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定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元

定价： 176元 / 折扣价： 150 元

定价： 605元 / 折扣价： 515 元

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定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元

5.1 This test method is designed to differentiate the flame propagation characteristics of dense or cellular elastomeric compounds used in gaskets, setting blocks, shims, or spacers. It is a small scale test which enables the specifier to exercise engineering judgment in the selection of materials.5.2 In this test method, the specimens are subjected to a specific laboratory fire test exposure condition. If different test conditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are changed, it may not be possible by or from this test method to predict changes in the performance characteristics. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test exposure condition described in this test method.5.3 If the results obtained by this test method are to be considered in the total assessment of fire risk, then all pertinent established criteria for fire risk assessment developed by ASTM Committee E-5 must be included in the consideration.1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for determining flame propagation characteristics of a dense or cellular elastomeric gasket (such as expansion, lock-strip or compression gasket) or an accessory (such as a setting block, spacer or shim) when exposed to heat and flame, with no significance being attached to such matters as fuel contribution, rate of flame spread, smoke developed, or the nature and temperature of the products of combustion.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This standard should be used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire-hazard or fire-risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of the test may be used as elements of a fire-hazard assessment or a fire-risk assessment which takes into account all of the factors which are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard or fire risk of a particular end use.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 These test methods are an integral part of existing test standards for cable fire propagation and clean room material flammability, as well as, in an approval standard for conveyor belting (1-3).3 Refs (1-3) use these test methods because fire-test-response results obtained from the test methods correlate with fire behavior during real-scale fire propagation tests, as discussed in X1.4. 5.2 The Ignition, Combustion, or Fire Propagation test method, or a combination thereof, have been performed with materials and products containing a wide range of polymer compositions and structures, as described in X1.7. 5.3 The Fire Propagation test method is different from the test methods in the ASTM standards listed in 2.1 by virtue of producing laboratory measurements of the chemical heat release rate during upward fire propagation and burning on a vertical test specimen in normal air, oxygen-enriched air, or in oxygen-vitiated air. Test methods from other standards, for example, Test Method E1321, which yields measurements during lateral/horizontal or downward flame spread on materials and Test Methods E906, E1354, and E1623, which yield measurements of the rate of heat release from materials fully involved in flaming combustion, generally use an external radiant flux, rather than the flames from the burning material itself, to characterize fire behavior. 5.4 These test methods are not intended to be routine quality control tests. They are intended for evaluation of specific flammability characteristics of materials. Materials to be analyzed consist of specimens from an end-use product or the various components used in the end-use product. Results from the laboratory procedures provide input to fire propagation and fire growth models, risk analysis studies, building and product designs, and materials research and development. 1.1 This fire-test-response standard determines and quantifies material flammability characteristics, related to the propensity of materials to support fire propagation, by means of a fire propagation apparatus (FPA). Material flammability characteristics that are quantified include time to ignition (tign), chemical ( Q˙chem), and convective ( Q˙c) heat release rates, mass loss rate ( m˙) and effective heat of combustion (EHC). 1.2 The following test methods, capable of being performed separately and independently, are included herein: 1.2.1 Ignition Test, to determine tign for a horizontal specimen; 1.2.2 Combustion Test, to determine Q˙chem, Q˙c, m˙, and EHC from burning of a horizontal specimen; and, 1.2.3 Fire Propagation Test, to determine Q˙chem from burning of a vertical specimen. 1.3 Distinguishing features of the FPA include tungsten-quartz external, isolated heaters to provide a radiant flux of up to 110 kW/m2 to the test specimen, which remains constant whether the surface regresses or expands; provision for combustion or upward fire propagation in prescribed flows of normal air, air enriched with up to 40 % oxygen, air oxygen vitiated, pure nitrogen or mixtures of gaseous suppression agents with the preceding air mixtures; and, the capability of measuring heat release rates and exhaust product flows generated during upward fire propagation on a vertical test specimen 0.305 m high. 1.4 The FPA is used to evaluate the flammability of materials and products. It is also designed to obtain the transient response of such materials and products to prescribed heat fluxes in specified inert or oxidizing environments and to obtain laboratory measurements of generation rates of fire products (CO2, CO, and, if desired, gaseous hydrocarbons) for use in fire safety engineering. 1.5 Ignition of the specimen is by means of a pilot flame at a prescribed location with respect to the specimen surface. 1.6 The Fire Propagation test of vertical specimens is not suitable for materials that, on heating, melt sufficiently to form a liquid pool. 1.7 Values stated are in SI units. Values in parentheses are for information only. 1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions. 1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7. 1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The puncture-propagation of tear test measures the resistance of a material to snagging, or more precisely, to dynamic puncture and propagation of that puncture resulting in a tear. Failures due to snagging occur in a variety of end uses, including industrial bags, liners, and tarpaulins. The units reported in this test method are Newtons (tear resistance).4.2 Experience has shown that for many materials puncture does not contribute significantly to the force value determined, due to the sharpness of the propagating probe used. However, comparing the results of prepunctured test specimens with normal nonpunctured specimens will give an indication of the extent of any puncture resistance in the reported result.4.3 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the current ASTM materials standards.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dynamic tear resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting subjected to end-use snagging-type hazards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 156元 / 折扣价： 133 元 加购物车

5.1 The dynamic modulus of elasticity provided by these test methods is a fundamental property for the configuration tested.5.1.1 The rapidity and ease of application of these test methods facilitate their use as a substitute for static measurements.5.1.2 Dynamic modulus of elasticity is often used for surveys, for segregation of lumber for test purposes, for quality assessment of engineered wood products, and to provide indication of environmental or processing effect.5.2 The modulus of elasticity, whether measured statically or dynamically, is often a useful predictor variable to suggest or explain property relationships.5.3 Results from these test methods can be related to other measurements of modulus of elasticity, such as static methods (see Annex A1 and Appendix X4).5.4 These methods use calculations that assume specimens are prismatic in cross-section and are uniform in modulus of elasticity and density.5.4.1 As a result of the above assumptions, the obtained values of modulus of elasticity are dependent on how the specimen is stressed (see Commentary).5.4.2 Transverse vibration and longitudinal stress wave modulus of elasticity are correlated but not necessarily equal.5.4.3 These methods provide a means to establish a model to predict one dynamic modulus of elasticity from another dynamic method or a static method (that is, D198, D4761, etc.).5.4.4 The methods can also be used to estimate the Class I or Class II modulus of elasticity from the Class III method, or the Class I from the Class II method.5.5 Testing specified to be undertaken in accordance with this Method shall include any requirements regarding the following for each Class:5.5.1 Grades and species permitted to be combined to form the training and validation test sample.5.5.2 Selection and positioning of manufacturing or growth characteristics to be included or permitted in the test sample.5.5.3 Moisture content conditioning undertaken prior to testing.5.5.4 Acceptable moisture content adjustment models.5.5.5 Any other sampling and data adjustment requirements to obtain a representative sample of the population under consideration.NOTE 5: Guidance or requirements from applicable product standards or specifications for representative sampling should be considered. See Annex A2.NOTE 6: See Commentary Appendix X4 for additional information (for example, blocking parameter and blocking limits) that may need to be provided for generating a test sample suitable for developing the test method conversion model.1.1 These test methods cover the non-destructive determination of the following dynamic properties of wood and wood-based materials from measuring the fundamental frequency of vibration:1.1.1 Flexural (see Refs (1-3))2 stiffness and apparent modulus of elasticity (Etv) properties using simply or freely supported beam transverse vibration in the vertical direction, and1.1.2 Axial stiffness and apparent longitudinal modulus of elasticity (Esw) using stress wave propagation time in the longitudinal direction.1.2 The test methods can be used for a broad range of wood-based materials and products ranging from logs, timbers, lumber, and engineered wood products.1.2.1 The two flexural methods can be applied to flexural products such as glulam beams and I-joists.1.2.2 The longitudinal stress wave methods are limited to solid wood and homogeneous grade glulam (for example, columns but not products with distinct subcomponents such as wood I-joists).1.3 The standard recognizes three implementation classes for each of these test methods.1.3.1 Class I—Defines the fundamental method to achieve the highest degree of repeatability and reproducibility that can be achieved under laboratory conditions.NOTE 1: Testing should follow Class I methods to develop training and validation data sets for method conversion models (see Annex A2).1.3.2 Class II—Method with permitted modifications to the Class I method that can be used to address practical issues found in the field, and where practical deviations from the Class I protocol are known and their effects can be accounted.NOTE 2: Practical deviations include, for example, environmental and test boundary conditions. Class II methods allow for corrections to test results to account for quantifiable effect such as machine frame deflections.1.3.3 Class III—Method permitting the broadest range of application, with permitted modifications to suit a wider range of practical needs with an emphasis on repeatability.NOTE 3: Online testing machines implemented to grade/sort lumber may be treated as Class III.1.4 The standard provides guidance for developing a model for estimating a non-destructive test method result (for example, static modulus of elasticity obtained in accordance with Test Methods D198) from another non-destructive test method result (for example, dynamic longitudinal modulus of elasticity from measurement of longitudinal stress wave propagation time).1.4.1 The standard covers only models developed from test data obtained directly from non-destructively testing a representative sample using one test method, and retesting the same sample following a second test method.1.4.2 Results used for model development shall not be estimated from a model.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The linear flame propagation rate of a sample is a property that is relevant to the overall assessment of the flammability or relative ignitability of fire resistance lubricants and hydraulic fluids. It is intended to be used as a bench-scale test for distinguishing between the relative resistance to ignition of such materials. It is not intended to be used for the evaluation of the relative flammability of flammable, extremely flammable, or volatile fuels, solvents, or chemicals.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the linear flame propagation rates of lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids supported on the surfaces of and impregnated into ceramic fiber media. Data thus generated are to be used for the comparison of relative flammability.1.2 This test method should be used to measure and describe the properties of materials, products, or assemblies in response to heat and flame under controlled laboratory conditions and should not be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions. However, results of this test method may be used as elements of fire risk which takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to an assessment of the fire hazard of a particular end use.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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定价： 345元 / 折扣价： 294 元 加购物车

4.1 This test method is of value in ranking relative tearing resistance of various plastic films and thin sheeting of comparable thickness. Experience has shown the test to have its best reliability on relatively less extensible films and sheeting. Variable elongation and oblique tearing effects on the more extensible films preclude its use as a precise production-control tool for these types of plastics. This test method should be used for specification acceptance testing only after it has been demonstrated that the data for the particular material are acceptably reproducible. This test method should be used for service evaluation only after its usefulness for the particular application has been demonstrated with a number of different films.4.2 This test method has been widely used as one index of the tearing resistance of plastic film and thin sheeting used in packaging applications. While it is not always be possible to correlate film tearing data with its other mechanical or toughness properties, the apparatus of this test method provides a controlled means for tearing specimens at straining rates approximating some of those found in actual packaging service.4.3 Due to orientation during their manufacture, plastic films and sheeting frequently show marked anisotropy in their resistance to tearing. This is further complicated by the fact that some films elongate greatly during tearing, even at the relatively rapid rates of loading encountered in this test method. The degree of this elongation is dependent in turn on film orientation and the inherent mechanical properties of the polymer from which it is made. These factors make tear resistance of some films reproducible between sets of specimens to ±5 % of the mean value, while others potentially show no better reproducibility than ±50 %.4.4 Data obtained by this test method may supplement that from Test Method D1004, wherein the specimen is strained at a rate of 50 mm (2 in.) per minute. However, specimen geometry and testing speed of the two test methods are dissimilar. The rate of tearing in this test method, while varying as a function of resistance to tear, is in the range from 7.6 to 46 m (300 to 1800 in.)/min.4.5 There is not a direct, linear relationship between tearing force and specimen thickness. Data from this test method are expressed as tearing force in millinewtons (or grams-force, if desired), with specimen thickness also reported. But sets of data from specimens of dissimilar thickness are usually not comparable. Therefore, only data at the same thickness is compared.4.6 For many materials, there may be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 of Classification System D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.1.1 This test method2 covers the determination of the average force to propagate tearing through a specified length of plastic film or nonrigid sheeting after the tear has been started, using an Elmendorf-type tearing tester. Two specimens are cited, a rectangular type, and one with a constant radius testing length. The latter shall be the preferred or referee specimen.1.2 Because of (1) difficulties in selecting uniformly identical specimens, (2) the varying degree of orientation in some plastic films, and (3) the difficulty found in testing highly extensible or highly oriented materials, or both, the reproducibility of the test results may be variable and, in some cases, not good or misleading. Provisions are made in the test method to address oblique directional tearing which may be found with some materials.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 13.1.NOTE 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).NOTE 2: This standard is equivalent to ISO 6383-2.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 This test method is of value in rating the tear-propagation resistance of various plastic films and thin sheeting of comparable thickness. For highly extensible film or sheeting the deformation energy of the specimen legs is significantly greater than the tearing energy. The tear-propagation resistance in slightly extensible or non-extensible film or sheeting is distinguished from the tear-propagation resistance in highly extensible film or sheeting by the load-time or load-displacement data, (Fig. 1 and Fig. 2). The tear-propagation force for slightly extensible or non-extensible material is determined from the average tear force versus the initial and peak force for a highly extensible material.FIG. 1 Load-Time Chart for Low-Extensible FilmFIG. 2 Load-Time Chart for Highly Extensible Film5.2 This test method shall be used for specification acceptance testing only after it has been demonstrated that the data for the particular material are acceptably reproducible.5.3 The data obtained by this test method furnish information for ranking the tear-propagation resistance of plastic films and sheeting of similar composition. Actual use performance may not necessarily correlate with data from this test method. Sets of data from specimens of dissimilar thickness are usually not comparable.5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 of Classification Systems D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the force necessary to propagate a tear in plastic film and thin sheeting (thickness of 1 mm (0.04 in.) or less) by a single-tear method. The method is not applicable for film or sheeting material where brittle failures occur during testing.NOTE 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm (0.010 in.).1.2 Constant-Rate-of-Grip Separation Test—This test method employs a constant rate of separation of the grips holding the test specimen.1.2.1 Specimen extension may be measured in this test method by grip separation.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 2: This standard is similar to ISO 6383-1, but is not considered technically equivalent. The specimen size for ISO 6383-1 is larger, and the method specifies different test speeds.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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