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1.1 This test method covers an impact test for establishing the maximum impulse for retention of a test ski on the standard boot in the lateral direction at the boot toe. 1.2 The test provides a measure of the release and retention boundary for lateral release of the toe of a ski binding at a particular ski binding setting. 1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The allocation of limited resources (for example, time, money, regulatory oversight, qualified professionals) to any one petroleum release site necessarily influences corrective action decisions at other sites. This has spurred the search for innovative approaches to corrective action decision making, which still ensures that human health and the environment are protected.4.2 The RBCA process presented in this guide is a consistent, streamlined decision process for selecting corrective actions at petroleum release sites. Advantages of the RBCA approach are as follows:4.2.1 Decisions are based on reducing the risk of adverse human or environmental impacts,4.2.2 Site assessment activities are focussed on collecting only that information that is necessary to making risk-based corrective action decisions,4.2.3 Limited resources are focussed on those sites that pose the greatest risk to human health and the environment at any time,4.2.4 The remedial action achieves an acceptable degree of exposure and risk reduction,4.2.5 Compliance can be evaluated relative to site-specific standards applied at site-specific point(s) of compliance,4.2.6 Higher quality, and in some cases faster, cleanups than are currently realized, and4.2.7 A documentation and demonstration that the remedial action is protective of human health, safety, and the environment.4.3 Risk assessment is a developing science. The scientific approach used to develop the RBSL and SSTL may vary by state and user due to regulatory requirements and the use of alternative scientifically based methods.4.4 Activities described in this guide should be conducted by a person familiar with current risk and exposure assessment methodologies.4.5 In order to properly apply the RBCA process, the user should avoid the following:4.5.1 Use of Tier 1 RBSLs as mandated remediation standards rather than screening levels,4.5.2 Restriction of the RBCA process to Tier 1 evaluation only and not allowing Tier 2 or Tier 3 analyses,4.5.3 Placing arbitrary time constraints on the corrective action process; for example, requiring that Tiers 1, 2, and 3 be completed within 30-day time periods that do not reflect the actual urgency of and risks posed by the site,4.5.4 Use of the RBCA process only when active remediation is not technically feasible, rather than a process that is applicable during all phases of corrective action,4.5.5 Requiring the user to achieve technology-based remedial limits (for example, asymptotic levels) prior to requesting the approval for the RBSL or SSTL,4.5.6 The use of predictive modelling that is not supported by available data or knowledge of site conditions,4.5.7 Dictating that corrective action goals can only be achieved through source removal and treatment actions, thereby restricting the use of exposure reduction options, such as engineering and institutional controls,4.5.8 The use of unjustified or inappropriate exposure factors,4.5.9 The use of unjustified or inappropriate toxicity parameters,4.5.10 Neglecting aesthetic and other criteria when determining RBSLs or SSTLs,4.5.11 Not considering the effects of additivity when screening multiple chemicals,4.5.12 Not evaluating options for engineering or institutional controls, exposure point(s), compliance point(s), and carcinogenic risk levels before submitting remedial action plans,4.5.13 Not maintaining engineering or institutional controls, and4.5.14 Requiring continuing monitoring or remedial action at sites that have achieved the RBSL or SSTL.1.1 This is a guide to risk-based corrective action (RBCA), which is a consistent decision-making process for the assessment and response to a petroleum release, based on the protection of human health and the environment. Sites with petroleum release vary greatly in terms of complexity, physical and chemical characteristics, and in the risk that they may pose to human health and the environment. The RBCA process recognizes this diversity, and uses a tiered approach where corrective action activities are tailored to site-specific conditions and risks. While the RBCA process is not limited to a particular class of compounds, this guide emphasizes the application of RBCA to petroleum product releases through the use of the examples. Ecological risk assessment, as discussed in this guide, is a qualitative evaluation of the actual or potential impacts to environmental (nonhuman) receptors. There may be circumstances under which a more detailed ecological risk assessment is necessary (see Ref (1).21.2 The decision process described in this guide integrates risk and exposure assessment practices, as suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), with site assessment activities and remedial measure selection to ensure that the chosen action is protective of human health and the environment. The following general sequence of events is prescribed in RBCA, once the process is triggered by the suspicion or confirmation of petroleum release:1.2.1 Performance of a site assessment;1.2.2 Classification of the site by the urgency of initial response;1.2.3 Implementation of an initial response action appropriate for the selected site classification;1.2.4 Comparison of concentrations of chemical(s) of concern at the site with Tier 1 Risk Based Screening Levels (RBSLs) given in a look-up table;1.2.5 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted, if implementation of interim remedial action is warranted or if RBSLs may be applied as remediation target levels;1.2.6 Collection of additional site-specific information as necessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.7 Development of site-specific target levels (SSTLs) and point(s) of compliance (Tier 2 evaluation);1.2.8 Comparison of the concentrations of chemical(s) of concern at the site with the Tier 2 evaluation SSTL at the determined point(s) of compliance or source area(s);1.2.9 Deciding whether further tier evaluation is warranted, if implementation of interim remedial action is warranted, or if Tier 2 SSTLs may be applied as remediation target levels;1.2.10 Collection of additional site-specific information as necessary, if further tier evaluation is warranted;1.2.11 Development of SSTL and point(s) of compliance (Tier 3 evaluation);1.2.12 Comparison of the concentrations of chemical(s) of concern at the site at the determined point(s) of compliance or source area(s) with the Tier 3 evaluation SSTL; and1.2.13 Development of a remedial action plan to achieve the SSTL, as applicable.1.3 The guide is organized as follows:1.3.1 Section 2 lists referenced documents,1.3.2 Section 3 defines terminology used in this guide,1.3.3 Section 4 describes the significance and use of this guide,1.3.4 Section 5 is a summary of the tiered approach,1.3.5 Section 6 presents the RBCA procedures in a step-by-step process,1.3.6 Appendix X1 details physical/chemical and toxicological characteristics of petroleum products,1.3.7 Appendix X2 discusses the derivation of a Tier 1 RBSL Look-Up Table and provides an example,1.3.8 Appendix X3 describes the uses of predictive modeling relative to the RBCA process,1.3.9 Appendix X4 discusses considerations for institutional controls, and1.3.10 Appendix X5 provides examples of RBCA applications.1.4 This guide describes an approach for RBCA. It is intended to compliment but not supersede federal, state, and local regulations. Federal, state, or local agency approval may be required to implement the processes outlined in this guide.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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5.1 This test method is used to determine the time to sustained flaming and heat release of materials and composites exposed to a prescribed initial test heat flux in the cone calorimeter apparatus.5.2 Quantitative heat release measurements provide information that can be used to compare wall or ceiling coverings and constructions and for input to fire models.5.3 Heat release measurements provide useful information for product development by giving a quantitative measure of specific changes in fire performance caused by component and composite modifications.5.4 Heat release data obtained by this test method will be inappropriate if the product will not spread flame over its surface under the fire exposure conditions of interest.5.5 Variations in substrates, mounting methods, and adhesives used to laminate composite products will potentially affect the test responses. These variables must be controlled during any comparative experiments.5.6 Test Limitations—The test data are invalid if any of the following occur:5.6.1 Explosive spalling,5.6.2 The specimen swells sufficiently prior to ignition to touch the spark plug or swells up to the plane of the heater base during combustion, or5.6.3 The surface laminate rolls or curls when placed under the radiant heater.5.7 The specimens are subjected to one or more specific sets of laboratory conditions in this procedure. If different test conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are changed, it is not always possible by or from this test to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics measured. The results are therefore valid only for the fire test exposure conditions described in this procedure.1.1 This fire-test-response test method covers determination of the ignitability and heat release rate of composites consisting of a wall covering or ceiling covering, a substrate, and all laminating adhesives, coatings, and finishes. Heat release information cannot be used alone to evaluate the flammability of wall coverings or ceiling coverings. The data are intended to be used for modeling or with other data to evaluate a material.1.2 This test method provides for measurement of the time to sustained flaming, heat release rate, peak and total heat release, and effective heat of combustion at a constant initial test heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Heat release data at different heat fluxes are also obtained by this test method. The specimen is oriented horizontally, and a spark ignition source is used.1.3 The fire-test-response characteristics are determined using the apparatus and procedures described in Test Method E1354.1.4 The tests are conducted on bench-scale specimens combining the components used in the actual installation.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. See IEEE/ASTM SI-10.1.6 Fire testing of products and materials is inherently hazardous, and adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be used in conducting these tests. This test method potentially involves hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.1.7 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.8 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting these tests. Specific information about hazard is given in Section 6.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 As a result of the manufacturing process, internal stresses are locked into the film and these can be released by heating.NOTE 3: For any given type of film or sheeting, the temperatures at which shrinkage will begin are related to processing techniques employed to manufacture the film and also may be related to a phase transition in the base resin.5.2 Shrink tension affects the appearance and performance of a film in a shrink-packaging application. It is also used to determine the degree and direction of orientation. The orientation exerts a great influence upon important physical characteristics such as tensile strength, stiffness, tear resistance, and impact strength.5.3 Data from Procedure A are most useful for determining the degree and direction of orientation, orientation release stress, and the maximum force that the film can exert at a given temperature.5.4 Since, in actual applications, film is seldom, if ever, totally restrained, data from Procedure B are useful in estimating the force an item to be packaged will actually receive and in predicting the appearance of packaged items.5.5 The characterization of shrink tension as a function of temperature, and the resultant determination of orientation release stress and its corresponding temperature, is usually carried out only for a particular material of specified thickness for a defined fabrication process. For product development purposes, quality control and determination of conformity be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or combination thereof, covered in the relevant ASTM material specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no relevant ASTM material specifications, then the default conditions apply. Table 1 of Classification Systems D4000 lists the ASTM material specifications that currently exist.1.1 This test method covers the determination of the shrink tension and related characteristics, that is, shrink force and orientation release stress, of heat-shrinkable plastic film and sheeting of less than 1.0 mm (0.04 in.) thickness. Two procedures are described that permit the measurement of shrink forces at predetermined temperatures. They are as follows:1.1.1 Procedure A is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is totally restrained from shrinking as it is heated rapidly to a specific temperature.1.1.2 Procedure B is designed to measure the maximum force exerted by a specimen that is permitted to shrink a predetermined amount prior to restraint while being heated rapidly to a specific temperature.1.2 Orientation release stress can be determined from the data obtained using Procedure A.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.NOTE 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 µm (0.010 in.).NOTE 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Interlaminar delamination growth can be a critical failure mode in laminated CMC structures. Knowledge of the resistance to interlaminar delamination growth of a laminated CMC is essential for material development and selection, and for CMC component design. (See (1-8)3 which give GIc values of 20 J/m2 to 800 J/m2 for different CMC and carbon-carbon composite systems at ambient temperatures.)5.2 Conducting this test produces multiple values of GIc which are traditionally plotted against the delamination length at which that value was measured (see Fig. 2). The specific data of value to the test requestor will depend on the end use that motivated testing.5.2.1 The first increment of growth, initiated from a pre-implanted insert or machined notch, is sometimes described as the non-precracked (NPC) toughness. NPC toughness may be of interest, as it can represent manufacturing or processing defects, such as foreign object debris in a laminate or an error during machining.5.2.2 The next increment of growth, initiated from the sharp crack tip assumed to be present after the first increment, is sometimes defined as the precracked (PC) toughness. PC toughness may be of interest, as it is more representative of the resistance to delamination growth from a naturally occurring or damage-induced delamination.5.2.3 The remaining increments of growth, collectively forming an R-curve, provide information on how GIc evolves as the delamination advances. In unidirectional tape laminates, the R-curve is often increasing due to bridging of nested fibers across the delamination plane, artificially increasing GIc. For 2-D woven laminates for which there is little interply nesting, the R-curve may be flat.5.2.4 The increments of growth in which the R-curve is flat, and GIc has reached a steady state value defined as GIR, may be of interest and may also useful in design and analysis.5.3 This test method for measurement of GIc of CMC materials can serve the following purposes:5.3.1 To establish quantitatively the effect of CMC material variables (fiber interface coatings, matrix structure and porosity, fiber architecture, processing and environmental variables, conditioning/exposure treatments, etc.) on GIc and the interlaminar crack growth and damage mechanisms of a particular CMC material;5.3.2 To determine if a CMC material shows R-curve behavior where GIc changes with crack extension or reaches a stable value at a given amount of delamination growth. Fig. 2 shows R-curve behavior for a SiC-SiC composite (1);5.3.3 To develop delamination failure criteria and design allowables for CMC damage tolerance, durability or reliability analyses, and life prediction;NOTE 3: Test data can only reliably be used for this purpose if there is confidence that the test is yielding a material property and not a structural, geometry-dependent, property.5.3.4 To compare quantitatively the relative values of GIc for different CMC materials with different constituents and material properties, reinforcement architectures, processing parameters, or environmental exposure conditions; and5.3.5 To compare quantitatively the values of GIc obtained from different batches of a specific CMC material, to perform lot acceptance quality control, to use as a material screening criterion, or to assess batch variability.1.1 This test method describes the experimental methods and procedures for the determination of the critical mode I interlaminar strain energy release rate of continuous fiber- reinforced ceramic matrix composite (CMC) materials in terms of GIc. This property is also sometimes described as the mode I fracture toughness or the mode I fracture resistance.1.2 This test method applies primarily to ceramic matrix composite materials with a 2-D laminate structure, consisting of lay-ups of continuous ceramic fibers, in unidirectional tape or 2-D woven fabric architectures, within a brittle ceramic matrix.1.3 This test method determines the elastic strain energy released per unit of new surface area created as a delamination grows at the interlaminar interface between two lamina or plies. The term delamination is used in this test method to specifically refer to this type of growth, while the term crack is a more general term that can also refer to matrix cracking, intralaminar delamination growth, or fiber fracture.1.4 This test method uses a double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen to determine the critical mode I interlaminar strain energy release rate (GIc). A DCB test method has been standardized for polymer matrix composites (PMCs) under Test Method D5528. This test method addresses a similar procedure, but with modifications to account for the different physical properties, reinforcement architectures, stress-strain response, and failure mechanisms of CMCs compared to PMCs.1.5 This test is written for ambient temperature and atmospheric test conditions, but the test method can also be used for elevated temperature or environmental exposure testing with the use of an appropriate environmental test chamber, measurement equipment for controlling and measuring the chamber temperature, humidity, and atmosphere, high temperature gripping fixtures, and modified equipment for measuring delamination growth.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.6.1 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Preformed tape sealants are tacky, deformable solids that are used under compression between two substrates in various sealing applications. These tapes are usually supplied in roll form with a release paper interlayer. When the roll is unwound and the release paper is removed from the preformed tape sealant, there should be no transfer of the preformed tape sealant to the release paper, nor any residue left on the paper. These methods will give a qualitative indication of whether or not the release paper can be removed cleanly from a preformed tape sealant after a controlled exposure period.5.2 Alternative procedures are listed because some preformed tape sealants are normally used under field conditions where elevated temperatures can be encountered, while other preformed tape sealants are normally used under more controlled environments in “assembly line” operations.1.1 These test methods cover laboratory procedures for evaluating the release characteristics of a release paper intended to be supplied in direct contact with a preformed tape sealant.1.2 The values stated in metric (SI) units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.1.3 The subcommittee with jurisdiction is not aware of any similar ISO standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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This practice establishes procedures for the selection of release torque values for Alpine ski/boot/binding systems. The recommended release torque is chosen based on skier type, age, and other factors such as adjustments for normal, discretionary, and release/retention settings. Also discussed are methods of selecting skier type, determining skier code, and determining release torque value. Procedures discussed in this practice may be used by ski binding manufacturers in their instructions for installation and use and by ski shops for making adjustments on already mounted ski bindings. However, this practice does not cover nonmechanical bindings or bindings used with boots that reach more than halfway up the lower leg.1.1 This practice provides procedures for the selection of release torque values for Alpine ski/boot/bindings systems. These procedures may be used by ski binding manufacturers in their instructions for installation and use and by ski shops for the adjustment of already mounted ski bindings.1.2 This practice is applicable to releasable Alpine ski/boot/binding systems.1.3 Release torque values selected using this practice may not be appropriate for circumstances in which:1.3.1 The skier carries an object that significantly increases the skier's effective body weight,1.3.2 The skier grasps or in some manner controls an object such as a sled, or1.3.3 The skier encounters exceptional snow or terrain conditions not commonly found on developed ski slopes.1.4 This practice may be inappropriate for non-mechanical bindings or bindings used with boots that reach more than half way up the lower leg.1.5 Release torque values outside the recommendations of this practice may increase the risk of injury to the skier. However, skiers who are informed of this potential risk may request such settings and have them provided, subject to any guidelines and limitations specified by the binding manufacturer.1.6 These values refer to recommended release torque for initial adjustment of a ski binding and subsequent readjustment of the binding during routine maintenance or following a suspected malfunction. However, these values are not intended to apply to the condition of the equipment at any time after it is put into use.1.6.1 For information concerning applicable tolerances to be used for the adjustment and inspection of releasable Alpine ski bindings in retail operations consult Practice F1063; for rental applications consult Practice F1064.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This guide provides tank owners/operators, regulators, equipment manufacturers/suppliers, and others concerned with tanks, with information relevant to the selection and use of release detection devices for underground storage tanks (USTs) that contain petroleum products or other regulated substances. As used in the phrase "release detection devices," the meaning of release includes leak or spill. The "state-of-the-art" in release detection technology and techniques is rapidly evolving; therefore, this guidance cannot and will not provide design-related answers to when, where, or how to use or select appropriate detection devices. Rather, this guide introduces a common approach for using and selecting detectors as part of the design and use of an overall detection system. For more detailed information on release detection, Appendix X2 at the end of this guide should be reviewed. 1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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4.1 The European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur.) as well as the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) describe several dissolution and drug release setups for tablets, capsules, transdermal patches and suppositories (USP <711>, USP <724>, Ph. Eur. 2.9.3, Ph. Eur. 2.9.4). However, up to this point no pharmacopoeia standardized in-vitro release test has been established for parenteral dosage forms which provide sustained drug release, for example, implants.4.2 An appropriately designed in-vitro release test would be favorable in the early stage of development of biomolecule-releasing scaffolds for TEMPs, as well as in quality control, and may help to reduce the number of animal experiments.4.3 Appendix X1 provides a tabulated overview of published in-vitro release studies performed with biomaterial scaffolds loaded with biomolecules.4.4 One goal of in-vitro release studies is to simulate the in-vivo conditions as closely as possible, but with sufficiently simplifying abstraction. The simplification comprises two general aspects: the amount of fluid or release medium in contact with the implant to simulate the physiological environment, and the composition of that release medium.1.1 To describe general principles of developing and/or using an in vitro assay to evaluate biomolecule release from biomaterials scaffolds for TEMPs, with examples from the literature1.2 The guide will address scaffolds that do not contain seeded cells; general principles may still apply but may need to be modified if cells are part of the TEMPs.1.3 In vitro release assessment of biomolecules from matrices is a valuable tool for screening biomolecule-scaffold interactions, as well as characterization, and/or quality control.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

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