM system to measure or calculate these traffic parameters and to process, summarize, store, display, record, hard-copy, and transmit the resulting data. Furthermore, differences in measured or calculated parameters as compared with selected control criteria can be detected and indicated to aid enforcement. In addition to tire-load information, a WIM system is capable of producing all, or specified portions of, these traffic data. 1.3 Standard Specification—Highway WIM systems generally have three applications: collecting statistical traffic data, aiding enforcement, and enforcement. This specification classifies four types of WIM systems according to their application and details their respective functional, performance, and user requirements. It is a performance-type (end product-type) specification. Exceptions and options to the specification may be included in any specification prepared by the user as part of the procurement process for WIM equipment or services, and vendors may offer exceptions and options in responding to an invitation to bid. 1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.2 1.5 The following precautionary caveat applies only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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