定价： 1177元 / 折扣价： 1001 元 加购物车

定价： 819元 / 折扣价： 697 元 加购物车

定价： 260元 / 折扣价： 221 元 加购物车

This specification covers brick intended for use as paving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehicular traffic. The units are designed for use in pedestrian applications and vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes of vehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets and commercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). Abrasion resistance is specified by one of three types: type I - brick subjected to extensive vibration, type II - brick subjected to intermediate abrasion, and type III - brick subjected to low abrasion. The brick shall conform to the physical requirements for the class specified as prescribed. The requirements for water absorption (24-h cold) and saturation coefficient specified, shall not be required if a sample of five brick survives 15 cycles of the sulfate soundness test. The brick shall meet the requirements of either column for the applicable traffic use.1.1 This specification covers brick intended for use as paving material subjected to pedestrian and light vehicular traffic. The units are designed for use in pedestrian applications and vehicular areas that are subjected to low volumes of vehicular traffic, such as residential driveways and streets and commercial driveways (passenger drop-offs). The units are not intended to support heavy vehicular traffic covered by Specification C1272 or for industrial applications covered by Specification C410.NOTE 1: Heavy vehicular traffic is defined as high volumes of heavy vehicles (trucks having 3 or more axles) in Specification C1272.1.2 The requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brick extracted from pavements for determining compliance with the requirements of this specification is beyond the intent of this standard.1.3 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatment must develop sufficient fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide the strength and durability requirement of this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.4 Use of this standard and the requirements herein to evaluate and corroborate the performance of a paving unit made from other materials, or made with other forming methods, or other means of binding the materials is not covered by the scope of this standard.1.5 The brick are available in a variety of sizes, colors, and shapes. They are available in three classes according to exposure environment and three types according to type of traffic exposure.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 515元 / 折扣价： 438 元 加购物车

4.1 Use of this standard practice will enable architects, design and construction engineers, facility managers, property managers and safety professionals to be more proactive in reducing the risk of slips and falls through selection of walkway surfaces and materials. This standard practice will help with decisions regarding selection of slip resistant walkway safety solutions at the design phase of new construction and renovation as well as maintenance during occupancy phases. This standard practice should reduce the need to treat or replace slippery walkway surfaces post installation.4.2 The information in this standard may be superseded by federal and jurisdictional regulations and laws.1.1 This practice outlines key elements for selecting new or planned walkway surfaces for reduced risk of slips and falls. It is intended for use by those involved in decisions regarding selection of interior and exterior slip resistant walkway surfaces under expected use conditions. Elevation and obstacle risk, trips and falls are excluded from this standard.1.2 Conformance with this standard practice will assist in the reduction of slip and fall risk on walkway surfaces.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Where more stringent standards exist, those standards should be followed.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

SNM monitors are an effective and unobtrusive means to search pedestrians for concealed SNM. Nuclear facility security plans often include SNM monitors as one means to help prevent theft or unauthorized removal of designated quantities of SNM from access areas. This guide describes a way to evaluate and categorize the relative performance of available SNM monitors that might be considered for use in a security plan. The significance of the evaluation for monitor users is that evaluated monitoring equipment has a verified capability. Unexpected deficiencies such as low sensitivity for highly self-absorbing forms of SNM, lower than expected sensitivity in areas having high natural background intensity, or a high nuisance-alarm probability from electronic noise or faulty alarm logic often can be detected during evaluation and corrected before a monitor is placed in operation or further marketed. The significance of the evaluation for monitor manufacturers is that it may disclose deficiencies in design or construction that, when corrected, will improve the product. A monitor verified to be in a particular sensitivity category will be a product that customers who need that level of performance can purchase in good faith. The established sensitivity categories for evaluated monitors will provide information to regulatory agencies on the performance range of monitoring equipment for detecting small quantities of SNM. Independent monitor evaluation will encourage monitor manufacturers to provide appropriate documentation for calibrating and operating their monitors to obtain the best possible performance for detecting SNM. The underlying assumptions in this guide are that SNM monitors are applied in a wide range of background environments at facilities that process a variety of chemical and physical forms of SNM. The operational experience with a monitor at one facility provides little comparative information for a user of SNM monitors at another facility where the environment and materials are different. A laboratory evaluation in a characterized environment using characterized test sources and providing information on both SNM detection probability and nuisance alarm probability does provide useful comparative information on different monitors. The user of evaluation results is warned that the results are comparative ones for selection of monitoring equipment used to detect small quantities of SNM. Obtaining equivalent or better results for monitoring small quantities of SNM at any facility rests on properly installing the monitor at an appropriate location, maintaining monitor calibration, keeping the monitor in good repair with a testing and maintenance program, and providing proper training for operating personnel. The evaluation uses essentially unshielded test sources; hence, results are based on detecting the entire gamma-ray or neutron spectrum of the sources. The effect of deliberate use of shielding materials on the performance of SNM monitors is beyond the scope of this guide.1.1 The requirement to search pedestrians for special nuclear material (SNM) to prevent its theft has long been a part of both United States Department of Energy and United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission rules for the physical protection of SNM. Information on the application of SNM monitors to perform such searches is provided in Guide C1112. This guide establishes a means to compare the performance of different SNM pedestrian monitors operating in a specific laboratory environment. The goal is to provide relative information on the capability of monitors to search pedestrians for small quantities of concealed SNM under characterized conditions. The outcome of testing assigns a sensitivity category to a monitor related to its SNM mass-detection probability; the monitor’s corresponding nuisance-alarm probability for that sensitivity category is also determined and reported. 1.2 The evaluation uses a practical set of worst-case environmental, radiation emission, and radiation response factors so that a monitor’s lowest level of performance in a practical operating environment for detecting small quantities of SNM is evaluated. As a result, when that monitor is moved from laboratory to routine operation, its performance will likely improve. This worst-case procedure leads to unclassified evaluation results that understate rather than overstate the performance of a properly used SNM monitor in operational use. 1.3 The evaluation applies to two types of SNM monitors that are used to detect small quantities of SNM. Both are automatic monitors; one monitors pedestrians as they walk through a portal formed by the monitor’s radiation detectors (walkthrough or portal monitor), and the other monitors pedestrians who are stationary for a short period of time while they are monitored (wait-in monitor). The latter can be a portal monitor with a delay mechanism to halt a pedestrian for a few seconds or it can be an access-control booth or room that contains radiation detectors to monitor a pedestrian waiting for clearance to pass. 1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.5 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

定价： 0元 / 折扣价： 0 元

5.1 SNM monitors are an effective means to search pedestrians for concealed SNM. Maintaining monitor effectiveness rests on appropriate calibration and adjustment being part of a continuing maintenance program.5.2 The significance of this guide for monitor users who must detect SNM is to describe calibration and adjustment procedures for the purpose.5.3 The significance of this guide for monitor manufacturers is to describe calibration procedures, particularly for detecting forms of SNM that may not be readily available to them.1.1 This guide covers calibrating the energy response of the radiation detectors and setting the discriminator and alarm thresholds used in automatic pedestrian special nuclear material (SNM) monitors.1.2 Automatic pedestrian SNM Monitors and their application are described in Guide C1112, which suggests that the monitors be calibrated and tested when installed and that, thereafter, the calibration should be checked and the monitor tested with SNM at three-month intervals.1.3 Dependable operation of SNM monitors rests, in part, on an effective program to test, calibrate, and maintain them. The procedures and methods described in this guide may help both to achieve dependable operation and obtain timely warning of misoperation.1.4 This guide can be used in conjunction with other ASTM standards. Fig. 1 illustrates the relationship between calibration and other procedures described in standard guides, and it also shows how the guides relate to an SNM monitor user. The guides below the user in the figure deal with routine procedures for operational monitors. Note that Guide C993 is an in-plant performance evaluation that is used to verify acceptable detection of SNM after a monitor is calibrated. The guides shown above the user in Fig. 1 give information on applying SNM monitors (C1112) and on evaluating SNM monitors (C1169) to provide comparative information on monitor performance.FIG. 1 The Relationship of Calibration to Other Procedures Described in Standard Guides for SNM Monitors1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

5.1 This guide is intended to act as an aid during the planning, risk management, design, renovation, construction, and ongoing maintenance phases of a project by persons/entities involved (including, engineers, architects, project management personnel/facilities management, contractors, inspectors, risk managers, safety committees, government agencies, and snow removal companies and owners) to reduce snow and ice slip hazards on walkway surfaces. This guide is also intended to complement aspects from Guide F2966 to promote the management of snow and ice on premises using prevention through design strategies.1.1 This guide covers design, planning, construction, renovation, maintenance, and risk management considerations of the physical exterior property with regard to snow and ice management for the purpose of reducing the risk of pedestrian slips. The provisions in this guide may also apply to the analysis of existing properties.1.2 Conformance with this guide may reduce, but will not eliminate, the potential for slip incidents in which the presence or accumulation of snow and ice on walkways may be a contributing factor.1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

定价： 590元 / 折扣价： 502 元 加购物车

SNM monitors are an effective and unobtrusive means to search pedestrians for concealed SNM. Facility security plans use SNM monitors as one means to prevent theft or unauthorized removal of designated quantities of SNM from access areas. Daily testing of the monitors with radioactive sources guarantees only the continuity of alarm circuits. The in-plant evaluation is a way to estimate whether an acceptable level of performance for detecting chosen quantities of SNM is obtained from a monitor in routine service or after repair or calibration. The evaluation verifies acceptable performance or discloses faults in hardware or calibration. The evaluation uses test sources shielded only by normal source filters and encapsulation and, perhaps, by intervening portions of the transporting individual's body. The transporting individual also provides another form of shielding when the body intercepts environmental radiation that would otherwise reach the monitor's detectors. Hence, transporting individuals play an important role in the evaluation by reproducing an important condition of routine operation. The evaluation, when applied as a routine-operational evaluation, provides evidence for continued compliance with the performance goals of security plans or regulatory guidance. It is the responsibility of the users of this evaluation to coordinate its application with the appropriate regulatory authority so that mutually agreeable evaluation frequency, test sources, way of transporting the test source, number of test-source passages, and nuisance-alarm-rate goals are used. Agreed written procedures should be used to document the coordination.1.1 This guide is affiliated with Guide C1112 on applying special nuclear material (SNM) monitors, Guide C1169 on laboratory performance evaluation, Guide C1189 on calibrating pedestrian SNM monitors, and Guides C1236 and C1237 on in-plant evaluation. This guide to in-plant performance evaluation is a comparatively rapid way to verify whether a pedestrian SNM monitor performs as expected for detecting SNM or SNM-like test sources. 1.1.1 In-plant performance evaluation should not be confused with the simple daily functional test recommended in Guide C1112. In-plant performance evaluation takes place less often than daily tests, usually at intervals ranging from weekly to once every three months. In-plant evaluations are also more extensive than daily tests and may examine both a monitor's nuisance alarm record and its detection sensitivity for a particular SNM or alternative test source. 1.1.2 In-plant performance evaluation also should not be confused with laboratory performance evaluation. In-plant evaluation is comparatively rapid, takes place in the monitor's routine operating environment, and its results are limited to verifying that a monitor is operating as expected, or to disclosing that it is not and needs repair or recalibration. 1.2 In-plant evaluation is one part of a program to keep SNM monitors in proper operating condition. Every monitor in a facility is evaluated. There are two applications of the in-plant evaluation: one used during routine operation and another used after calibration. 1.2.1 Routine Operational Evaluation—In this form of the evaluation, nuisance alarm records for each monitor are examined, and each monitor's detection sensitivity is estimated during routine operation. The routine operational evaluation is intended to reassure the plant operator, and his regulatory agency, that the monitor is performing as expected during routine operation. This evaluation takes place without pre-testing, recalibration, or other activity that might change the monitor's operation, and the evaluation simulates the normal use of the monitor. 1.2.2 Post-Calibration Evaluation—This form of the evaluation is part of a maintenance procedure; it should always follow scheduled monitor recalibration, or recalibration connected with repair or relocation of the monitor, to verify that an expected detection sensitivity is achieved. Nuisance alarm data do not apply in this case because the monitor has just been recalibrated. Also, having just been calibrated, the monitor is likely to be operating at its best, which may be somewhat better than its routine operation. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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