5.1 A nano-object is an individual, well-defined, and separable piece of a nanomaterial; in practice, nanomaterials used in research, products, testing, and other uses are usually collections of nano-objects. Individual nano-objects and collections of nano-objects are the two major types of nanomaterials in use. The description of an individual nano-object is covered in this guide; the description of collections of nano-objects (for example, two or more individual nano-objects) is not covered in this guide.5.2 Nanomaterials are of growing importance in research and commerce, and data on their physical and chemical characteristics are critical to predict performance, to transact commercial activities, to assess their potential for harm to human and animal health and the environment in general, and to support regulations that affect their use. To describe nanomaterials, whether for research or commerce, it is important to be able to describe an individual nano-object.5.3 When in a liquid environment, a nano-object may attract a non-permanent “halo” of water or other solvent molecules; such a non-permanent halo is not described by the present guide.5.4 In contrast, coatings and coronas are semi-permanent or permanent adherents on time scales commensurate with testing procedures; coatings and coronas can fundamentally transform one nano-object to another in terms of its characteristics and can be described using this guide.5.5 The four types of data and information used to describe a nano-object are: physical and chemical characteristics; production; specifications; and general identifiers (names and classifications), as shown in Fig. 1.5.6 This guide deals solely with data and information to describe the physical and chemical characterization of an individual nano-object.NOTE 2: Other guides and documents (see Section 2, Referenced Documents) deal with the data and information for production, specifications, and general identifiers (names and classifications).NOTE 3: Specifications are formal or informal documents that provide guidance on specifying the composition, structure, or any other aspect of a nano-object.5.7 In a practical sense, the amount of data and information reported to describe the physical and chemical characteristics differs widely depending on who is reporting and the reason they are reporting. Researchers examining specific aspects of a nano-object may choose to report a limited subset of characteristics. A test report on the potential toxicity of a nano-object may choose to report numerous characteristics. This guide supports both limited and complete reporting of the characteristics enumerated herein.5.8 The science of characterizing nano-objects is still evolving. Some information categories will require additional descriptors as new knowledge is developed. Some descriptors may become obsolete. Users should consult the latest guide for the most complete recommendations.5.9 The technology for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating scientific and technical data continues to evolve, and tools such as ontologies, database schemas, data repository reporting requirements, and data recoding formats are evolving similarly. This guide provides a clear, English language definition of information categories and descriptors used to describe an individual nano-object that can be used in these and other similar tools.5.10 A nano-object has properties and functionalities that are measured under specific measurement conditions. The description of a nano-object requires data and information on its properties as well as on the conditions under which those properties were measured, as shown in Fig. 2. The description of the data and information necessary to describe properties and functionalities as well as the procedure, which specify the measurement conditions under which the properties and functionalities are measured, are described in other guides and standards.5.11 The characteristics of an individual nano-object defined in this guide address the important physical and chemical properties of that nano-object. Because the techniques and instruments used to measure these properties can greatly influence the property value, when available, the measurement result being used should include as much information as possible about the measurement conditions.1.1 This guide provides guidelines for a description system for reporting the physical and chemical characteristics of individual nano-objects. It establishes information categories and descriptors useful in describing individual nano-objects uniquely and such that the equivalency of two or more individual nano-objects can be determined according to specific criteria.1.2 This guide is designed to be directly applicable to reporting the physical and chemical characteristics of nano-objects in every circumstance, including but not limited to reporting original research results in the archival literature, developing ontologies, database schemas, data repositories, and data reporting formats, specifying regulations, and enabling commercial activity.1.3 This guide is applicable to naturally-occurring, engineered, and manufactured nano-objects.1.4 One goal of the guide is to help ensure that when measurement results are reported, they are reported uniformly.1.5 A second goal of the guide is to encourage reports on the properties and functionalities of a nano-object to include as much detail as possible about the physical and chemical characteristics of that nano-object so it is uniquely specified.1.6 This guide does not cover the chemical reactions or reactivity of a nano-object.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 A nano-object at any specific time can be considered well-defined.5.2 The life-cycle of a nano-object can be viewed as a series of production processes that transforms starting materials or a well-defined nano-object into a new, equally well-defined nano-object.5.3 Each step of the life-cycle can be considered a separate production action and can be described by the information categories and descriptors within this guide.5.4 The following are examples of nano-object productions that can be described by this guide.5.4.1 The creation of carbon nanotubes by arc discharge.5.4.2 The coating of a nano-object in a random or controlled manner when placed in a liquid.NOTE 1: The reactivity of nano-objects makes it likely that even with the utmost precautions, various features and characteristics may change over time, for example, when a nano-object is placed in a liquid and coated. Such a coating can significantly change the properties, functionalities, and reactivity of the nano-object. This change can be considered one step of a life-cycle and is a production process.NOTE 2: A nano-object may have more than one coating. For example, titania nano-objects are often coated by alumina by manufacturers to control certain properties. When these previously coated nano-objects are placed in liquid containing biological molecules, they can acquire a second coating. It can require very careful administration of test procedures to ensure the test results can meaningfully be ascribed to characteristics and features of the “initial” nano-objects.5.4.3 A nano-object experiences changes to its size, shape, physical structure, and other characteristics.NOTE 3: Events such as shock (unexpected forces), temperature and pressure changes, humidity changes, shipping, dissolution, and exposure to acids and bases can result in a changed nano-object with significantly different properties, functionalities, and reactivity. These events can be considered a production process.5.4.4 Unless care is taken to carefully control potential changes to a nano-object before testing, measurement results should be carefully examined for unintended changes through good laboratory practices, statistical analysis of all data, and verification that test samples maintain their integrity throughout the testing process.5.5 A nano-object can be subjected to a series or sequence of production steps. The steps can be fully planned and controlled or some steps can happen due to random events. This guide is applicable to describe one, many, or all steps in detail.NOTE 4: For example, the testing of a nano-object for potential toxic effects may involve a sequence of steps as shown in Table 1. As can be seen, steps such as storage, insertion into biological media, or sampling can possibly involve random changes to the resulting nano-object.5.6 Use of this guide to describe the individual production steps leading to the creation of a tested nano-object can be important in ascertaining the cause-effect relationship between a test result and a nano-object that was made in one of the sequence production steps prior to creation of the tested nano-object.5.7 The reactivity of individual and collections of nano-objects gives rise to questions about their stability under “non-reactive” conditions such as movement, temperature changes, exposure to heat, and shock. These occurrences are frequent enough in the life cycle of nano-objects that additional information categories and descriptors should be used as detailed in 6.2.5.8 ISO TC 229 has produced ISO/TS 80004-1:2010(en) that defines terminology applicable to nanomanufacturing.5.9 Information on quality control with respect to the production process or production results is covered by ASTM and ISO quality control guides.1.1 This guide provides guidelines for describing the production of one or more individual nano-objects. It establishes essential and desirable information categories and descriptors important to specify the production process, including the starting materials, the process itself, and the resulting nano-objects.1.2 This guide is designed to be directly applicable to reporting production information and data for nano-objects in most circumstances, including but not limited to reporting original research results in the archival literature, developing of ontologies, database schemas, data repositories and data reporting formats, specifying regulations, and enabling commercial activity.1.3 This guide is applicable to an individual nano-object and a collection of nano-objects.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This guide specifies the format for representing and sharing information about nanomaterials, small molecules and biological specimens along with their assay characterization data using spreadsheet or TAB-delimited files. It is intended to facilitate the meaningful submission and exchange of nanomaterial descriptions and characterization data (metadata and summary data) along with the other files (raw/derived data files, image files, protocol documents, etc.) among individual researchers and to or from nanotechnology resources. It also provides researchers with guidelines for representing nanomaterials and characterizations to achieve cross-material comparison.1.1 This guide (ISA-TAB-Nano) specifies the format for representing and sharing information about nanomaterials, small molecules and biological specimens along with their assay characterization data (including metadata, and summary data) using spreadsheet or TAB-delimited files.1.2 The Appendices Sections contain a detailed listing of ISA-TAB-Nano fields (Appendix X1), a practical example (Appendix X2), a discussion of optional files (Appendix X3), and summary of background (Appendix X4).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 A nano-object is an individual, well-defined, and separable piece of a nanomaterial; in practice, nanomaterials used in research, products, testing, and other uses are almost always collections of nano-objects. Individual nano-objects and collections of nano-objects are the two major types of nanomaterials in use. The description of a collection of nano-objects is covered in this guide. The description of an individual nano-object is covered in Guide E3144. Nano-objects, individually or as a collection, are often embedded in other materials for commercial, research, and other uses. These embedded nanomaterials can be described using the information categories and descriptors included in these guides.5.2 Nanomaterials are of growing importance in research and commerce, and data on their physical and chemical characteristics are critical to predict performance, to transact commercial activities, to assess their potential for harm to human and animal health and the environment in general, and to support regulations that affect their use. A collection of nano-objects is the predominant type of nanomaterial tested and used in commerce.5.3 The four types of data and information used to describe a collection of nano-objects are: physical and chemical characteristics; production; specifications; and general identifiers (names and classifications), as shown in Fig. 1.FIG. 1 Data and Information Types Necessary to Describe a Collection of Nano-ObjectsUsed with permission of CODATA from “Uniform Description System for Materials on the Nanoscale,” Version 2.0, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56720.5.4 This guide deals solely with data and information to describe the physical and chemical characterization of a collection of individual nano-objects.NOTE 2: Other guides and documents (see Section 2, Referenced Documents) deal with the data and information for production, specifications, and general identifiers (names and classifications).NOTE 3: Specifications are formal or informal documents that provide guidance on specifying the composition, structure, or any other aspect of a nano-object or a collection of nano-objects.5.5 In a practical sense, the amount of data and information reported to describe the physical and chemical characteristics of a collection of nano-objects differs widely depending on who is reporting and the reason they are reporting. Researchers examining specific aspects of a collection of nano-objects can choose to report a limited subset of characteristics. For example, a test report on the potential toxicity of a collection of nano-objects can choose to report numerous characteristics. This guide supports both limited and complete reporting of characteristics enumerated herein.5.6 The science of characterizing collections of nano-objects is still evolving. Some information categories will require additional descriptors as new knowledge is developed. Some descriptors can become obsolete. Users should consult the latest guide for the most complete recommendations.5.7 The technology for collecting, storing, analyzing, and disseminating scientific and technical data continues to evolve, and tools such as ontologies, database schemas, data repository reporting requirements, and data recoding formats are evolving similarly. This guide provides a clear, English language definition of information categories and descriptors used to describe a collection of nano-objects that can be used in these and other similar tools.5.8 A collection of nano-objects has properties and functionalities that are measured under specific measurement conditions. The description of a collection of nano-objects requires data and information on its properties as well as on the conditions under which those properties were measured, as shown in Fig. 2.FIG. 2 Data and Information Components Necessary to Describe a Nanomaterial and Its PropertiesUsed with permission of CODATA from “Uniform Description System for Materials on the Nanoscale,” Version 2.0, http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.56720.5.9 The characteristics of a collection of nano-objects defined in this guide address the important physical and chemical properties of that collection. Because the techniques and instruments used to measure these properties can greatly influence the property value, when available, the measurement result being used should include as much information as possible about the measurement conditions.5.10 This guide is designed for use whenever the data and information on the physical and chemical characteristics of a collection of nano-objects are reported.1.1 This guide provides guidelines for a description system to report the physical and chemical characteristics of collections of nano-objects. It establishes information categories and descriptors useful in describing collections of nano-objects uniquely and such that the equivalency of two or more collections of nano-objects can be determined according to specific criteria.1.2 This guide is designed to be directly applicable to reporting the physical and chemical characteristics of collections of nano-objects in most circumstances, including, but not limited to, reporting original research results in the archival literature, developing ontologies, database schemas, data repositories, and data reporting formats, specifying regulations, and enabling commercial activity.1.3 This guide is applicable to collections of naturally occurring, engineered, and manufactured nano-objects.1.4 One goal of the guide is to help ensure that when measurement results are reported, they are reported uniformly.1.5 A second goal of the guide is to encourage reports on the properties and functionalities of a collection of nano-objects to include as much detail as possible about the physical and chemical characteristics of that collection so it is uniquely specified.1.6 This guide does not cover the chemical reactions or reactivity of a collection of nano-objects.1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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