定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元

2.1 Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) applied to oil spill response is the process of considering advantages and disadvantages of different spill response options (including no response) to arrive at a spill response decision resulting in the lowest overall environmental and socioeconomic impacts.2.2 Spill response will likely involve some combination of response options. There are no response methods that are completely effective or risk-free. NEBA should be conducted with appropriate regulatory agencies and other organizations as part of spill contingency planning. NEBA is important for pre-spill planning since some response options have a limited window of opportunity.1.1 This guide covers considerations in determining net environmental benefit of dispersant use on oil spills. This guide is applicable to both surface and sub-surface application. The purpose of this guide is to minimize environmental and socioeconomic impacts of oil spills.1.2 Net environmental benefit analysis (NEBA) should be conducted as part of oil spill contingency planning.1.3 There are many methods to control, cleanup or treat oil spills. Dispersants should be given equal consideration with other spill response options.1.4 Only general guidance is provided here. For the purposes of this guide, it is assumed that the crude or fuel oil is dispersible to some extent. The dispersant is also assumed to be relatively effective, applied correctly, and in compliance with relevant government regulations. Differences between commercial dispersants or between different oils are not considered in this guide.1.5 This guide applies to marine and estuarine environments only.1.6 When making dispersant use decisions, appropriate government authorities should be consulted as required by law.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure the net heat flux to a water-cooled surface for purposes of calibration of the thermal environment into which test specimens are placed for evaluation. The measured net heat flux is one of the important parameters for correlating the behavior of materials. If the calorimeter and holder size, shape, and surface finish are identical to that of the test specimen, the measured net heat flux to the calorimeter is presumed to be the same as that to the sample's heated surface. If the calorimeter configuration (holder size, shape, finish, etc.) is not identical to that of the test specimen, then the measurement results may need to be modified to account for those differences. See Appendix X1.5.2 The water-cooled calorimeter is one of several calorimeter concepts used to measure net heat flux. The prime drawback is its long response time, that is, the time required to achieve steady-state operation. To calculate energy added to the coolant water, accurate measurements of the rise in coolant temperature are needed, all energy losses should be minimized, and steady-state conditions must exist both in the thermal environment and fluid flow of the calorimeter.5.3 Regardless of the source of energy input to the water-cooled calorimeter surface (radiative, convective, or combinations thereof) the measurement is averaged over the surface-active area of the calorimeter. If the water-cooled calorimeter is used to measure only radiative flux or combined convective-radiative net heat flux rates, then the surface reflectivity of the calorimeter shall be measured over the wavelength region of interest (depending on the source of radiant energy). If nonuniformities exist in the gas stream, a large surface area water-cooled calorimeter would tend to smooth or average any variations. Consequently, it is advisable that the size of the calorimeter be limited to relatively small surface areas and applied to where the net heat flux is uniform. Where large samples are tested, it is recommended that a number of smaller diameter water-cooled calorimeters be used (rather than one large unit). These shall be located across the heated surface such that a net heat flux distribution can be described. With this, a more detailed net heat flux measurement can be applied to the specimen test and more information can be deduced from the test.1.1 This test method covers the measurement of a steady net heat flux to a given water-cooled surface by means of a system energy balance.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion.Note 3—The procedure for the experimental determination of the net heat of combustion is described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in SI units (megajoules per kilogram) or inch-pound units [Btu per pound].1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil, which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines, or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.Note 1—The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from aniline-gravity product is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aniline-gravity product has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following specifications:Fuel SpecificationAviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910Grades 80, 82, 100/130, and 115/145 Specification D6227  DEF STAN 91–90  NATO Code F-18 Aviation turbine fuels: MIL-DTL-5624JP-4,Avtag/FSII DEF STAN 91–88  NATO Code F-40 JP-5,Avcat/FSII MIL-DTL-5624  DEF STAN 91–86  NATO Code F-44 Jet A, Jet A-1, Avtur Specification D1655  DEF STAN 91–91  NATO Code F-351.3 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbons. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion.1.4 The heat of combustion may also be determined in SI units by Test Method D4529. Test Method D4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a precision equivalent to that of this test method.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

4.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 2).NOTE 2: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.4.2 The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion determinations to calculate net heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered.4.3 Because the heat of combustion of hydrocarbon fuel-mixtures are slowly varying functions of the physical properties of the mixtures, the heat of combustion of the mixtures can often be estimated with adequate accuracy from simple field tests of density and aniline point temperature, without the elaborate apparatus needed for calorimetry.4.4 The empirical quadratic equation for the net heat of combustion of a sulfur-free fuel was derived by the method of least squares from accurate measurements on fuels, most of which conformed to specifications for fuels found in Note 1 and were chosen to cover a range of values of properties. Those fuels not meeting specifications were chosen to extend the range of densities and aniline-point temperatures above and below the specification limits to avoid end effects. The sulfur correction was found by a simultaneous least-squares regression analysis of sulfur-containing fuels among those tested.1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion at constant pressure in metric (SI) units, megajoules per kilogram.1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil which conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions as described in Note 1.NOTE 1: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its aniline point temperature and density is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The JP-8 fuel, although not experimentally tested, has properties similar to JP-5 and Jet A fuels and can be considered in the same class. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:Fuel Specification   Aviation gasoline fuels: Specification D910Grades 80, UL82, UL87, 90, 91, UL91, 94, UL94, 100/100LL/100VLL Specification D6227Specification D7547Specification D7592 Aviation turbine fuels: Specification D6615Jet B, JP-4 MIL-DTL-5624 JP-5 MIL-DTL-5624 JP-8 MIL-DTL-83133   Jet A, Jet A-1 Specification D1655Specification D7223Specification D75661.3 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D1405 or D3338. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with the precision equivalent to that of this test method, whereas Test Method D3338 requires calculation of a single equation for aviation fuel with a precision equivalent to that test method.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an estimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 779.3 kg/m3 and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 721.4 kg/m3 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables used are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of the variables were included in the correlation.NOTE 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure gross heat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraft calculations because all combustion products are in the gaseous state. This calculation method is based on net heat, but a correction is required for condensed sulfur compounds.1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ/kg to 44.73 MJ/kg or [17 280 Btu/lb to 19 230 Btu/lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test method.1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.NOTE 1: The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method similar to Test Method D4809.NOTE 2: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:Fuels:Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145 (1, 2)2Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research Council (5).NOTE 3: The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by massAPI Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API]Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the preferred units.1.3.2 The net heat of combustion can also be estimated in inch-pound units by Test Method D1405 or in SI units by Test Method D4529. Test Method D1405 requires calculation of one of four equations dependent on the fuel type with a precision equivalent to that of this test method. Test Method D4529 requires calculation of a single equation for all aviation fuels with a precision equivalent to that of this test method. Unlike Test Method D1405 and D4529, Test Method D3338/D3338M does not require the use of aniline point.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is intended for use in cases where an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurement of heat of combustion.1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the gross and net heat of combustion in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, of hydrocarbon fuels and blendstocks from the fuel density and sulfur, water, and ash contents.1.1.1 This test method is not applicable to fuels containing non-hydrocarbons such as alcohols (for example, ethanol, methanol), ethers (for example, MTBE), or esters (for example, biodiesel).NOTE 1: The equation for estimation of net and gross heat of combustion used in this method was originally published as NBS Miscellaneous Publication No. 97.1.2 This test method is especially useful for estimating, using a minimum number of tests, the heat of combustion of burner and diesel fuels (which do not contain non-hydrocarbon components) for which it is not usually critical to obtain very precise heat determinations.NOTE 2: More accurate estimation methods are available for aviation fuels (Test Methods D1405, D4529,and D3338). However, those estimation methods require additional tests to those required in this test method.1.3 This test method is purely empirical (Note 1). It was derived using liquid hydrocarbon fuels produced by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for petroleum fuels as described in Note 3. This test method is valid for those fuels in the density range from 750 kg/m3 to 1000 kg/m3 and those that do not contain an unusually high aromatic content. High aromatic content fuels will not normally meet some fuel specification criteria.NOTE 3: The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its density and sulfur, water, and ash content is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to well-defined classes for which a relationship between these quantities have been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of these classes. Even in these classes, the possibility that the estimate can be in error for individual fuels should be recognized. This test method has been tested for a limited number of fuels from oil sand bitumen and shale oil origin and has been found to be valid. The classes of fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this test method are represented by the following applications:Fuel (not applicable to any fuels containing non-hydrocarbon components) SpecificationFuel Oils  Grades No. 1, 2, 4 (light), 4, 5 (light), 5 (heavy), and 6 D396Diesel  Grades No. 1-D, 2-D, and 4-D D975Aviation Turbine  Jet A and Jet A-1 D1655Jet B D6615Gas Turbine  Grades No. 0-GT, 1-GT, 2-GT, 3-GT, and 4-GT D2880Kerosene  Grades No. 1-K and 2-K D36991.4 This test method is not applicable to pure hydrocarbon compounds. It is not intended as a substitute for highly accurate experimental measurements of heat of combustion (Note 4).NOTE 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases in which an experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently, and in which an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion (see Note 2).Note 2—The procedures for the experimental determination of the net heat of combustion are described in Test Methods D 240 and D 4809.The net heat of combustion is a factor in the performance of all aviation fuels. Because the exhaust of aircraft engines contains uncondensed water vapors, the energy released by fuel in vaporizing water cannot be recovered and must be subtracted from gross heat of combustion. For high performance weight-limited aircraft, the net heat of combustion per unit mass and the mass of fuel loaded determine the total safe range. The proper operation of the aircraft engine also requires a certain minimum net energy of combustion per unit volume of fuel delivered.1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (specific energy) at constant pressure in SI units, megajoules per kilogram, from the fuel density, sulfur, and hydrogen content.1.2 This test method is purely empirical, and it is applicable only to liquid hydrocarbon fuels derived by normal refining processes from conventional crude oil that conform to the requirements of specifications for aviation turbine fuels of limited boiling ranges and compositions, as described in Note 0 and permitted by each specification.Note 0The estimation of the heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel from its hydrogen content, density, and sulfur is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relationship between these quantities has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this class, the possibility that the estimates can be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The classes of fuels used to establish the correclation presented in this test method are represented by the following specifications:1.3 The heat of combustion can also be estimated by Test Methods D 1405, D 3338, and D 4529.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 The NB (NS) method provides a measure of the economic performance of an investment, taking into account all relevant monetary values associated with that investment over the investor’s study period. The NB (NS) measure can be expressed in either present value or equivalent annual value terms, taking into account the time value of money.5.2 The NB (NS) method is used to decide if a given project is cost effective and which size or design for a given purpose is most cost effective when no budget constraint exists.5.3 The NB (NS) method can also be used to determine the most cost effective combination of projects for a limited budget; that is, the combination of projects having the greatest aggregate NB (NS) and fitting within the budget constraint.5.4 Use the NB method when the focus is on the benefits rather than project costs.5.5 Use the NS method when the focus in on project savings (that is, reductions in project costs).1.1 This practice covers a recommended procedure for calculating and interpreting the net benefits (NB) and net savings (NS) methods in the evaluation of building designs and systems.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 646元 / 折扣价： 550 元 加购物车

4.1 Search sampling strategies have found wide utility in geologic exploration where drilling is required to detect subsurface mineral deposits, such as when drilling for oil and gas. Using such strategies to search for buried wastes and subsurface contaminants, including volatile organic compounds, is a logical extension of these strategies.4.2 Systematic sampling strategies are often the most cost-effective method for searching for hot spots.4.3 This practice may be used to determine the risk of missing a hot spot of specified size and shape given a specified sampling pattern and sampling density.4.4 This practice may be used to determine the smallest hot spot that can be detected with a specified probability and given sampling density.4.5 This practice may be used to select the optimum grid sampling strategy (that is, sampling pattern and density) for a specified risk of not detecting a hot spot.4.6 By using the algorithms given in this practice, one can balance the cost of sampling versus the risk of missing a hot spot.4.7 Search sampling patterns may also be used to optimize the locations of additional groundwater monitoring wells or vadose zone monitoring devices.1.1 This practice provides equations and nomographs, and a reference to a computer program, for calculating probabilities of detecting hot spots (that is, localized areas of soil or groundwater contamination) using point-net (that is, grid) search patterns. Hot spots, more generally referred to as targets, are presumed to be invisible on the ground surface. Hot spots may include former surface impoundments and waste disposal pits, as well as contaminant plumes in groundwater or the vadose zone.1.2 For purposes of calculating detection probabilities, hot spots or buried contaminants are presumed to be elliptically shaped when projected vertically to the ground surface, and search patterns are square, rectangular, or rhombic. Assumptions about the size and shape of suspected hot spots are the primary limitations of this practice, and must be judged by historical information. A further limitation is that hot spot boundaries are usually not clear and distinct.1.3 In general, this practice should not be used in lieu of surface geophysical methods for detecting buried objects, including underground utilities, where such buried objects can be detected by these methods (see Guide D6429).1.4 Search sampling would normally be conducted during preliminary investigations of hazardous waste sites or hazardous waste management facilities (see Guide D5730). Sampling may be conducted by drilling or by direct-push methods. In contrast, guidance on sampling for the purpose of making statistical inferences about population characteristics (for example, contaminant concentrations) can be found in Guide D6311.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

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