1.1 This guide describes the specification and re-construction of in-situ pipelines and conduits 2 in. to 63 in. (50 mm to 1600 mm) diameter) by the pulled-in-place installation, into an existing conduit, of circular, radially reduced, Shape-Memory-Polymer Tubular (SMPT) that after installation, re-expands (by “memory”) to press against the ID of the host pipe, thus coupling the interior pipe, by friction fit, as reinforcement to the host pipe. The added SMPT pipe wall restores leak tightness and adds its strength to the host pipe (Dual-Wall Composite-Pipe). It becomes a continuous compressed-fit dual-wall pipeline. Depending upon the SMPT compound used, the re-constructed pipelines or conduits are suitable for pressure and nonpressure pipeline applications such as process piping, raw and treated water transmission, water pipe systems, forced-mains, industrial and oil-patch gathering and transmission pipelines, sanitary sewers, storm sewers, and culverts.NOTE 1: This standard guide covers circular SMPT tubulars which are radially reduced by mechanical means at the time of installation. This guide does not address “liners” that at the time of manufacture are deformed (folded) into U-shape, C-shape, H-shape, or other such configurations. This guide refers to dual-wall meaning two layers of pipe co-joined in the field, which is different from dual-wall factory-made co-extruded pipe or corrugated pipe. This guide does not provide a complete design basis covering the many variables required for design and construction of this field fabricated product; the advice of professional contractors and/or registered professional engineers may be incorporated as an adjunct to this guide.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.NOTE 2: There are no ISO standards covering the primary subject matter of this guide.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has been shown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.5.1.1 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects on the lung are a major health concern from asbestos, as chronic (long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation can result in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis is characterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead to severe impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also a major concern from asbestos exposure, as inhalation exposure can cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of the thin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surrounding internal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in humans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known human carcinogen” (1).45.1.2 The World Health Organization states: “Exposure to asbestos occurs through inhalation of fibres primarily from contaminated air in the working environment, as well as from ambient air in the vicinity of point sources, or indoor air in housing and buildings containing friable asbestos materials. The highest levels of exposure occur during repackaging of asbestos containers, mixing with other raw materials and dry cutting of asbestos-containing products with abrasive tools” (2).5.1.3 The World Bank states: “Health hazards from breathing asbestos dust include asbestosis, a lung scarring disease, and various forms of cancer (including lung cancer and mesothelioma of the pleura and peritoneum). These diseases usually arise decades after the onset of asbestos exposure. Mesothelioma, a signal tumor for asbestos exposure, occurs among workers’ family members from dust on the workers’ clothes and among neighbors of asbestos air pollution point sources” (3).5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a result of the health effects of asbestos over the past century, resulting in considerable economic consequences. The regulatory response to asbestos hazards has resulted in civil sanctions and criminal prosecution of violators.5.3 Regarding the production and use of asbestos fiber:5.3.1 The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports: “World consumption was relatively steady between 2003 and 2007, averaging 2.11 million metric tons (Mt). The leading consuming countries in 2007 were, in decreasing order tonnage, China (30 %), India (15 %), Russia (13 %), Kazakhstan and Brazil (5 % each), and Thailand, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine (4 % each). These eight countries accounted for about 80 % of world asbestos consumption in 2007. From 2003 through 2007, apparent consumption declined in most countries. However, there were significant increases in apparent consumption in China, India, and Uzbekistan between 2003 and 2007. In general, world asbestos consumption is likely to decline as more countries institute bans on its use” (4).5.3.2 The World Health Organization also states: “Bearing in mind that there is no evidence for a threshold for the carcinogenic effect of asbestos and the increased cancer risks have been observed in populations exposed to very low levels, the most efficient way to eliminate asbestos-related diseases is to stop using all types of asbestos. Continued use of asbestos-cement in the construction industry is of particular concern, because the workforce is large, it is difficult to control exposure, and in-place materials have the potential to deteriorate and pose a risk to those carrying out alterations, maintenance, and demolition” (2).5.3.3 The Chrysotile (formerly Asbestos) Institute reports that: “More than 90 % of the world production of chrysotile is used in the manufacture of chrysotile-cement, in the form of pipes, sheets, and shingles. These products are used in some sixty industrialized and developing countries” (5).5.4 It follows that the installed base of asbestos-cement products worldwide is enormous and continues to grow. In other words, the problem of exposure to asbestos fibers from working with these materials is substantial and will remain significant for the foreseeable future.5.5 The significance of this practice is that it provides work practices that protect worker and community health within the resources available in developing as well as industrialized countries. It relies as much as possible on tools, equipment, and supplies that are readily available without recourse to specialty suppliers. The techniques require careful and diligent workmanship but do not require the services of highly-skilled tradesmen.5.6 This practice is intended to be used not only by construction workers and tradesmen in the performance of their work, but also by building owners and others as the basis for preparing contracts and tenders for activities included in the scope of this practice. It will also provide a foundation for government officials to develop regulations intended to protect worker and community health. Where such regulations already exist, of necessity they take precedence over this practice in event of a conflict.5.7 The persons who are most at risk of exposure to airborne asbestos fibers are those who perform work on asbestos-cement products during maintenance, renovation, and repair operations. This practice places its primary emphasis on the protection of their health. However, other members of the community—other workers and individuals in a building being renovated, residents of a house undergoing repairs, and unsuspecting bystanders—are at risk to a lesser degree. By minimizing the risk to the worker performing the maintenance, renovation, and repair operations, the potential exposure of others is reduced as well.5.8 It is expected that employers will comply voluntarily with the provisions of this practice in the interest of protecting worker and community health and reducing their own liability. However, the existence of a regulatory infrastructure for occupational and community health greatly enhances compliance with measures to reduce exposure to asbestos fibers and other toxic materials. In some countries, such a system is highly advanced, but in others it needs to be created or further developed. These efforts can be furthered by referencing this practice in laws and regulations and requiring compliance with its provisions.5.8.1 Issuance of construction permits can be made contingent on showing evidence of worker training, experience in the use of these procedures, and adequate resources (manpower, equipment, and supplies) to use them properly.5.8.2 A contractual framework that references this practice and requires use of its procedures ensures the building owner or other party securing construction services under a contract or tender arrangement that the responding offeror has been informed as to the expected level of performance when working with asbestos-cement products.1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cement products when maintenance, renovation, and repair are required. This includes common tasks such as drilling and cutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result in exposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully. These work practices are supplemented and facilitated by the regulatory, contractual, training, and supervisory provisions of this practice.1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or on buildings and facilities and those used in external infrastructure such as water, wastewater, and electrical distribution systems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for use only with asbestos-cement products already installed in buildings, facilities, and external infrastructure. They are not intended for use in construction or renovation involving the installation of new asbestos-cement products.1.4 The work practices are primarily intended to be used in situations where small amounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed or disturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation, or repair necessary for operation of the building, facility, or infrastructure.1.5 The work practices described herein are also applicable for use where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement products from the building or other location, particularly the use of wet methods and other means of dust and fiber control.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.7 Warning—Asbestos fibers are acknowledged carcinogens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of the lungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Precautions in this practice should be taken to avoid creating and breathing airborne asbestos particles from materials known or suspected to contain asbestos. Comply with all applicable regulatory requirements addressing asbestos.1.8 This practice does not address safety hazards associated with working on asbestos-cement products such as falling through roof panels or trench cave-ins. The use of power tools presents possible electrical hazards, particularly in wet environments. These and other safety hazards must be considered and controlled in compliance with the employer’s policies and applicable regulations.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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5.1 Waste samples collected using this practice provide representative samples for analysis in a laboratory using the TCLP.5.2 The TCLP is used to simulate the transfer of lead from buried lead-containing waste into the ground water system upon codisposal of the lead-containing waste and municipal solid waste in unlined solid-waste landfills. The TCLP attempts to simulate rain or ground water leaching, or both. For the procedure to yield a predictor of the subsurface (in-ground) leaching process, a representative sample of the volume of the waste must be selected and submitted for leaching and analysis. The result of the sampling, leaching, and analysis process is used to determine the waste handling and disposal protocols to be followed and to document compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and requirements. This practice addresses the sampling process by defining a component-volume-based method to collect and assemble a representative sample of a solid waste stream that may contain heterogeneous components.5.3 The collection of a volume-based sample of the waste stream is based on the fact that the TCLP leachate lead concentration limit, like other such TCLP limits, was developed based on the spatial dimensions of landfills.5.4 Individuals who use this practice are expected to be trained in the proper and safe conduct of sampling of lead-containing wastes, qualified/certified/licensed as required by those authorities having jurisdiction over such activities, and properly utilize tools and safety equipment when conducting these procedures.5.5 This practice may involve use of various hand and power tools for sampling the components of the waste. It is intended that such tools should be properly and safely used by persons trained and familiar with their performance and use.5.6 In general terms, building components are drilled, sawed, snipped, etc., to collect samples of the various components in proportion to the volume of those components in the entire building. The component samples are assembled, and the resulting assembled sample is analyzed according to the TCLP protocol.1.1 This practice describes a method for selecting samples of building components coated with paints suspected of containing lead. The samples are collected from the debris waste stream created during demolition, renovation, lead hazard control, or abatement projects. The samples are subsequently analyzed in the laboratory for lead.1.1.1 The debris waste stream is assumed to have more than one painted component, for example, metal doors, wood doors, and wood window trim.1.2 This practice is intended for use when sampling to test for lead only and does not include sampling considerations for other metals or for organic compounds. This practice also does not include consideration of sampling for determination of other possible hazardous characteristics of the waste.1.3 This practice assumes that the individual component types comprising the debris waste stream are at least partially segregated and that the volume of each type of component in the debris waste stream may be estimated.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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4.1 A dense, uniform, smooth and vigorously growing natural turfgrass sports field provides the ideal and preferred playing surface for most outdoor field sports. Such a surface is pleasing to the spectators and athletes. A thick, consistent and smooth grass cover also increases playing quality and safety by providing stable footing for the athletes, cushioning their impact from falls, slides or tackles and cools the playing surface during hot weather.4.2 Sand is commonly used to construct high performance athletic field rootzone systems. Sand is chosen as the primary construction material for two basic properties; compaction resistance and improved drainage/aeration state. Although sand-based fields generally provide for a higher level of performance, the costs associated with constructing/developing a proper, high-performance sand-based field often precludes its use for many athletic field construction projects. In these instances soil-based fields constructed with either native or imported soils; either topsoil or subsoil material modified to mimic the properties of a natural topsoil (a manufactured topsoil). These soils are sometimes modified with amendments to improve their performance properties either at the time of original construction or during a subsequent renovation. Although not approaching the same performance properties of a proper sand-based field construction; the implementation of proper design, construction, and athletic field maintenance can produce soil-based athletic field rootzones with acceptable performance characteristics.4.3 Properties of both the soil and grass plants must be considered in planning, constructing, and maintaining a high quality athletic field installation. Turfgrass utilized must be adapted to the local growing conditions and be capable of forming a thick, dense, turf cover at the desired mowing height. Soil-based fields provide varying levels of soil stability but such conditions often deteriorate rapidly under high soil moisture conditions. Therefore it is imperative that grasses with superior wear tolerance and superior recuperative potential are utilized to withstand heavy foot traffic and intense shear forces. The rootzone depth for athletic field constructions should be a minimum depth of 8 in.4.4 Subgrade soils are typically site soils which are repurposed for this application. The use of stone, gravel, or coarse-sand for subgrade construction is typically not necessary and may be detrimental to the performance of the rootzone by the potential to impeded internal drainage and reduce air space from the creation of perched water effects. If an aggregate material is needed for stabilization purposes of a soft subgrade soil, the use of a fine stone dust should be considered.4.5 A successful soil-based rootzone system is dependent upon the proper selection of materials to use in the project. The proper selection of soil materials or any amendments, or both, subsurface drainage and surface drainage/grade are the primary components which are vital concerns to the performance of the system and this standard guide addresses these issues.4.5.1 During construction, consideration should be given to factors such as the physical and chemical properties of materials used in the area, freedom from stones and other debris, and surface and internal drainage (and subsurface drainage in areas subject to high water tables).4.5.2 Maintenance practices that influence the playability of the surface include mowing, irrigation, fertilization, and mechanical aeration and are factors addressed in other standards. See Guides F2060 and F2269.4.6 Those responsible for the design, construction, or maintenance, or a combination thereof, of natural turf athletic fields for multi-use and recreational purposes will benefit from this guide.4.7 A successful project development depends upon proper planning and upon the selection and cooperation among design and construction team members. An athletic field rootzone project design team should include a Project Designer, an Agronomist or Soil Scientist, or both, and an Owner’s Design Representative. Additions to the team during the construction phase should include an Owner’s Project Manager (often an expansion of role for the Owner’s Design Representative), an Owner’s Quality Control Agent (often the personnel that is employed in advance with the intent of becoming the finished project’s Sports Turf Manager), an Owner’s Testing Agent (often an expansion of roles for the Project’s Agronomist/Soil Scientist) and the Contractor.4.7.1 Planning for projects must be conducted well in advance of the intended construction date. Often this requires numerous meetings to create a calendar of events, schedule, approvals, assessments, performance criteria, material sourcing, agronomic test reports, soil surveys, geotechnical reports, and construction budgets.1.1 This guide covers techniques that are appropriate for the construction of athletic field rootzones using native-soil. This guide is also applicable to soils which are not native to the site but are natural (non-sand) imported soils. This guide provides guidance for the selection of soil materials, amendments, and methods for use in constructing these types of athletic field rootzones. Soils having a texture of Sandy Loam or coarser should be utilized for soil-based rootzone construction. Soils which are finer textured than listed above may be employed for rootzone construction but should be sand-modified to meet the performance criteria of this standard. If fields are constructed with soils which are finer textured, they will not be capable of meeting the performance criteria in this standard. Despite performance limitations, fields which are constructed with finer textured soils (due to logistics or budget constraints) may still be able to conform to the slope/grade criteria (see 5.1, 5.4, and Table 1). Sand modified rootzone constructions are not addressed by this standard.1.2 Decisions in selecting construction and maintenance techniques are influenced by existing soil types, climatic factors, level of play, intensity and frequency of use, equipment available, budget and training, and the ability of management personnel.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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