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5.1 The crushing strength aids the pellet producer in the determination of quality problems associated with the production of pellets.5.2 The crushing strength is often used by the pellet consumer as a quality indicator for performance in the blast furnace and gas-based direct reduction plants.1.1 This test method describes a method for determining the crushing strength of fired iron ore pellets and direct-reduced iron. Cylindrical agglomerates and briquettes are not covered by this test method.1.2 The values as stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standards. The values in parentheses are given for information only.1.3 Results given by this test should be similar to those from ISO 4700 (see Appendix X1 for details).1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This specification covers finished pellets composed of sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide of any concentration for use in light-water reactors. Materials shall adhere to specified chemical (impurity content, stoichiometry, moisture content, and gadolinium oxide concentration), nuclear (isotopic content), and physical (dimensions, density, homogeneity, integrity, axial and circumferential surface cracks, cylindrical surface chips, pellets ends, cleanliness and workmanship, identification, and irradiation stability) requirements.1.1 This specification is for finished sintered (U,Gd)O2 pellets. It applies to (U,Gd)O2 pellets containing uranium (U) of any 235U concentration and any concentration of gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) for use in nuclear reactors.1.2 This specification recognizes the presence of reprocessed U in the fuel cycle and consequently defines isotopic limits for (U,Gd)O2 pellets made from commercial grade UO2. Such commercial grade UO2 is defined so that, regarding fuel design and manufacture, the product is essentially equivalent to that made from unirradiated U. UO2 falling outside these limits cannot necessarily be regarded as equivalent and may thus need special provisions at the fuel fabrication plant or in the fuel design.1.3 This specification does not include (a) provisions for preventing criticality accidents, (b) requirements for health and safety, (c) avoidance of hazards, or (d) shipping precautions and controls. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using source or special nuclear material. Examples of U.S. Governmental documents are Code of Federal Regulations (Latest Edition), Title 10, Part 50, Title 10, Part 70, Title 10, Part 71, and Title 49, Part 173.1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the technical requirements portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Before proceeding with this test method, refer to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or a combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then default conditions apply.NOTE 2: Some materials, such as polyamide (nylon), can be cooled very differently during the production of the pellets. This variation in the cooling of the pellets can result in different levels of crystallinity in the pellets only. More crystalline nylons will be more opaque than amorphous nylons. This will result in differences in pellet opacity. The pellet shape is independent of the crystallinity of the material. This variation in pellet appearance, due to varying levels of crystallinity, does not affect final properties.NOTE 3: This test method should not be used for general material specifications.4.2 This test method describes a technique useful for making color comparisons of resins in pellet form that is fast and convenient as it does not require preparation, such as molding or extruding specimens. The test method shall be used only to compare specimens of similar pellet shape, size, texture, and degree of translucency. For example, compare translucent disc-shaped pellets to translucent disc-shaped pellets, not with opaque, rectangular shaped pellets.4.3 Exact measurements of resin pellet color are not necessarily directly related to the color of the final cast, molded or extruded product due to the multitude of variables, such as producing variables, methods, and pellet shape and size. Color measurements can be useful for comparing resins in pellet form when all samples are similar in shape and size.4.4 A three-number tristimulus system is necessary to quantify color completely and precisely. The general method used in this procedure measures color using the CIE Systems described in Practice E308, Test Method D2244, the CIE 1976 (X, Y, Z) system, and, the CIELAB 1976 color space.34.5 Individual components of the tristimulus measurement such as CIE Y (Luminance), Hunter L, a, b, or CIE L*, a*, b* values or other useful metrics like yellowness index in accordance with Practice E313 can be used to describe color attributes of materials.1.1 This test method is used for the instrumental measurement of the degree of yellowness (or change of degree of yellowness) under daylight illumination of homogeneous, nonfluorescent, nearly-colorless transparent or nearly-white translucent or opaque plastics. The measurement is made on pellets and based on tristimulus values obtained with a spectrophotometer or colorimeter.1.2 This test method is applicable to the color analysis of plastic pellets. It is possible that each material will have unique characteristics that determine the color values.1.3 This procedure outlines a method to determine color measurements, such as Yellowness Index (YI), CIE X, Y, Z, and Hunter L, a, b, or CIE L*, a*, b*.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: This standard and ISO 17223 address the same subject matter but differ in technical content.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. This test method is designed to determine whether the percent uranium and O/U or O/M content meet Specifications C776 and C922.1.1 This test method applies to the determination of uranium, the oxygen to uranium (O/U) ratio in sintered uranium dioxide pellets, and the oxygen to metal (O/M) ratio in sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets with a Gd2O3 concentration of up to 12 weight %. The O/M calculations assume that the gadolinium and uranium oxides are present in a metal dioxide solid solution.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 9.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. In order to be suitable for this purpose, the material must meet certain criteria for uranium content, stoichiometry, isotopic composition, and impurity content. These test methods are designed to show whether or not a given material meets the specifications for these items as described in Specifications C753 and C776.4.1.1 An assay is performed to determine whether the material has the minimum uranium content specified on a dry weight basis.4.1.2 The stoichiometry of the oxide powder is useful for predicting its sintering behavior in the pellet production process.4.1.3 Determination of the isotopic content of the uranium in the uranium dioxide powder is made to establish whether the effective fissile content is in compliance with the purchaser's specifications.4.1.4 Impurity content is determined to ensure that the maximum concentration limit of certain impurity elements is not exceeded. Determination of impurities is also required for calculation of the equivalent boron content (EBC).4.1.5 Determination of the oxygen-to-uranium ratio is performed on the completed pellets to determine whether they have the appropriate stoichiometry for optimal performance during irradiation.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear-grade uranium dioxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  Sections Uranium by Ferrous Sulfate Reduction in Phosphoric Acid and Dichromate Titration Method 2Uranium and Oxygen Uranium Atomic Ratio by the Ignition (Gravimetric) Impurity Correction Method 3Carbon (Total) by Direct Combustion-Thermal Conductivity Method 2Total Chlorine and Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Ion-Selective Electrode Method 3Moisture by the Coulometric, Electrolytic Moisture Analyzer Method 8 – 15Nitrogen by the Kjeldahl Method 16 – 23Isotopic Uranium Composition by Multiple-Filament Surface Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method 4Spectrochemical Determination of Trace Elements in High-Purity Uranium Dioxide 5Silver, Spectrochemical Determination of, by Gallium Oxide Carrier D-C Arc Technique 5Rare Earths by Copper Spark-Spectrochemical Method 2Impurity Elements by a Spark-Source Mass Spectrographic Method 2Surface Area by Nitrogen Absorption Method 24 – 30Total Gas in Reactor-Grade Uranium Dioxide Pellets 2Thorium and Rare Earth Elements by Spectroscopy 2Hydrogen by Inert Gas Fusion 3Uranium Isotopic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 21.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 Plutonium dioxide is used in mixtures with uranium dioxide as a nuclear-reactor fuel. In order to be suitable for this purpose, the material must meet certain criteria for plutonium content, isotopic composition, and impurity content. These test methods are designed to show whether or not a given material meets the specifications for these items as described in Specification C757.4.1.1 An assay is performed to determine whether the material has the minimum plutonium content specified on a dry weight basis.4.1.2 Determination of the isotopic content of the plutonium in the plutonium dioxide powder is made to establish whether the effective fissile content is in compliance with the purchaser's specifications.4.1.3 Impurity content is determined to ensure that the maximum concentration limit of certain impurity elements is not exceeded. Determination of impurities is also required for calculation of the equivalent boron content (EBC) as described in Practice C1233.4.2 Fitness for Purpose of Safeguards and Nuclear Safety Applications—Methods intended for use in safeguards and nuclear safety applications shall meet the requirements specified by Guide C1068 for use in such applications.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the chemical, mass spectrometric, and spectrochemical analysis of nuclear-grade plutonium dioxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionsPlutonium Sample Handling   8 to 10Plutonium by Controlled-Potential Coulometry 2Plutonium by Ceric Sulfate Titration 3Plutonium by Amperometric Titration with Iron(II) 2Plutonium by Diode Array Spectrophotometry 3Nitrogen by Distillation Spectrophotometry Using Nessler Reagent  11 to 18Carbon (Total) by Direct Combustion–Thermal Conductivity  19 to 29Total Chlorine and Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis  30 to 37Sulfur by Distillation Spectrophotometry  38 to 46Plutonium Isotopic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 4Rare Earth Elements by Spectroscopy  47 to 54Trace Elements by Carrier–Distillation Spectroscopy  55 to 62(Alternative: Impurities by ICP-AES or ICP-MS)  Impurity Elements by Spark-Source Mass Spectrography 63 to 69Moisture by the Coulometric Electrolytic Moisture Analyzer 70 to 77Total Gas in Reactor-Grade Plutonium Dioxide Pellets 5Plutonium-238 Isotopic Abundance by Alpha Spectrometry 3Americium-241 in Plutonium by Gamma-Ray Spectrometry 2Rare Earths By Copper Spark-Spectroscopy 78 to 87Plutonium Isotopic Analysis by Mass Spectrometry 88 to 96Oxygen-To-Metal Atom Ratio by Gravimetry 97 to 1041.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Sections 6, 16.2.5, 44.7, 51.9 and 92.5.1.

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5.1 The test method is designed to show whether or not a material meets the specifications as given in Specifications C753 or C776.5.2 The powder’s stoichiometry is useful for predicting the oxide's sintering behavior in the pellet production process.1.1 This test method covers the determination of uranium and the oxygen to uranium atomic ratio in nuclear grade uranium dioxide powder and pellets.1.2 This test method does not include provisions for preventing criticality accidents or requirements for health and safety. Observance of this test method does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all international, national, or federal, state and local regulations pertaining to possessing, shipping, processing, or using source or special nuclear material.1.3 This test method also is applicable to UO3 and U3O8 powder.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is applicable to samples containing 1 to 10 % gadolinium oxide and 90 to 99 % uranium oxide on the “as received” basis. The method may be used to determine concentration of either uranium, gadolinium, or both.5.2 Either wavelength-dispersive or energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence systems may be used provided the software accompanying the system is able to accommodate the use of internal standards.1.1 This test method describes the steps necessary for the preparation and analysis by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) of gadolinium or uranium (or both) in gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide pellets or powders.1.2 This test method requires the use of appropriate internal standard(s). Care must be taken to ascertain that samples analyzed by this method do not contain the internal standard element(s) or that this contamination has been corrected for mathematically whenever present. Such corrections are not addressed in this test method.1.3 This standard contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautions are given in Section 8 and various notes throughout the method.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In order to be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is designed to determine whether the hydrogen content meets Specifications C753, C776, C888, and C922.1.1 This test method applies to the determination of hydrogen in nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications. Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) and gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using this test method.1.2 This standard describes a procedure for measuring the total hydrogen content of uranium oxides. The total hydrogen content results from absorbed water, water of crystallization, hydro-carbides and other hydrogenated compounds which may exist as fuel's impurities.1.3 This test method covers the determination of 0.05 to 200 μg of residual hydrogen.1.4 This test method describes an electrode furnace carrier gas combustion system equipped with a thermal conductivity detector.1.5 The preferred system of units is micrograms hydrogen per gram of sample (μg/g sample) or micrograms hydrogen per gram of uranium (μg/g U).1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The test methods in this method are designed to show whether a given material is in accordance with Specification C922.1.1 These test methods cover procedures for the analysis of sintered gadolinium oxide-uranium dioxide pellets to determine compliance with specifications.1.2 The analytical procedures appear in the following order:  SectionCarbon (Total) by Direct Combustion—Thermal Conductivity Method 2C1408 Test Method for Carbon (Total) in Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets By Direct Combustion-Infrared Detection Method 3Chlorine and Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Ion-Selective Electrode Method 4C1502 Test Method for Determination of Total Chlorine and Fluorine in Uranium Dioxide and Gadolinium Oxide 3Gadolinia Content by Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry 4C1456 Test Method for Determination of Uranium or Gadolinium (or both) in Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Oxide Pellets or by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 3Hydrogen by Inert Gas Fusion 4C1457 Test Method for Determination of Total Hydrogen Content of Uranium Oxide Powders and Pellets by Carrier Gas Extraction 3Isotopic Uranium Composition by Multiple-Filament Surface-Ionization Mass Spectrometric Method 2C1413 Test Method for Isotopic Analysis of Hydrolyzed Uranium Hexafluoride And Uranyl Nitrate Solutions By Thermal Ionization Mass Spectrometry 3C1347 Practice for Preparation and Dissolution of Uranium Materials for Analysis 3Nitrogen by Distillation—Nessler Reagent (Photometric) Method 7 to 17Oxygen-to-Metal Ratio of Sintered Gadolinium Oxide-Uranium Dioxide Pellets 4C1430 Test Method for Determination of Uranium, Oxygen to Uranium (O/U), and Oxygen to Metal (O/M) in Sintered Uranium Dioxide and Gadolinia-Uranium Dioxide Pellets by Atmospheric Equilibration 3Spectrochemical Determination of Trace Impurity Elements 4C1517 Test Method for Determination of Metallic Impurities in Uranium Metal or Compounds by DC-Arc Emission Spectroscopy 3Total Gas by Hot Vacuum Extraction 2Ceramographic Determination of Free Gd2O3 and Free UO2 to Estimate the Homogeneity of (U,Gd)O2 Pellets 18 to 25Ceramographic Determination of Average Grain Size by Linear Intercept after Chemical Etching 26 to 331.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Uranium dioxide is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. Gadolinium oxide is used as an additive to uranium dioxide. In order to be suitable for this purpose, these materials must meet certain criteria for impurity content. This test method is designed to determine whether the carbon content meets Specifications C753, C776, C888, and C922.1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbon in nuclear-grade uranium oxide powders and pellets to determine compliance with specifications.1.2 Gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) and gadolinium oxide-uranium oxide powders and pellets may also be analyzed using this test method.1.3 This test method covers the determination of 5 to 500 μg of residual carbon.1.4 This test method describes an induction furnace carrier gas combustion system equipped with an infrared detector. It may also be applied to a similar instrument equipped with a thermal conductivity detector.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5.1 The preferred system of units is micrograms carbon per gram of sample (μg/g sample) or micrograms carbon per gram of uranium (μg/g U).1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM C751-20 Standard Specification for Nuclear-Grade Boron Carbide Pellets Active 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

1.1 This specification applies to boron carbide pellets for use as a control material in nuclear reactors.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 MOX is used as a nuclear-reactor fuel. This test method is designed to determine whether the O/M ratio meets the requirements of the fuel specification. Examples for establishing a fuel specification are given in Specification C833.5.2 This method is suitable for all sintered MOX pellets containing up to 12 weight % PuO2 when the UO2 and PuO2 meet the requirements of Specifications C753 and C757.1.1 This practice is an alternative method to Test Method C698 for the determination of the oxygen-to-metal atom ratio (O/M) in sintered mixed oxide fuel (MOX) pellets. The method presented in Test Method C698 is a one-step thermogravimetric method for determining O/M ratio in sintered MOX powders and pellets. As stated in Test Method C698, thermogravimetric methods using a two-step heating cycle are also satisfactory (1, 2).2 The method presented in this test method is a two-step heating cycle method. This test method is applicable to sintered MOX pellets containing up to 10 weight percent PuO2.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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ASTM E1288-89(1994) Standard Test Method for The Durability of Biomass Pellets (Withdrawn 2003) Withdrawn, No replacement 发布日期 :  1970-01-01 实施日期 : 

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative durability of biomass fuel pellets by tumbling and sieve analysis.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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This specification covers finished pellets composed of sintered uranium-plutonium dioxide for fast reactor fuel. Specimens shall be sampled and tested suitably, and shall conform accordingly to chemical (uranium and plutonium content, impurity content, stoichiometry, moisture, gas content, and americium-241 content), nuclear (isotopic content, and equivalent plutonium at a given date), and physical (dimensions, density, grain size an pore morphology, homogeneity, particle size and distribution, integrity, surface cracks, circumferential chips, pellet ends, cleanliness and workmanship, and identification) requirements.1.1 This specification is for finished sintered (uranium-plutonium) dioxide pellets. It applies to (uranium-plutonium) dioxide pellets containing plutonium additions in the range from 10 to 40 weight % and uranium of any 235U content. The isotopic composition of the plutonium component will be as normally produced by in-reactor neutron irradiation of uranium having less than 5 % 235U or by in-reactor neutron irradiation of recycled plutonium mixed with uranium. 1.2 This specification does not include (1) provisions for preventing criticality accidents or (2) requirements for health and safety. Observance of this specification does not relieve the user of the obligation to be aware of and conform to all applicable international, federal, state, and local regulations pertaining to possessing, processing, shipping, or using source or special nuclear material. Examples of U.S. government documents are Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 50 — Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities; Title 10, Part 71 — Packaging and Transportation of Radioactive Material; and Title 49, Part 173 — General Requirements for Shipments and Packaging. 1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the technical requirements portion, Section 4, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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