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A knowledge of the water content of crude oil is important in the refining, purchase, sale, or transfer of crude oils.1.1 This test method covers the determination of water in the range from 0.02 to 2 % in crude oils. Mercaptan and sulfide (S− or H2S) sulfur are known to interfere with this test method (see Section 5).1.2 This test method is intended for use with standard Karl Fischer reagent or pyridine-free Karl Fischer reagents.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

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5.1 Ethanol is used as a blending agent added to gasoline. Sulfates are indicated in filter plugging deposits and fuel injector deposits. When fuel ethanol is burned, sulfates may contribute to sulfuric acid emissions. Ethanol acceptability for use depends on the sulfate content. Sulfate content, as measured by this test method, can be used as one measure of determination of the acceptability of ethanol for automotive spark-ignition engine fuel use.1.1 This test method covers a potentiometric titration procedure for determining the existent inorganic sulfate content of hydrous, anhydrous ethanol, and anhydrous denatured ethanol, which is added as a blending agent with spark ignition fuels. It is intended for the analysis of denatured ethanol samples containing between 1.0 mg/kg to 20 mg/kg existent inorganic sulfate.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Material Safety Data Sheets are available for reagents and materials. Review them for hazards prior to usage.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Mercaptan sulfur has an objectionable odor, an adverse effect on fuel system elastomers, and is corrosive to fuel system components.1.1 This test method covers the determination of mercaptan sulfur in gasolines, kerosines, aviation turbine fuels, and distillate fuels containing from 0.0003 % to 0.01 % by mass of mercaptan sulfur. Organic sulfur compounds such as sulfides, disulfides, and thiophene, do not interfere. Elemental sulfur in amounts less than 0.0005 % by mass  does not interfere. Hydrogen sulfide will interfere if not removed, as described in 10.2.1.2 The values in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 9, 10, and Appendix X1.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Lubricants can contain basic constituents that are present as additives. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titration with acids. The base number is a measurement of the amount of basic substances in the oil under the conditions of the testing procedure.5.2 A primary objective of a marine cylinder lubricant is the neutralization of sulfuric acid, produced during fuel combustion, to protect the engine from corrosion. The EBas method characterizes the more efficient basic species of the lubricant reacting with acids from the beginning of the neutralization (when the lubricant milieu is basic) until an equilibrium state where the lubricant becomes slightly acidic. The use of hydrochloric acid (HCl) allows differentiating basicities of various strengths during titration.5.3 In marine lubricants, the constituents that can be considered to have basic properties are primarily organic and inorganic bases coming from the detergent. Basicity can also be brought to the lubricant by other components including dispersants, amino compounds, or any organic basic components. This test method uses the same titration system as that of Test Method D4739, however the evaluation and interpretation of the titration result is different. The hydrochloric acid is used as the titrant in this test method and Test Method D4739, whereas Test Method D2896 uses a stronger acid, perchloric acid. While all three methods can be considered as complementary to evaluate the basicity of lubricants, this test method is only used for marine cylinder lubricants.5.4 This test method measures only the efficient basicity of the lubricant, which represents only the part of the total basicity, until the point of which the lubricant becomes slightly acidic. It will depend on the components of the formulation itself. In that respect, the EBas cannot be compared to base number given by Test Methods D4739 or D2896. The EBas is then complementary information to the base number, giving performance in efficiency of neutralization of acidic species.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of the efficient basicity (EBas) in new marine cylinder lubricants that lubricate the upper part, that is, piston-ring-cylinder area, of two-stroke marine engines.1.2 This test method has been developed for marine cylinder lubricants, having base number (BN) (measured by Test Method D2896) from 20 mg KOH/g to 100 mg KOH/g, and an EBas from 10 mg KOH/g to 36 mg KOH/g.1.3 In this test method, only the efficient basicity is determined, corresponding to the components or part of components that have a major role in neutralization of the acidic species formed in the combustion of the fuel in the marine engine. It differentiates between the fastest reacting species and the last one to react like overbasing compounds in detergent (classically mineral calcium carbonate, CaCO3). The values obtained, however, are intended to be compared with the other values obtained by this test method only; base numbers obtained by this test method are not intended to be equal to values by other test methods.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Some specific hazards statements are given in Sections 6 and 7.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 While pyrolysis bio-oils are comprised of a large variety of compounds and chemical functional groups, quantification of carbonyl groups is especially important. Carbonyls are known to be responsible for the instability of bio-oil during both storage and processing. This method can be used to quantify the total carbonyl content of bio-oils.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the carbonyl content of bio-oils derived from thermochemical decomposition of lignocellulosic biomass and their deoxygenated products. This method is used for determination of carbonyls between 0.5 and 8 mol/kg.1.2 Review the current and appropriate Safety Data Sheets (SDS) for detailed information concerning toxicity, first aid procedures, and safety precautions and proper personal protective equipment.1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 This test method sets forth a procedure by which catalyst samples may be compared either on an interlaboratory or intralaboratory basis. It is anticipated that catalyst producers and users will find this test method to be of value.1.1 This test method covers the determination of cobalt (expressed as the oxide) in fresh cobalt-molybdenum catalyst, in the range of 0.5 to 10 % cobalt oxide.1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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The maleic acid content is usually an indication of exposure to moisture in air. Maleic anhydride reacts with moisture to form maleic acid.1.1 This test method covers the determination of free maleic acid in refined maleic anhydride by potentiometric titration.1.2 This test method is applicable for all concentrations of maleic acid; however, it is primarily used for concentrations below 0.5 %.1.3 The following applies to all specified limits in this standard: For purposes of determining conformance with this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded off "to the nearest unit" in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specification limit, in accordance with the rounding-off method of Practice E 29.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.

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5.1 This test method is used to determine the percent actives in each type of the disinfectant quaternary ammonium salts, and also in the disinfectant products. Quaternary ammonium compounds being the active ingredients in disinfectant-type products require accurate determination to assess the cost and antimicrobial performance of such products. 1.1 This test method covers a potentiometric titration procedure for determining active matter in disinfectant quaternary ammonium salts. This test method is intended for the analysis of quaternary ammonium salts used as disinfectants, and only applies to the following commonly used quaternary ammonium salts: n-alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (see Fig. 1), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and a blend of n-octyldecyl dimethylammonium chloride, di-n-octyl dimethylammonium chloride, and di-n-decyldimethyl ammonium chloride (see Fig. 2). Also, this test method can be applied to the analysis of disinfectant type products where the formula ingredients are known and the quaternary ammonium salt is one of the above. Interferences such as amines oxides and betaines present in disinfectant formulations were not tested. X−   =   chloride, and R   =   aliphatic, normal C8 − C22.

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5.1 New and used petroleum products can contain basic constituents that are present as additives. The relative amount of these materials can be determined by titration with acids. The base number is a measure of the amount of basic substances in the oil always under the conditions of the test. It is sometimes used as a measure of lubricant degradation in service. However, any condemning limit shall be empirically established.5.2 As stated in 1.2, this test method uses a weaker acid to titrate the base than Test Method D2896, and the titration solvents are also different. Test Method D2896 uses a stronger acid and a more polar solvent system than Test Method D4739. As a result, Test Method D2896 will titrate salts of weak acids (soaps), basic salts of polyacidic bases, and weak alkaline salts of some metals. They do not protect the oil from acidic components due to the degradation of the oil. This test method may produce a falsely exaggerated base number. Test Method D4739 will probably not titrate these weak bases but, if so, will titrate them to a lesser degree of completion. It measures only the basic components of the additive package that neutralizes acids. On the other hand, if the additive package contains weak basic components that do not play a role in neutralizing the acidic components of the degrading oil, then the Test Method D4739 result may be falsely understated.5.3 Particular care is required in the interpretation of the base number of new and used lubricants.5.3.1 When the base number of the new oil is required as an expression of its manufactured quality, Test Method D2896 is preferred, since it is known to titrate weak bases that this test method may or may not titrate reliably.5.3.2 When the base number of in-service or at-term oil is required, this test method is preferred because in many cases, especially for internal combustion engine oils, weakly basic degradation products are possible. Test Method D2896 will titrate these, thus giving a false value of essential basicity. This test method may or may not titrate these weak acids.5.3.3 When the loss of base number value, as the oils proceed in service, is the consideration, this test method is to be preferred and all values including the unused oil shall be determined by this test method. Base numbers obtained by this test method shall not be related to base numbers obtained by another test method such as Test Method D2896.5.3.4 In ASTM Interlaboratory Crosscheck Programs for both new and used lubricants, historically Test Method D2896 gives a higher value for base number.1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the determination of basic constituents in petroleum products and new and used lubricants. This test method resolves these constituents into groups having weak-base and strong-base ionization properties, provided the dissociation constants of the more strongly basic compounds are at least 1000 times than that of the next weaker groups. This test method covers base numbers up to 250.1.2 In new and used lubricants, the constituents that can be considered to have basic properties are primarily organic and inorganic bases, including amino compounds. This test method uses hydrochloric acid as the titrant, whereas Test Method D2896 uses perchloric acid as the titrant. This test method may or may not titrate these weak bases and, if so, it will titrate them to a lesser degree of completion; some additives such as inhibitors or detergents may show basic characteristics.1.3 When testing used engine lubricants, it should be recognized that certain weak bases are the result of the service rather than having been built into the oil. This test method can be used to indicate relative changes that occur in oil during use under oxidizing or other service conditions regardless of the color or other properties of the resulting oil. The values obtained, however, are intended to be compared with the other values obtained by this test method only; base numbers obtained by this test method are not intended to be equal to values by other test methods. Although the analysis is made under closely specified conditions, this test method is not intended to, and does not, result in reported basic properties that can be used under all service conditions to predict performance of an oil; for example, no overall relationship is known between bearing corrosion or the control of corrosive wear in the engine and base number.1.4 This test method was developed as an alternative for the former base number portion of Test Method D664 (last published in Test Method D664 – 81).1.4.1 Colorimetric test methods for base number are Test Method D974, IP 139, and 5102.1 on acid and base number by extraction (color-indicator titration) of Federal Test Method Standard No. 791b. Test results by these methods may or may not be numerically equivalent to this test method.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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