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5.1 Earthen fills are often constructed as engineered structures, for example, dams, or to support engineered structures, for examples, roads or buildings. The weight of the fill may compress or deform the supporting soil or rock foundation resulting in settlement of the soil throughout and beneath the embankment. Temporary embankments or surcharge fills are constructed to increase the strength and/or reduce the compressibility of foundation soils prior to placement of the actual foundation or structure. The designers often monitor the settlement of the earth structure as a function of time to document the magnitude and rate of settlement, to evaluate the potential for future settlement, or to confirm the effectiveness of the surcharge and the schedule for its removal. The monitoring is performed using settlement points installed prior to or during the embankment construction. A settlement point provides an accessible survey point that settles with a selected soil horizon within or below the embankment. Careful design and installation of the settlement point can isolate the survey point from extraneous sources of movement such as frost-induced heave, compression within the embankment, or volume changes caused by moisture gain or loss.5.2 Various settlement point designs have been developed by the agencies and practitioners that use them. This standard guide provides designs and procedures that can be referred to in design guidelines, specifications and reports.5.3 This standard guide is not meant to restrict the use of other equally appropriate designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement points to monitor deformations in earthen deposits during and after construction.NOTE 2: Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this guide, the precision of this guide is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this guide are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.1.1 This guide provides recommended designs and procedures for the fabrication, installation, operation, and reading of settlement point(s) to determine the magnitude and rate of foundation, fill settlements, or both generally under a fill or embankment load. Two types of settlement points are described – those being monitored by elevation surveys from an external bench mark and those that include an internal reference system supported on unyielding soil or rock beneath the compressible layer(s) of interest.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgement. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that should be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material. For example, an abnormally low flash point on a test specimen of engine oil can indicate gasoline contamination.5.4 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.5.5 The fire point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to support combustion.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash point and fire point of petroleum products by a manual Cleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus.NOTE 1: The precisions for fire point were not determined in the current interlaboratory program. Fire point is a parameter that is not commonly specified, although in some cases, knowledge of this flammability temperature may be desired.1.2 This test method is applicable to all petroleum products with flash points above 79 °C (175 °F) and below 400 °C (752 °F) except fuel oils.NOTE 2: This test method may occasionally be specified for the determination of the fire point of a fuel oil. For the determination of the flash points of fuel oils, use Test Method D93. Test Method D93 should also be used when it is desired to determine the possible presence of small but significant concentrations of lower flash point substances that may escape detection by Test Method D92. Test Method D1310 can be employed if the flash point is known to be below 79 °C (175 °F).1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1.3, and 11.2.4.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 It has long been recognized that narrow melting range and high final melting point are good indications of high purity in crystalline organic compounds. Several ASTM test methods use these criteria to assay the purity of organic compounds (Note 1).NOTE 1: Other ASTM test methods using melting (or freezing point) data to indicate sample purity are Test Methods D852 and D6875.5.2 The relatively simple and rapid test prescribed in this test method shows the sample under test to be either more or less pure than the standard sample. For specification purposes, a minimum allowable purity can be assured by setting limits on the differences in final melting points and the melting ranges between the standard sample and the sample under test.1.1 This test method covers the determination, by a capillary tube method, of the initial melting point and the final melting point, which define the melting range, of samples of organic chemicals whose melting points without decomposition fall between 30 °C and 250 °C.1.2 This test method is applicable only to crystalline materials that are sufficiently stable in storage to met the requirements of a satisfactory standard sample as defined in Section 7.1.3 This test method is not directly applicable to opaque materials or to noncrystalline materials such as waxes, fats, and fatty acids.1.4 Review the current Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, handling, and safety precautions.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The freezing point measured by this test method, when used in conjunction with the physical constants for the hydrocarbons listed in Test Method D1016, allows the determination of the purity of the material under test. A knowledge of the purity of these hydrocarbons is often needed to help control their manufacture and to determine their suitability for use as reagent chemicals or for conversion to other chemical intermediates or finished products.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the precise measurement of the freezing points of high-purity hydrocarbons.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 5.1, 6.1 and 6.2.NOTE 1: For the calculation of the molal purity of essentially pure compounds from measured freezing points and for procedures to be used for the sampling and determination of purity of certain specific compounds, see Test Method D1016.

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4.1 The experimental procedures and physical constants provided by this test method, when used in conjunction with Test Method D1015, allow the determination of the purity of the material under test. A knowledge of the purity of these hydrocarbons is often needed to help control their manufacture and to determine their suitability for use as reagent chemicals or for conversion to other chemical intermediates or finished products.1.1 This test method covers the sampling and determination of purity of essentially pure compounds for which the freezing points for zero impurity and cryoscopic constants are given.2 The compounds to which the test method is applicable are: (Warning—Extremely flammable liquids and liquefied gases.)n-butane 1,3-butadieneisobutane isoprene(2-methyl-1,3-butadiene)n-pentane benzeneisopentane toluene (methylbenzene)n-hexane ethylbenzenen-heptane o-xylene (1,2-dimethylbenzene)n-octane m-xylene (1,3-dimethylbenzene)2,2,4-trimethylpentane p-xylene (1,4-dimethylbenzene)methylcyclohexane styrene (ethenylbenzene)isobutene  1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 1, 6, 8, and 10 – 26.NOTE 1: This test method covers systems in which the impurities form with the major component a substantially ideal or sufficiently dilute solution, and also systems which deviate from the ideal laws, provided that, in the latter case, the lowering of the freezing point as a function of the concentration is known for each most probable impurity in the given substance.

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5.1 The flash point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to form a flammable mixture with air under controlled laboratory conditions. It is only one of a number of properties that should be considered in assessing the overall flammability hazard of a material.5.2 Flash point is used in shipping and safety regulations to define flammable and combustible materials. Consult the particular regulation involved for precise definitions of these classifications.5.3 Flash point can indicate the possible presence of highly volatile and flammable materials in a relatively nonvolatile or nonflammable material.5.4 Skin prevention technique involves assembling a restraining ring over a centrally-holed qualitative filter paper that is laid at the bottom of the COC (Cleveland open cup) test cup, prior to introduction of the sample specimen into the cup. This allows a column of the hot sample specimen to move up constantly, through the hole, to the surface of the test specimen so that the surface is maintained in the hot condition to prevent skin formation. (See 9.6).5.5 Skin-forming asphalts may not be limited to those which are air blown/oxidized, polymerized or non-homogeneous materials that, although infrequently, exhibit some unique behavior and characteristics, as far as manifestation of flash point is concerned. At the flash point stage, this behavior may involve flame propagation across the surface or just a flame appearing at one or more points on the surface.5.6 This test method shall be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and a test flame under controlled laboratory conditions and shall not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of a fire risk assessment that takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard for a particular end use.5.7 The fire point is one measure of the tendency of the test specimen to support combustion.1.1 This test method describes the determination of the flash point and fire point of asphalt by a manual Cleveland open cup apparatus or an automated Cleveland open cup apparatus.NOTE 1: Apparatus is the same as described in Test Method D92 with the addition of the materials for the skin prevention technique.1.2 This test method is applicable to asphalts that can form a skin, and those that do not form a skin during heat treatment.1.3 This test method is applicable to products with flash points above 79 °C (174 °F) and below 400 °C (752 °F), except fuel oils.1.4 The precision has been determined over the temperature range of 300 °C to 370 °C (572 °F to 698 °F).1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.4, 7.1, 11.1, 11.2.3, and 11.3.4.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The boiling range distribution of petroleum distillate fractions provides an insight into the composition of feed stocks and products related to petroleum refining processes. A major advantage of the fast analysis time obtained by this test method is increasing product through put and reduced lab testing time by a minimum factor of 3. This gas chromatographic determination of boiling range may be used to replace conventional distillation methods for control of refining operations and for product specification testing with the mutual agreement of interested parties.5.2 Boiling range distributions obtained by this test method are essentially equivalent to those obtained by true boiling point (TBP) distillation (see Test Method D2892). They are not equivalent to results from low efficiency distillations such as those obtained with Test Method D86 or D1160.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the boiling range distribution of petroleum products and biodiesel formulations, B5, B10, and B20. It is applicable to petroleum distillates having a final boiling point not greater than 538 °C or lower at atmospheric pressure as measured by this test method. The difference between the initial boiling point and the final boiling point shall be greater than 55 °C.1.2 The test method is not applicable for analysis of petroleum distillates containing low molecular weight components (for example naphthas, reformates, gasolines, full range crude oils). Materials containing heterogeneous mixtures (for example, alcohols, ethers, acids or esters, except biodiesels) or residue are not to be analyzed by this test method. See Test Methods D3710, D7096, D6352, or D7169.1.3 This test method uses the principles of simulated distillation methodology. This test method uses gas chromatographic components that allow the entire analysis from sample to sample to occur in 5 min or less. In these instruments the column is heated directly at rates 10 to 15 times that of a conventional gas chromatograph and thus the analysis time is reduced from sample to sample.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4.1 Exception—Appendix X1 includes temperatures in Fahrenheit for information only.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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